基于RS、GIS技术的海岸带环境动态变化研究
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摘要
以龙口市海岸带环境变化研究为全文主线,选用9期数字遥感图像和相关辅助数据,通过对影像空间与地理空间映射关系的分析,增强海岸带各种专题地物信息。根据海相、陆相及过度相地物在遥感图像中的光谱响应特点,将研究区分割成海域、滩地、陆域三个部分,依据三相地物所具有的独立的地学变量,选择最佳的影像分类技术,实现影像空间到地理空间的转变:低潮线长期被海水淹没,难以直接提取,通过建立遥感水深模型结合陆地DEM、潮汐资料等推算低潮线的位置;为了更准确地分离出滩地的独立的地学变量,在充分利用多光谱数据的同时,对遥感图像进行了K-T变换和植被指数提取,然后采用决策树分类技术提取滩地信息;基于海岸带陆域所具有的独特的地理环境,将影像光谱信息、空间纹理信息和地理辅助信息融为一体,采用BP神经网络分类技术,实现了陆域土地利用/土地覆被的信息提取;通过对海水入侵区地物光谱数据、遥感图像灰度值数据,与观测的地下水数据进行一系列组合变换分析,发现三者之间的相关性,建立基于光谱识别模式的海水入侵反演计算模型,反演了海水入侵的历史演变过程;以1978年的数字地面模型为基准,采用图像差值运算法求出1984年、1996年、2000年和2004年的地形地貌变异区,利用网格水流方向矩阵计算地表径流方向,分割采煤塌陷区与采砂沉降区。通过建立水资源数学模型求出了不同塌陷年份、不同水文特征下的水域淹没范围。在此基础上,以GIS技术为支持,将提取的环境信息加以综合,建立龙口市海岸带1984-2004年间的动态变化信息图谱,从空间和时间等方面揭示其环境变化规律,最后从人为和自然两个角度研究海岸带环境变化的动力机制。
With the study of coastal zone environmental changes in Longkou city on the main line, the paper, based on 9 periods of remote sensing images and other relevant data, analyzes the RS image-geography mapping and takes proper image processing techniques to enhance the thematic information of the coastal zone. On base of the spectral response characteristics of land, sea and transitional area in RS image, it separates the reach area into sea area, land area and coastal area, then according to their own geographical trait convert image form to geographical form using the optimal image classification technology. It was difficult to be drawn out the low tide line directly for being submerged by sea long time, so the paper calculates the low tide line through creating the RS-fathoming model with the land DEM data and the tide data. For abstracting the beach own geographical trait more accurately, besides of taking full advantage of multispectral data, it does K-T transformation and vegetation index abstraction to RS images and extracts the beach information by way of decision trees classification technology. Based on the unique geographic environment of the land area in coastal zone, it combines the information of spectrum, special texture and geographical auxiliary to extract the land use and land cover information by the way of BP Neural Network classification technology. The paper does a series of analysis on combination and transformation for the spectral data, the RS image DN data and the groundwater observation in the sea-water intrusion area and finds the relationship among them. Then it establishes the inverse calculation model for sea-water intrusion based on the spectral recognition mode and makes an inversion of its historical evolution. The paper, based on the DTM of 1978, obtains the topographic variation of 1984,1996,2000 and 2004 by way of minus operation image processing and calculates the direction of surface runoff in flow vector matrix on grid to separate the coal-mine subsidence and the sand excavation subsidence, then establishes the groundwater resource mathematical model and determines the subsidence times and the submerged area according to the hydrological characteristic. Based on the result, supported by GIS, the paper unites acquired environmental information and establishes the Geo-Information Tupu of Longkou coastal zone changes to 2004, then reveals its environmental change regularities of time and space, and researches the driving mechanism in natural and human points of view.
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