系列金属氧化物纳米晶的制备、结构及其对高氯酸铵的催化性能研究
|
摘要
纳米材料的制备和应用是当今材料科学研究的热点之一。推进剂的燃烧性能是装药技术的核心，使用少量的燃烧催化剂是调节推进剂的燃烧性能的最佳途径。而通过催化剂对推进剂主要组分的热分解性能的影响可以予估其对推进剂燃烧性能的影响。本论文主要制备了纳米尺度的NiO，CuO等单一金属氧化物和LaFeO_3，LaCoO_3等系列钙钛矿型复合氧化物纳米晶，并考察了其对高氯酸铵(AP)热分解、推进剂燃烧性能的影响，为进一步开发催化性能优异的催化剂，提高火药装药的性能提供实验和理论基础。主要研究内容如下：
通过固相反应法制备了纳米NiO。用FTIR，XRD，EDS等手段分析了固相反应制备纳米NiO的可行性和反应历程。在固相反应过程中可以通过加入分散剂和控制热处理温度得到分散性良好的纳米NiO。同时与体相材料的比较表明：纳米NiO的红外吸收光谱呈现“红移”现象，紫外-可见光吸收光谱呈现“蓝移”现象。晶体的粒径随热处理温度的升高而增大、晶格畸变率随热处理温度的升高而降低。沿用制备纳米NiO的方法制备了包括CuO，Fe_2O_3，CuO·Fe_2O_3，CuFe_2O_4在内的Cu-Fe-O系统催化剂。
用氨基酸燃烧法制备了LaFeO_3，LaCoO_3，LaNiO_3，LaFe_(0.2)Co__(0.8)O_3，LaFe_(0.5)Co_(0.5)O_3LaFe_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_3，NdFeO_3等系列钙钛矿结构的纳米晶。产物与原料的投入比例一致，没有偏析现象。根据XRD衍射的数据，运用Fullprof程序软件对衍射数据指标化，并计算了晶胞参数。同时用TEM，HRTEM，SEM，EDS，Raman等手段对产物进行表征。计算了焙烧过程中LaFeO_3和LaNiO_3晶粒增长的活化能。以LaFeO_3为例，对固相反应法和燃烧法产物做了比较，燃烧法制备的样品分散程度高于传统的固相法。以氨水为燃烧调节剂，可以提高产物的分散性。
详细考察了NiO，Cu-Fe-O系统催化剂，LaFeO_3，LaCoO_3，LaNiO_3，LaFe_(0.2)Co_(0.8)O_3，LaFe_(0.5)Co_(0.5)O_3LaFe_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_3，NdFeO_3AP热分解的催化性能。结果表明以上各种纳米材料对AP的热分解均具有催化作用：
(1)纳米NiO使AP的高温分解反应峰值温度下降了93℃，表观分解反应放热量由0.59kJ·g~(-1)增至1.4kJ·g~(-1)，分解反应活化能由188J·mol~(-1)降至120J·mol~(-1)。依据电子转移的理论初步探讨了纳米NiO对AP热分解的催化机理；
(2)Cu-Fe-O系列催化剂对AP热分解的催化性能的实验表明，CuO·Fe_2O_3的催化性能明显优于单一的Fe_2O_3和CuO，这是Fe_2O_3和CuO两种催化剂协同作用的结果。CuFe_2O_4在AP热分解中表现了优于CuO·Fe_2O_3的催化性能，这可能与尖晶石特殊的结构有关；
(3)LaFeO_3，LaCoO_3，LaNiO_3三种钙钛矿型纳米晶对AP热分解的催化性能依次
In the past decades, the synthesis and application of novel nanomaterials have been studied extensively. The manipulation of combustion properties composes the core part in the technology of powders and explosives. Catalyzed combustion provides a most popular approach to improve the properties of powder and explosives, in particular for solid propellants. According to the thermal decomposition of the predominant components in composite propellants, the behavior of the catalysts can be derived. In this dissertation, a series of nanometer-sized catalysts including NiO, CuO, LaFeO_3, LaCoO_3, etc have been prepared, and their effects on ammonium perchlorate (AP) thermal decomposition and propellants combustion were investigated. The dissertation is mainly focused on:
1. A solid state reaction method is employed to synthesis nanometer-sized NiO and the overall procedure was monitored by FTIR, XRD, and EDS. The impacts of dispersant and thermal treatment temperature were also discussed. In compared with bulk, infrared absorption band of NiO nanoparticles shifts to low wave number (red-shift) and UV-vis optical absorption is blue-shift 0.55eV. We attribute such phenomenon to the size growth of the obtained products and decrement of the lattice distortion at elevated temperature. Furthermore, oxides such as CuO, Fe_2O_3, CuO-Fe_2O_3, and CuFe_2O_4 were prepared in the same way.
2. The glycine combustion method was used to synthesis LaFeO_3, LaCoO_3, LaNiO_3, LaFe_(0.2)Co_(0.8)O_3, LaFe_(0.5)Co_(0.5)O_3 LaFe_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_3, and NdFeO_3 nanocrystals. Based on the XRD results, the Fullprof software were used to index the XRD data and calculate the crystal parameter. As the same time, the products were characterized by TEM, HERTEM, SEM, EDS. The activation energy of LaFeO_3 and LaNiO_3 nanocrystals formation during calcination were calculated. Compared with solid state method, the products of combustion method are more dispersed. Addition of ammonia improves the dispersity of the products.
3. The catalysis of prepared products on AP thermal decomposition was investigated, by DTA and TG. The experimental results indicated that all prepared catalysts work for AP thermal decomposition in some degree:
(1). Addition of 2% of NiO nanoparticles in AP decreases the peak temperature of high temperature decomposition by 93℃ and increases the exothermic quantity of decomposition from 590J·g~(-1) to 1.4kJ·g~(-1). The activation energy of AP high temperature decomposition decreased from 188J·mol~(-1) to 120J·mol~(-1). The catalytic mechanism was
通过固相反应法制备了纳米NiO。用FTIR，XRD，EDS等手段分析了固相反应制备纳米NiO的可行性和反应历程。在固相反应过程中可以通过加入分散剂和控制热处理温度得到分散性良好的纳米NiO。同时与体相材料的比较表明：纳米NiO的红外吸收光谱呈现“红移”现象，紫外-可见光吸收光谱呈现“蓝移”现象。晶体的粒径随热处理温度的升高而增大、晶格畸变率随热处理温度的升高而降低。沿用制备纳米NiO的方法制备了包括CuO，Fe_2O_3，CuO·Fe_2O_3，CuFe_2O_4在内的Cu-Fe-O系统催化剂。
用氨基酸燃烧法制备了LaFeO_3，LaCoO_3，LaNiO_3，LaFe_(0.2)Co__(0.8)O_3，LaFe_(0.5)Co_(0.5)O_3LaFe_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_3，NdFeO_3等系列钙钛矿结构的纳米晶。产物与原料的投入比例一致，没有偏析现象。根据XRD衍射的数据，运用Fullprof程序软件对衍射数据指标化，并计算了晶胞参数。同时用TEM，HRTEM，SEM，EDS，Raman等手段对产物进行表征。计算了焙烧过程中LaFeO_3和LaNiO_3晶粒增长的活化能。以LaFeO_3为例，对固相反应法和燃烧法产物做了比较，燃烧法制备的样品分散程度高于传统的固相法。以氨水为燃烧调节剂，可以提高产物的分散性。
详细考察了NiO，Cu-Fe-O系统催化剂，LaFeO_3，LaCoO_3，LaNiO_3，LaFe_(0.2)Co_(0.8)O_3，LaFe_(0.5)Co_(0.5)O_3LaFe_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_3，NdFeO_3AP热分解的催化性能。结果表明以上各种纳米材料对AP的热分解均具有催化作用：
(1)纳米NiO使AP的高温分解反应峰值温度下降了93℃，表观分解反应放热量由0.59kJ·g~(-1)增至1.4kJ·g~(-1)，分解反应活化能由188J·mol~(-1)降至120J·mol~(-1)。依据电子转移的理论初步探讨了纳米NiO对AP热分解的催化机理；
(2)Cu-Fe-O系列催化剂对AP热分解的催化性能的实验表明，CuO·Fe_2O_3的催化性能明显优于单一的Fe_2O_3和CuO，这是Fe_2O_3和CuO两种催化剂协同作用的结果。CuFe_2O_4在AP热分解中表现了优于CuO·Fe_2O_3的催化性能，这可能与尖晶石特殊的结构有关；
(3)LaFeO_3，LaCoO_3，LaNiO_3三种钙钛矿型纳米晶对AP热分解的催化性能依次
In the past decades, the synthesis and application of novel nanomaterials have been studied extensively. The manipulation of combustion properties composes the core part in the technology of powders and explosives. Catalyzed combustion provides a most popular approach to improve the properties of powder and explosives, in particular for solid propellants. According to the thermal decomposition of the predominant components in composite propellants, the behavior of the catalysts can be derived. In this dissertation, a series of nanometer-sized catalysts including NiO, CuO, LaFeO_3, LaCoO_3, etc have been prepared, and their effects on ammonium perchlorate (AP) thermal decomposition and propellants combustion were investigated. The dissertation is mainly focused on:
1. A solid state reaction method is employed to synthesis nanometer-sized NiO and the overall procedure was monitored by FTIR, XRD, and EDS. The impacts of dispersant and thermal treatment temperature were also discussed. In compared with bulk, infrared absorption band of NiO nanoparticles shifts to low wave number (red-shift) and UV-vis optical absorption is blue-shift 0.55eV. We attribute such phenomenon to the size growth of the obtained products and decrement of the lattice distortion at elevated temperature. Furthermore, oxides such as CuO, Fe_2O_3, CuO-Fe_2O_3, and CuFe_2O_4 were prepared in the same way.
2. The glycine combustion method was used to synthesis LaFeO_3, LaCoO_3, LaNiO_3, LaFe_(0.2)Co_(0.8)O_3, LaFe_(0.5)Co_(0.5)O_3 LaFe_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_3, and NdFeO_3 nanocrystals. Based on the XRD results, the Fullprof software were used to index the XRD data and calculate the crystal parameter. As the same time, the products were characterized by TEM, HERTEM, SEM, EDS. The activation energy of LaFeO_3 and LaNiO_3 nanocrystals formation during calcination were calculated. Compared with solid state method, the products of combustion method are more dispersed. Addition of ammonia improves the dispersity of the products.
3. The catalysis of prepared products on AP thermal decomposition was investigated, by DTA and TG. The experimental results indicated that all prepared catalysts work for AP thermal decomposition in some degree:
(1). Addition of 2% of NiO nanoparticles in AP decreases the peak temperature of high temperature decomposition by 93℃ and increases the exothermic quantity of decomposition from 590J·g~(-1) to 1.4kJ·g~(-1). The activation energy of AP high temperature decomposition decreased from 188J·mol~(-1) to 120J·mol~(-1). The catalytic mechanism was
引文
1．张立德，牟季美．纳米材料和纳米结构．第1版．北京：科学出版社，2001
2．王佛松．展望21世纪的化学．第1版．北京：化学出版社，2000
3．钱军民，李旭祥，黄海燕．非金属纳米材料及其应用．化工新型材料．2002 30(1)：32～37
4．王文俊．含能材料技术的进展与展望．固体火箭技术．2003 26(3)：44～48
5．洪新华，李保国．纳米技术与纳米材料研究应用进展．河南师范大学学报(自然科学版)．2001 29(2)：36～39
6. Lu W G, Fang J Y, Stokes K L., Lin J. Shape evolution and self assembly of monodisperse PbTe nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004 126: 11798～11799
7．王世敏，许祖勋，傅晶．纳米材料制备技术．第1版．北京：化学工业出版社，2002
8．翟永青．纳米无机非金属材料的合成、表征及性质研究．河北大学博士学位论文．2003
9．张立德．纳米材料．第一版．北京：化学工业出版社，2000
10．吴东辉．铁基氧化物纳米材料的制备及应用研究．南京理工大学博士论文．2005
11．高勇．Ce_(1-x)Nd_xO_(2-x／2)固溶体纳米粉体的低温燃烧合成研究．湖南大学硕士论文．2005
12. Chyi-Ching Hwang, Tsung-Yung Wu, Jun Wan, Jih-Sheng Tsai. Development of a novel combustion synthesis method for synthesizing of ceramic oxide powders. Mat. Sci. Eng. B. 2004 111: 49～56
13．沈茹娟，贾殿赠，乔永民，王疆瑛．纳米ZnO的固相合成及其气敏特性．无机材料学报．2001 16(4)：625～629
14. Li Feng, Zheng Hegen, Jia Dianzhen, Xin Xinquan, Xue, Ziling. Syntheses of perovskite-type composite oxides nanocrystals by solid-state reactions. Mater. Lett.. 2002 53: 282～286
15 刘润茹．固相反应合成稀土钙钛矿氧化物的研究．长春大学学报．2005 15(2)：70～72
16．张端庆．火药用原材料性能与制备．第1版．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1995
17．张柏生．火药燃烧导论．华东工学院．1988
18．罗元香，李丹，杨娟，刘孝恒，杨绪杰，陆路德，汪信．沉淀法制备纳米CuO及微结构控制．火炸药学报．2002 25(3)：53～55
19 王德才．火药学．第1版．南京：华东工学院，1988
20. K. Kishore,, V. R. Pai. Verneker, M. R. Sunitha, Effect of manganese dioxide on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. J. tppl. Chem. Biotech, 1977 27: 415～422
21. F. Solymosi, K. Dobu. The effect of impurities on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Proceedings of the 5st intermational symposium on reactibity of solids Munich, FRG, 1964.
22. P. W. M. Jacobs, R. A. Jones, The thermal decomposition and ignition of mixtures of ammonium perehlorate and copper chromite. Proceedings of the 11st Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1967: 457～462
23. E. Santaeesaria, Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate in the presence of manganese dioxide. Ribista dei Combustibili.. 1973 27: 468～473
24. K. Kuratani. Some studies on solid propellants, Ⅰ: Kinetics of thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Proceedings of Aeconautical Research Institute Universtity of Tokyo, 1962 28:79
25．李葆萱．固体推进剂性能．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1990
26．张杏芬．国外火炸药原材料性能手册．北京：兵器工业出版社，1991
27．韩维屏．催化化学导论．北京：科学出版社，2003
28．王伯羲，火药燃烧理论．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1997
29．胥会祥，樊学忠，刘关利．纳米材料在推进剂应用中的研究．含能材料．2003 11(2)：94～98
30 赵凤起，覃光明，蔡炳源．纳米催化剂在火炸药中应用研究现状及发展方向．火炸药学报．2001 21(4)：61～65
31. Wang Xin, Luo yuanxing, Zhu Junwu, Lu Lude, Yang Xujie. Nanometer materials in the applications of propellants. Singapore-China Collaborative and Cooperative Chemistry Symposium-1, 2004, 14
32．罗元香，陆路德，刘孝恒，杨绪杰，汪信，纳米CuO的制备及对NH_4CIO_4热分解的催化性能．无机化学学报．2002 18(12)：1211～1214
33．罗元香，陆路德，汪信，杨绪杰，刘孝恒，纳米级过渡金属氧化物对高氯酸铵催化性能的研究．含能材料．2002 10(4)：148～152
34．朱俊武，陈海群，郝艳霞，杨绪杰，陆路德，汪信．针状纳米CuO的制备及其催化性能研究．材料科学与工程学报．2004，22(3)：333～336
35．朱俊武，张维光，王恒志，杨绪杰，陆路德，汪信．纳米CuO的形貌控制合成及其性能研究．无机化学学报，2004，20(7)：863～867
36 马振叶，李凤生，陈爱四，白华萍．纳米Fe_2O_3／高氯酸铵复合粒子的制备及其热分 解性能研究．化学学报．2004 62：1252～1255
37．马振叶，李凤声生，崔平，白华萍．纳米Fe_2O_3的制备及其对高氯酸铵热分解的催化性能．催化学报．2003 24(10)：795～798
38．杨毅，李凤生，谈玲华．纳米α-Fe_2O_3的制备及其催化高氯酸铵热分解．兵工学报．2004 25(1)：82～85
39．张汝冰，刘宏英，李凤生．含能催化复合纳米材料的制备研究．火炸药学报．2000 23(3)：9～14．
40．张汝冰，刘宏英，李凤生．复合纳米材料制备研究(Ⅱ)．火炸药学报．2000，23(1)：59～62
41．郭万东，固体火箭推进剂超级燃速催化剂．飞航导弹．1996 6：21～25
42．邓鹏图．纳米过渡金属氧化物的制备及其在固体推进剂催化燃烧中的应用．国防科技大学博士论文．1997
43 陈福泰，罗运军，多英全，罗善国，仇武林，姚维尚，谭惠民，纳米级碳酸铅在NEPE推进剂中的应用．推进技术．2002 21(1)：82～85
44 马凤国，季树田，吴文辉，谭惠民．纳米氧化铅为燃速催化剂的应用研究．火炸药学报．2000 23(2)：13～15
45．洪伟良，赵凤起，刘剑洪，田德余．纳米PbO和Bi_2O_3粉的制备及对推进剂燃烧性能的影响．火炸药学报．2001 24(3)：7～9
46．张晓宏，龙村，王铁成，侯光，樊学忠．纳米级氧化铅对双基推进剂燃烧性能影响的研究．火炸药学报．2002 25(2)：39～41
47．张爱科．纳米材料在固体推进剂中的应用．宇航材料工艺．2003 3：17～20
48．俞建群，贾殿增，郑毓峰，忻新泉．纳米氧化镍、氧化锌的合成新方法．无机化学学报．1999 15(1)：95～98
49．朱诚意，刘中华，陈雯，何发泉．超微NiO粉体的制备及其应用现状，功能材料．1999 30(4)：345～349
50．秦振平，郭红霞，李东升，付锋．混合溶剂沉淀法制备纳米NiO及其表征，功能材料．2003 34(1)：98～99
51．张密林、扬晨．纳米氧化镍的制备及其电容特性研究．无机化学学报．2004 20(3)：283～287
52．邓祥义，吴高安．氨水沉淀法制备纳米NiO．化学研究与应用．2002 14(5)：577～579
53．景茂祥，沈湘黔，沈裕军．柠檬酸盐凝胶法制备纳米氧化镍的研究．无机材料学报．2004 19(2)：289～294
54. Corrie L. Carnes, Kenneth J. Klabunde. The catalytic methanol synthesis over nanoparticle metal oxide catalysts. J. Mol. Catal. A-Chem.. 2003 194: 227～236
55. V. Biju, M. Abdul Khadar. Analysis of AC electrical properties of nanocrystalline nickel oxide. Mat. Sci. Eng.: A. 2001 304-306: 814～817
56. Yuko Ichiyanagi, Naoto Wakabayashi, Junichiro Yamazaki, Saori Yamada, Yoshihide Kimishima, Eriko Komatsu, Hiroyuki Tajima. Magnetic properties of NiO nanoparticles. Phys. B. 2003 329-333: 862～863
57. Frietsch M, Zudock F, Goschnick J, Bruns M. CuO catalytic membrane as selectivity trimmer for metal oxide gas sensors. Sensors and Actuators B.2000 65: 379～381
58. Sukhorukov Y P, Loshkareva N N, Samokhvalov A A, Naumov S V, Moskvin A S, Ovchimmikov A. S. Magnetic phase transitions in optical spectrum of magnetic semiconductor CuO. J. Magn. Mater. 1998 183: 356～358
59. Carnes C L, Klabunde K J. The catalytic methanol synthesis over nanoparticle metal oxide catalysts. J. Molecular Catal. A 2003 194: 227～236
60. Katsuki H, Komarneni S. Microwave-hydrothermal synthesis of monodispersed nanophasecα-Fe_2O_3. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2001 84(10): 2313～2317
61．贾振斌，魏雨，王洪敏．纳米相铁红粒子的液相制备．无机材料学报．2000 15(5)：929～928
62．吴东辉．铁基氧化物纳米材料的制备及应用研究．南京理工大学博士论文．2005
63. D. V. Survase, M. Gupta, S. N. Asthana(. )Progress in crystal growth and characterization of materials. 2002 161～?.
64. A. A. Said, R. AI-Qusmi. The role of copper cobaltite spinel, Cu_xCo_(3-x)O_4 during the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Thermochimica Acta. 1996 275(1): 83～91
65. N. B. Singh, A. K. Ojha. Formation of copper oxide through NaNO_3-KNO_3 eutectic melt and its catalytic activity in the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Thermochimica Acta. 2002 390: 67～72
66．朱俊武，陈海群，谢波，杨绪杰，陆路德，汪信．纳米Cu_2O的制备及其对高氯酸铵热分解的催化性能研究．催化学报．2004 25(8)：637～640
67. Shigehito Deki, Hiroshi Yanagimoto, Soichiro Hiraoka, Kensuke Akamatsu, Kazuo Gotoh. NH_2-Terminated Poly (ethylene oxide) Containing Nanosized NiO Particles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Structural Considerations. Chem. Mater. 2003 15: 4916～4922
68. Yude Wang, Chunlai Ma, Xiaodan Sun, Hengde Li. Preparation of nanocrystalline metal oxide powder with the surfactant-mediated method. Inorg. Chem. Comm.. 2002 5: 751～755
69. A. Dierstein, H. Natter, F. Meyer, H, -O. Stephan, Ch. Kropf, R. Hempelmann. Electrochemical deposition under oxidizing conditions(EDOC): A new synthesis for nanocrystalline metal oxides. Scripta mater. 2001 44: 2209～2212
70. Xiangyi Deng, Zhong Chen. Preparation of nano-NiO by ammonia precipitation and reaction in solution and competitive balance. Mater. Lett. 2004 58: 276～280
71．邱春喜，姜继森，赵振杰，赵燮龙．固相法制备α-Fe_2O_3纳米粒子．无机材料学报．2001 16(5)：957～960
72．周益明，忻新泉．低热固相合成化学．无机化学学报．1999 15(3)：274～282
73. Qingwen Li, Guoan Luo, Juan Li, Xi Xia. Preparetion of ultrafme MnO_2 powders by the solid state method reaction of KMnO4 with Mn(Ⅱ) salts at room temperature. J. Mater. Process. Tech. 2003 137: 25～29
74. R. Acharya, T. Subbaiah, S. Anand, R. P. Das. Preparation, characterization and electrolytic behavior of β-nickel hydroxide J. Power Sources 2002 109: 494～499
75. R. Acharya, T. Subbaiah, S. Anand, R. P. Das. Effect of precipitating agents on the physicochemical and electrolytic characteristics of nickel hydroxide Mater. Lett. 2003 57: 3089～3095
76. Wei Xing, Feng Li, Zi-feng Yan, G. Q. Lu. Synthesis and electrochemical properties of mesoporous nickel oxide Journal of Power Sources xxx (2004) 324～330
77．苏文悦，傅贤智，魏可镁，张汉辉，林华香，王心晨，李旦振．TiO_2光催化剂的光谱研究．光谱学与光谱分析．2001 20(1)：32～34
78．王文亮，李东升，王振军，崔华莉，薛岗林．CuO超细粉体的形貌与红外特性研究．无机化学学报．2002 18(8)：823～826
79．叶锡生，沙健，焦正宽，张立德．纳米MgO微晶的晶格畸变和反常红外特性．功能材料．1998 29(3)：287～289
80．汪国忠，张立德，牟季美．纳米氧化镍微粉的制备及光吸收谱．物理化学学报．199713(5)：445～448
81．陈卫、孙世刚．Pt纳米微粒自组装体系的电化学和原位FTIR反射光谱研究．光谱学与光谱分析．2004 22(3)：817～819
82. Yu Lin, Ting Xie, Baochang Cheng, Baoyou Geng and Lide Zhang, Ordered-nickel oxide nanowire arrays and their optical absorption properties Chem. Phys. Lett. 2003 380: 521～525.
83．刘成林，钟菊花，张兆奎，表面修饰对要α-Fe_2O_3超微粒光谱特性的影响．光谱学与光谱分析，2003 23(1)：154～156
84. Young Ran Park, Kwang Joo. Kim Sol-gel preparation and optical characterization of NiO and Ni_(1-x)Zn_xO thin films Journal of Crystal Growth 2003 258: 380～384
85．周幸福、韩爱杰、褚道葆、林昌健、田中群．非水体系中电解镍中间产物制备纳米NiO．物理化学学报．2002 18：613～616
86. Wenzhong Wang, Yingkai Liu, Congkang Xu, Changlin Zheng, Guanghou Wang. Synthesis of NiO nanorods by a novel simple precursor thermal decomposition approach. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002 362: 119～122
87．天津大学物理化学教研室．物理化学．第3版．北京：高等教育出版社，2001
88．中国医药公司上海化学试剂采购供应站．试剂手册．第2版．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1985
89．董相廷，洪广言，于得财．Tm_2O_3超微粉末的制备与性质．无机材料学报．199611(3)：542～546
90. Zhongwu Wang, S. K. Saxenaa, Peter Lazor, H. S. C. O'Neill, An in situ Raman spectroscopic study of pressure induced dissociation of spinel NiCr_2O_4, J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 2003 64(3): 425～431
91. I. M. Tiginyanu, V. V. Ursaki, F. J. Manjo'n, V. E. Tezlevan, Raman scattering study of pressure-induced phase transitions in A~ⅡB_2 ~ⅢC4~Ⅵ defect chalcopyrites and spinels. J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 2003 64: 1603～1607
92．戴洪兴，何洪，李佩珩，訾学红．稀土钙钛矿型氧化物催化剂的研究进展．中国稀土学报．2003 21：1～15
93. J. D. G. Femandes, D. M. A.. Melo, L. B. Zinner, C. M. Salustiano, Z. R. Silva, A. E. Martinelli, M. Ceraueira, C. Alves Júinior, E. Longo, M. I. B. Bemardi. Low-temperature synthesis of single-phase crystalline LaNiO_3 perovskite via Pechini method. Mater. Lett. 2002 53: 122～125
94. M. A. pena, J. L. G. Fierro. Chemical structures and performance of perovskite oxides. Chem. Rev. 2001 101: 1981～2017
95. Stephen J, Skinner. Recent advances in Perovskite-type materials for solid oxide fuel cell cathodes Int. J. Inorg Mater. 2001 3: 113～121
96. A. K. Norman, M. A. Morris. The preparation of the single-phase perovskite LaNiO_3. J. Mater. Process. Tech. 1999 92-93: 91～96
97．高西汉．钙钛矿结构．压电与声光．94 16(4)：44～48
98. J. D. G. Femandes, D. M. A.. Melo, L. B. Zinner, C. M. Salusfiano, Z. R. Silva, A. E. Martinelli, M. Ceraueira, C. Alves Júnior, E. Longo, M. I. B. Bemardi. Low-temperature synthesis of single-phase crystalline LaNiO_3 perovskite via Pechini method. Mater. Lett. 2002 53：122～125
99．徐科，严洁．钙钛矿型稀土纳米复合氧化物制备及应用的研究进展．贵州大学学报(自然科学版)20(2003)4：421～425
100. Zongping Shao, Guoxing Xiong, Yanjie Ren, You Cong, Weishen Yang. Low temperature synthesis of perovskite oxide using the adsorption properties of cellulose. J. Mater. Sci. 2000 35: 5639～5644
101. Ghelen Annal Therese, M. Dinamani, P. Vishnu Kamath. Electroehemical synthesis of perovskite oxides. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2005 35: 459～465
102. Hideki Taguchi, Sayuki Yamada, Mahiko Nagao, Yoko Ichikawa, Kenji Tabata. Synthesis of perovskite-type(La_(1-x)Ca_x)FeO_3(0≤x≤0.2)at low temperature. Mater. Res. Bull. 2002 37: 69～76
103. Lidia Armelao, Davide Barreca and Gregorio Bottaro, Hybrid Chemical Vapor Deposition/Sol-Gel Route in the Preparation of Nanophasic LaCoO_3 Films. Chem. Mater. 2005 17(2): 427～433
104. A. K. Norman, M. A. Morris. The preparation of the single-phase perovskite LaNiO_3. J. Mater. Process. Tech. 1999 92-93: 91～96
105. Y. G. Zhu, R. Q. Tan. Preparation of nanosized LaCoO_3 perovskite oxide using amorphous heteronuclear complex as a precursor at low temperature. J. Mater. Sci. 2000) 35: 5415～5420
106. Xiwei. Qi, Ji. Zhou, Zhenxing. Yue, Zhilun. Gui, Longtu. Li. Auto-combustion synthesis of nanocrystalline LaFeO_3. Mater. Chem. Phy. 2002 78: 25～29
107. Wenjun. Zheng, Ronghou. Liu, Dingkun. Peng, Guangyao. Meng. Hydrothermal synthesis of LaFeO_3 under carbonate-containing medium. Mater. Lett. 2000 43: 19～22
108. Jianbo Wang, Qingfang. Liu, Desheng Xue, Fashen Li. Synthesis and characterization of LaFeO_3 nano particles. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 21(2002)1059～1062
109. A. E. Giannakas, A. K. Ladavos, P. J. Pomonis. Preparation, characterization and investigation of catalytic activity for NO+CO reaction of LaMnO_3 and LaFeO_3 perovskites prepared via microemulsion method. Appl. Catal. B 2004 49: 147～158
110. S. Nakayama. LaFeO_3 perovskite-type oxide prepared by oxide-mixing, co-precipitation and complex synthesis methods J. Mater. Sci. 2001 36: 5643～5648
111. Monica Popa, Johannes Frantti, Masato Kakihana.. Characterization of LaMeO_3 (Me: Mn, Co, Fe) perpvskite powders obtained by polymerizable complex method. Solid State lorries. 2002 154-155: 135～141
112. E. Bontempi, C. Garzella, S. Valetti, L. E. Depero. Structural study of LaNi_xFe_(1-x)O_3 prepared from precursor salts. J. Euro. Cera. Soc. 2003 23: 2135～2142
113. Cheng K. Evaluation of crystallization kinetics of glasses by no-isothermal analysis. J Mater Sci. 2001. 36: 1043～10481
114. Koga N, Tanaka H. Apparent kinetic behavior of thermal decomposition of synthetic malachite. Thermochi Acta. 1999 340-341: 387～3941
115．杨华明，张向超，杨武国，黄承焕，邱冠周．NiFe_2O_4纳米晶的合成及焙烧动力学．中南大学学报(自然科学版)．2004 3(6)：368～371
116. Wang H R., Gao Y L., Ye Y F., Crystallization kinetics of an amorphous Zr_2Cu_2Ni alloy calculation of the activation energy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2003 353: 200～206.
117．戴洪兴，何洪，李佩荇．稀土钙钛矿型氧化物催化剂研究进展．中国稀土学报．200321：1～15
118 于洁，王华，马文全．复合掺杂钙钛矿氧化物催化剂的研究进展．昆明理工大学学报．2003 28：19～22
119. A. Kahoul, A. Hammouche, F. Naamoune, P. Cartier, G. Poillerat, J. F. Koenig. Solvent effect on synthesis of perovskite-type La_(1-x)Ca-xCoO_3 and their electrochemical properties for oxygen reactions. Mater. Res. Bull. 2000 35: 1955～1966
120．张炜；朱慧；张仁；张国东．TMO复合催化剂对AP推进剂燃速催化作用研究．航空动力学报．1994 9(3)：330～335
121. D. V. Survase, M. Gupta, S. N. Asthana. Theeffect of Nd2O3 on thermal and ballistic properties of ammonium perchlorate(AP)based composite. Progress in crystal growth and characterization of materials. 2002: 161～165
122．胡荣祖，史启祯，热分析动力学．北京：科学出版社，2001
123．蔡正千，热分析．第1版．北京：高等教育出版社，1993
2．王佛松．展望21世纪的化学．第1版．北京：化学出版社，2000
3．钱军民，李旭祥，黄海燕．非金属纳米材料及其应用．化工新型材料．2002 30(1)：32～37
4．王文俊．含能材料技术的进展与展望．固体火箭技术．2003 26(3)：44～48
5．洪新华，李保国．纳米技术与纳米材料研究应用进展．河南师范大学学报(自然科学版)．2001 29(2)：36～39
6. Lu W G, Fang J Y, Stokes K L., Lin J. Shape evolution and self assembly of monodisperse PbTe nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004 126: 11798～11799
7．王世敏，许祖勋，傅晶．纳米材料制备技术．第1版．北京：化学工业出版社，2002
8．翟永青．纳米无机非金属材料的合成、表征及性质研究．河北大学博士学位论文．2003
9．张立德．纳米材料．第一版．北京：化学工业出版社，2000
10．吴东辉．铁基氧化物纳米材料的制备及应用研究．南京理工大学博士论文．2005
11．高勇．Ce_(1-x)Nd_xO_(2-x／2)固溶体纳米粉体的低温燃烧合成研究．湖南大学硕士论文．2005
12. Chyi-Ching Hwang, Tsung-Yung Wu, Jun Wan, Jih-Sheng Tsai. Development of a novel combustion synthesis method for synthesizing of ceramic oxide powders. Mat. Sci. Eng. B. 2004 111: 49～56
13．沈茹娟，贾殿赠，乔永民，王疆瑛．纳米ZnO的固相合成及其气敏特性．无机材料学报．2001 16(4)：625～629
14. Li Feng, Zheng Hegen, Jia Dianzhen, Xin Xinquan, Xue, Ziling. Syntheses of perovskite-type composite oxides nanocrystals by solid-state reactions. Mater. Lett.. 2002 53: 282～286
15 刘润茹．固相反应合成稀土钙钛矿氧化物的研究．长春大学学报．2005 15(2)：70～72
16．张端庆．火药用原材料性能与制备．第1版．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1995
17．张柏生．火药燃烧导论．华东工学院．1988
18．罗元香，李丹，杨娟，刘孝恒，杨绪杰，陆路德，汪信．沉淀法制备纳米CuO及微结构控制．火炸药学报．2002 25(3)：53～55
19 王德才．火药学．第1版．南京：华东工学院，1988
20. K. Kishore,, V. R. Pai. Verneker, M. R. Sunitha, Effect of manganese dioxide on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. J. tppl. Chem. Biotech, 1977 27: 415～422
21. F. Solymosi, K. Dobu. The effect of impurities on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Proceedings of the 5st intermational symposium on reactibity of solids Munich, FRG, 1964.
22. P. W. M. Jacobs, R. A. Jones, The thermal decomposition and ignition of mixtures of ammonium perehlorate and copper chromite. Proceedings of the 11st Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1967: 457～462
23. E. Santaeesaria, Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate in the presence of manganese dioxide. Ribista dei Combustibili.. 1973 27: 468～473
24. K. Kuratani. Some studies on solid propellants, Ⅰ: Kinetics of thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Proceedings of Aeconautical Research Institute Universtity of Tokyo, 1962 28:79
25．李葆萱．固体推进剂性能．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1990
26．张杏芬．国外火炸药原材料性能手册．北京：兵器工业出版社，1991
27．韩维屏．催化化学导论．北京：科学出版社，2003
28．王伯羲，火药燃烧理论．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1997
29．胥会祥，樊学忠，刘关利．纳米材料在推进剂应用中的研究．含能材料．2003 11(2)：94～98
30 赵凤起，覃光明，蔡炳源．纳米催化剂在火炸药中应用研究现状及发展方向．火炸药学报．2001 21(4)：61～65
31. Wang Xin, Luo yuanxing, Zhu Junwu, Lu Lude, Yang Xujie. Nanometer materials in the applications of propellants. Singapore-China Collaborative and Cooperative Chemistry Symposium-1, 2004, 14
32．罗元香，陆路德，刘孝恒，杨绪杰，汪信，纳米CuO的制备及对NH_4CIO_4热分解的催化性能．无机化学学报．2002 18(12)：1211～1214
33．罗元香，陆路德，汪信，杨绪杰，刘孝恒，纳米级过渡金属氧化物对高氯酸铵催化性能的研究．含能材料．2002 10(4)：148～152
34．朱俊武，陈海群，郝艳霞，杨绪杰，陆路德，汪信．针状纳米CuO的制备及其催化性能研究．材料科学与工程学报．2004，22(3)：333～336
35．朱俊武，张维光，王恒志，杨绪杰，陆路德，汪信．纳米CuO的形貌控制合成及其性能研究．无机化学学报，2004，20(7)：863～867
36 马振叶，李凤生，陈爱四，白华萍．纳米Fe_2O_3／高氯酸铵复合粒子的制备及其热分 解性能研究．化学学报．2004 62：1252～1255
37．马振叶，李凤声生，崔平，白华萍．纳米Fe_2O_3的制备及其对高氯酸铵热分解的催化性能．催化学报．2003 24(10)：795～798
38．杨毅，李凤生，谈玲华．纳米α-Fe_2O_3的制备及其催化高氯酸铵热分解．兵工学报．2004 25(1)：82～85
39．张汝冰，刘宏英，李凤生．含能催化复合纳米材料的制备研究．火炸药学报．2000 23(3)：9～14．
40．张汝冰，刘宏英，李凤生．复合纳米材料制备研究(Ⅱ)．火炸药学报．2000，23(1)：59～62
41．郭万东，固体火箭推进剂超级燃速催化剂．飞航导弹．1996 6：21～25
42．邓鹏图．纳米过渡金属氧化物的制备及其在固体推进剂催化燃烧中的应用．国防科技大学博士论文．1997
43 陈福泰，罗运军，多英全，罗善国，仇武林，姚维尚，谭惠民，纳米级碳酸铅在NEPE推进剂中的应用．推进技术．2002 21(1)：82～85
44 马凤国，季树田，吴文辉，谭惠民．纳米氧化铅为燃速催化剂的应用研究．火炸药学报．2000 23(2)：13～15
45．洪伟良，赵凤起，刘剑洪，田德余．纳米PbO和Bi_2O_3粉的制备及对推进剂燃烧性能的影响．火炸药学报．2001 24(3)：7～9
46．张晓宏，龙村，王铁成，侯光，樊学忠．纳米级氧化铅对双基推进剂燃烧性能影响的研究．火炸药学报．2002 25(2)：39～41
47．张爱科．纳米材料在固体推进剂中的应用．宇航材料工艺．2003 3：17～20
48．俞建群，贾殿增，郑毓峰，忻新泉．纳米氧化镍、氧化锌的合成新方法．无机化学学报．1999 15(1)：95～98
49．朱诚意，刘中华，陈雯，何发泉．超微NiO粉体的制备及其应用现状，功能材料．1999 30(4)：345～349
50．秦振平，郭红霞，李东升，付锋．混合溶剂沉淀法制备纳米NiO及其表征，功能材料．2003 34(1)：98～99
51．张密林、扬晨．纳米氧化镍的制备及其电容特性研究．无机化学学报．2004 20(3)：283～287
52．邓祥义，吴高安．氨水沉淀法制备纳米NiO．化学研究与应用．2002 14(5)：577～579
53．景茂祥，沈湘黔，沈裕军．柠檬酸盐凝胶法制备纳米氧化镍的研究．无机材料学报．2004 19(2)：289～294
54. Corrie L. Carnes, Kenneth J. Klabunde. The catalytic methanol synthesis over nanoparticle metal oxide catalysts. J. Mol. Catal. A-Chem.. 2003 194: 227～236
55. V. Biju, M. Abdul Khadar. Analysis of AC electrical properties of nanocrystalline nickel oxide. Mat. Sci. Eng.: A. 2001 304-306: 814～817
56. Yuko Ichiyanagi, Naoto Wakabayashi, Junichiro Yamazaki, Saori Yamada, Yoshihide Kimishima, Eriko Komatsu, Hiroyuki Tajima. Magnetic properties of NiO nanoparticles. Phys. B. 2003 329-333: 862～863
57. Frietsch M, Zudock F, Goschnick J, Bruns M. CuO catalytic membrane as selectivity trimmer for metal oxide gas sensors. Sensors and Actuators B.2000 65: 379～381
58. Sukhorukov Y P, Loshkareva N N, Samokhvalov A A, Naumov S V, Moskvin A S, Ovchimmikov A. S. Magnetic phase transitions in optical spectrum of magnetic semiconductor CuO. J. Magn. Mater. 1998 183: 356～358
59. Carnes C L, Klabunde K J. The catalytic methanol synthesis over nanoparticle metal oxide catalysts. J. Molecular Catal. A 2003 194: 227～236
60. Katsuki H, Komarneni S. Microwave-hydrothermal synthesis of monodispersed nanophasecα-Fe_2O_3. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2001 84(10): 2313～2317
61．贾振斌，魏雨，王洪敏．纳米相铁红粒子的液相制备．无机材料学报．2000 15(5)：929～928
62．吴东辉．铁基氧化物纳米材料的制备及应用研究．南京理工大学博士论文．2005
63. D. V. Survase, M. Gupta, S. N. Asthana(. )Progress in crystal growth and characterization of materials. 2002 161～?.
64. A. A. Said, R. AI-Qusmi. The role of copper cobaltite spinel, Cu_xCo_(3-x)O_4 during the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Thermochimica Acta. 1996 275(1): 83～91
65. N. B. Singh, A. K. Ojha. Formation of copper oxide through NaNO_3-KNO_3 eutectic melt and its catalytic activity in the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Thermochimica Acta. 2002 390: 67～72
66．朱俊武，陈海群，谢波，杨绪杰，陆路德，汪信．纳米Cu_2O的制备及其对高氯酸铵热分解的催化性能研究．催化学报．2004 25(8)：637～640
67. Shigehito Deki, Hiroshi Yanagimoto, Soichiro Hiraoka, Kensuke Akamatsu, Kazuo Gotoh. NH_2-Terminated Poly (ethylene oxide) Containing Nanosized NiO Particles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Structural Considerations. Chem. Mater. 2003 15: 4916～4922
68. Yude Wang, Chunlai Ma, Xiaodan Sun, Hengde Li. Preparation of nanocrystalline metal oxide powder with the surfactant-mediated method. Inorg. Chem. Comm.. 2002 5: 751～755
69. A. Dierstein, H. Natter, F. Meyer, H, -O. Stephan, Ch. Kropf, R. Hempelmann. Electrochemical deposition under oxidizing conditions(EDOC): A new synthesis for nanocrystalline metal oxides. Scripta mater. 2001 44: 2209～2212
70. Xiangyi Deng, Zhong Chen. Preparation of nano-NiO by ammonia precipitation and reaction in solution and competitive balance. Mater. Lett. 2004 58: 276～280
71．邱春喜，姜继森，赵振杰，赵燮龙．固相法制备α-Fe_2O_3纳米粒子．无机材料学报．2001 16(5)：957～960
72．周益明，忻新泉．低热固相合成化学．无机化学学报．1999 15(3)：274～282
73. Qingwen Li, Guoan Luo, Juan Li, Xi Xia. Preparetion of ultrafme MnO_2 powders by the solid state method reaction of KMnO4 with Mn(Ⅱ) salts at room temperature. J. Mater. Process. Tech. 2003 137: 25～29
74. R. Acharya, T. Subbaiah, S. Anand, R. P. Das. Preparation, characterization and electrolytic behavior of β-nickel hydroxide J. Power Sources 2002 109: 494～499
75. R. Acharya, T. Subbaiah, S. Anand, R. P. Das. Effect of precipitating agents on the physicochemical and electrolytic characteristics of nickel hydroxide Mater. Lett. 2003 57: 3089～3095
76. Wei Xing, Feng Li, Zi-feng Yan, G. Q. Lu. Synthesis and electrochemical properties of mesoporous nickel oxide Journal of Power Sources xxx (2004) 324～330
77．苏文悦，傅贤智，魏可镁，张汉辉，林华香，王心晨，李旦振．TiO_2光催化剂的光谱研究．光谱学与光谱分析．2001 20(1)：32～34
78．王文亮，李东升，王振军，崔华莉，薛岗林．CuO超细粉体的形貌与红外特性研究．无机化学学报．2002 18(8)：823～826
79．叶锡生，沙健，焦正宽，张立德．纳米MgO微晶的晶格畸变和反常红外特性．功能材料．1998 29(3)：287～289
80．汪国忠，张立德，牟季美．纳米氧化镍微粉的制备及光吸收谱．物理化学学报．199713(5)：445～448
81．陈卫、孙世刚．Pt纳米微粒自组装体系的电化学和原位FTIR反射光谱研究．光谱学与光谱分析．2004 22(3)：817～819
82. Yu Lin, Ting Xie, Baochang Cheng, Baoyou Geng and Lide Zhang, Ordered-nickel oxide nanowire arrays and their optical absorption properties Chem. Phys. Lett. 2003 380: 521～525.
83．刘成林，钟菊花，张兆奎，表面修饰对要α-Fe_2O_3超微粒光谱特性的影响．光谱学与光谱分析，2003 23(1)：154～156
84. Young Ran Park, Kwang Joo. Kim Sol-gel preparation and optical characterization of NiO and Ni_(1-x)Zn_xO thin films Journal of Crystal Growth 2003 258: 380～384
85．周幸福、韩爱杰、褚道葆、林昌健、田中群．非水体系中电解镍中间产物制备纳米NiO．物理化学学报．2002 18：613～616
86. Wenzhong Wang, Yingkai Liu, Congkang Xu, Changlin Zheng, Guanghou Wang. Synthesis of NiO nanorods by a novel simple precursor thermal decomposition approach. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002 362: 119～122
87．天津大学物理化学教研室．物理化学．第3版．北京：高等教育出版社，2001
88．中国医药公司上海化学试剂采购供应站．试剂手册．第2版．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1985
89．董相廷，洪广言，于得财．Tm_2O_3超微粉末的制备与性质．无机材料学报．199611(3)：542～546
90. Zhongwu Wang, S. K. Saxenaa, Peter Lazor, H. S. C. O'Neill, An in situ Raman spectroscopic study of pressure induced dissociation of spinel NiCr_2O_4, J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 2003 64(3): 425～431
91. I. M. Tiginyanu, V. V. Ursaki, F. J. Manjo'n, V. E. Tezlevan, Raman scattering study of pressure-induced phase transitions in A~ⅡB_2 ~ⅢC4~Ⅵ defect chalcopyrites and spinels. J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 2003 64: 1603～1607
92．戴洪兴，何洪，李佩珩，訾学红．稀土钙钛矿型氧化物催化剂的研究进展．中国稀土学报．2003 21：1～15
93. J. D. G. Femandes, D. M. A.. Melo, L. B. Zinner, C. M. Salustiano, Z. R. Silva, A. E. Martinelli, M. Ceraueira, C. Alves Júinior, E. Longo, M. I. B. Bemardi. Low-temperature synthesis of single-phase crystalline LaNiO_3 perovskite via Pechini method. Mater. Lett. 2002 53: 122～125
94. M. A. pena, J. L. G. Fierro. Chemical structures and performance of perovskite oxides. Chem. Rev. 2001 101: 1981～2017
95. Stephen J, Skinner. Recent advances in Perovskite-type materials for solid oxide fuel cell cathodes Int. J. Inorg Mater. 2001 3: 113～121
96. A. K. Norman, M. A. Morris. The preparation of the single-phase perovskite LaNiO_3. J. Mater. Process. Tech. 1999 92-93: 91～96
97．高西汉．钙钛矿结构．压电与声光．94 16(4)：44～48
98. J. D. G. Femandes, D. M. A.. Melo, L. B. Zinner, C. M. Salusfiano, Z. R. Silva, A. E. Martinelli, M. Ceraueira, C. Alves Júnior, E. Longo, M. I. B. Bemardi. Low-temperature synthesis of single-phase crystalline LaNiO_3 perovskite via Pechini method. Mater. Lett. 2002 53：122～125
99．徐科，严洁．钙钛矿型稀土纳米复合氧化物制备及应用的研究进展．贵州大学学报(自然科学版)20(2003)4：421～425
100. Zongping Shao, Guoxing Xiong, Yanjie Ren, You Cong, Weishen Yang. Low temperature synthesis of perovskite oxide using the adsorption properties of cellulose. J. Mater. Sci. 2000 35: 5639～5644
101. Ghelen Annal Therese, M. Dinamani, P. Vishnu Kamath. Electroehemical synthesis of perovskite oxides. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2005 35: 459～465
102. Hideki Taguchi, Sayuki Yamada, Mahiko Nagao, Yoko Ichikawa, Kenji Tabata. Synthesis of perovskite-type(La_(1-x)Ca_x)FeO_3(0≤x≤0.2)at low temperature. Mater. Res. Bull. 2002 37: 69～76
103. Lidia Armelao, Davide Barreca and Gregorio Bottaro, Hybrid Chemical Vapor Deposition/Sol-Gel Route in the Preparation of Nanophasic LaCoO_3 Films. Chem. Mater. 2005 17(2): 427～433
104. A. K. Norman, M. A. Morris. The preparation of the single-phase perovskite LaNiO_3. J. Mater. Process. Tech. 1999 92-93: 91～96
105. Y. G. Zhu, R. Q. Tan. Preparation of nanosized LaCoO_3 perovskite oxide using amorphous heteronuclear complex as a precursor at low temperature. J. Mater. Sci. 2000) 35: 5415～5420
106. Xiwei. Qi, Ji. Zhou, Zhenxing. Yue, Zhilun. Gui, Longtu. Li. Auto-combustion synthesis of nanocrystalline LaFeO_3. Mater. Chem. Phy. 2002 78: 25～29
107. Wenjun. Zheng, Ronghou. Liu, Dingkun. Peng, Guangyao. Meng. Hydrothermal synthesis of LaFeO_3 under carbonate-containing medium. Mater. Lett. 2000 43: 19～22
108. Jianbo Wang, Qingfang. Liu, Desheng Xue, Fashen Li. Synthesis and characterization of LaFeO_3 nano particles. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 21(2002)1059～1062
109. A. E. Giannakas, A. K. Ladavos, P. J. Pomonis. Preparation, characterization and investigation of catalytic activity for NO+CO reaction of LaMnO_3 and LaFeO_3 perovskites prepared via microemulsion method. Appl. Catal. B 2004 49: 147～158
110. S. Nakayama. LaFeO_3 perovskite-type oxide prepared by oxide-mixing, co-precipitation and complex synthesis methods J. Mater. Sci. 2001 36: 5643～5648
111. Monica Popa, Johannes Frantti, Masato Kakihana.. Characterization of LaMeO_3 (Me: Mn, Co, Fe) perpvskite powders obtained by polymerizable complex method. Solid State lorries. 2002 154-155: 135～141
112. E. Bontempi, C. Garzella, S. Valetti, L. E. Depero. Structural study of LaNi_xFe_(1-x)O_3 prepared from precursor salts. J. Euro. Cera. Soc. 2003 23: 2135～2142
113. Cheng K. Evaluation of crystallization kinetics of glasses by no-isothermal analysis. J Mater Sci. 2001. 36: 1043～10481
114. Koga N, Tanaka H. Apparent kinetic behavior of thermal decomposition of synthetic malachite. Thermochi Acta. 1999 340-341: 387～3941
115．杨华明，张向超，杨武国，黄承焕，邱冠周．NiFe_2O_4纳米晶的合成及焙烧动力学．中南大学学报(自然科学版)．2004 3(6)：368～371
116. Wang H R., Gao Y L., Ye Y F., Crystallization kinetics of an amorphous Zr_2Cu_2Ni alloy calculation of the activation energy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2003 353: 200～206.
117．戴洪兴，何洪，李佩荇．稀土钙钛矿型氧化物催化剂研究进展．中国稀土学报．200321：1～15
118 于洁，王华，马文全．复合掺杂钙钛矿氧化物催化剂的研究进展．昆明理工大学学报．2003 28：19～22
119. A. Kahoul, A. Hammouche, F. Naamoune, P. Cartier, G. Poillerat, J. F. Koenig. Solvent effect on synthesis of perovskite-type La_(1-x)Ca-xCoO_3 and their electrochemical properties for oxygen reactions. Mater. Res. Bull. 2000 35: 1955～1966
120．张炜；朱慧；张仁；张国东．TMO复合催化剂对AP推进剂燃速催化作用研究．航空动力学报．1994 9(3)：330～335
121. D. V. Survase, M. Gupta, S. N. Asthana. Theeffect of Nd2O3 on thermal and ballistic properties of ammonium perchlorate(AP)based composite. Progress in crystal growth and characterization of materials. 2002: 161～165
122．胡荣祖，史启祯，热分析动力学．北京：科学出版社，2001
123．蔡正千，热分析．第1版．北京：高等教育出版社，1993