含内热源球床通道换热特性研究
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摘要
球床水冷反应堆由于其小型化、长寿命和安全性高等优点被很多研究者所关注。其堆芯是典型的含内热源随机填充球床结构，基于安全的考虑，堆芯内的换热规律，过冷沸腾起始点的变化规律等诸多问题则成为关注的重点。迄今为止，公开发表的相关研究报告十分有限，因此，研究含内热源球床通道内的对流换热特性以及沸腾起始点的变化规律具有重要的意义。
本文主要对含内热源球床通道内的单相流动与换热规律，过冷沸腾起始点和沸腾滞后现象等内容进行了研究，并建立了三维随机填充球床模型，通过数值计算的方法对球床通道内部的各种参数进行了分析。本文的主要研究工作和结果如下：
1.对含内热源球床通道内的单相对流换热特性进行了分析。结果表明：质量流速、入口过冷度和球径是主要影响因素。随着质量流速的增加，入口水温的降低和球径的减小，对流换热系数明显增加。综合考虑这些参数对换热的影响，使用多元线性回归方法拟合出了适用于含内热源球床通道的无量纲换热关系式，该关系式计算值与实验值的相对偏差在±20%范围以内。
2建立了三维随机填充球床模型，通过数值计算得到了球床内部的平均换热系数以及温度、压力和速度等参数的分布规律。换热系数的计算值与实验值符合良好，验证了模型的可靠性，计算结果还表明，如果相邻两球的球心连线与竖直方向夹角在0o-45o之间，则夹缝区域流体的流速很小，此时该区域为高温区；当相邻两球球心连线与竖直方向夹角在45o-90o之间时，流体进入夹缝区域后流速增大，使得换热增强，表现为该区域流体温度较低。
3.对含内热源球床通道内过冷沸腾起始点的主要影响因素进行了研究。结果表明，工质过冷度、质量流速和球径是过冷沸腾起始点的重要影响因素，过冷沸腾起始点所需的热流密度随着工质过冷度的减小而降低；随着质量流速和球径的增加而增大。综合考虑以上三种参数的影响，拟合出了球床通道内过冷沸腾起始点的判定关系式，该关系式的预测值与实验值相对偏差在±25%范围以内。在对沸腾起始点进行研究的基础上，通过可视化观察，并结合球床通道自身的结构特点，认为通道内产生的汽泡可分为四类：普通表面上的汽泡、两球角缝区的汽泡、多个密实堆积球之间的汽泡和疏松排列区大孔隙内的汽泡。分别对每类汽泡的受力进行分析，得出到了各自的生长及脱离规律。
4.对含内热源球床通道内的各种滞后现象进行了研究，分别以滞后温差和滞后面积来表征成核滞后和温度偏离滞后的程度，分析了各种滞后现象产生的原因和变化规律。结果表明：靠近球床出口和径向中心位置成核滞后现象较明显；流速和表面粗糙度增加，温度偏离滞后的程度明显增加；由于球床通道中存在很多高温的角缝区域，可以提供稳定的汽化核心，对滞后现象具有很大的抑制作用。
Water-cooled pebble-bed reactor has many advantages such as miniaturization, long lifeand high safety. So more and more researchers have paid attention to it. Water-cooledpebble-bed reactor core is typical random packed pebble-bed structure with an internal heatsource and based on safety consideration, many issues, such us heat transfer characteristic insingle phase flow and onset of nucleate boiling become the focus of attention. So far, therelevant research announced in an open manner is very limited. Therefore, the study ofconvection heat transfer characteristics and law of onset of nucleate boiling are of greatsignificance.
Based on the pebble-bed channels with internal heat source, this paper mainly researchesthe flow and heat transfer characteristics of single-phase forced convection, the law of onsetof nucleate boiling and boiling hysteresis. A three-dimensional stochastic model of packedbed was constructed, and the internal parameters of pebble-bed channels were analysised bynumerical calculation method. The main work and conclusions are summarized as follows:
1. The single phase convection heat transfer in pebble-bed channels with internal heatsource was studied. According to the experimental results, mass velocity, inlet watertemperature and pebble diameter are the principal factors. When mass velocity increases, inlettemperature and pebble diameter decrease, the heat transfer coefficient increases obviously.Considering the effects of these parameters on the heat transfer, based on the analysis of alarge amount of experimental data, a dimensionless heat transfer correlation for pebble-bedchannels with internal heat source was fitted by the multiple linear regression method. Therelative deviation between the calculated value and the experimental value is within±20%.
2. A three dimensional stochastic model of packed-bed was constructed to obtain thedistribution of pebble-bed internal parameters such as heat transfer coefficient, temperature,pressure and velocity by numerical calculation, and the reliability of the model is verified bythe comparisons with experimental results. Link the two adjacent balls with a line, if theintersection angle of the line and vertical direction is between0to45degree, fluid velocity islower in the gap, so the temperature is higher in this area. If the intersection angle of the lineand vertical direction is between45to90degree, the velocity of fluid increase after flowing into this area, leading to the increase of heat transfer coefficient, so the fluid temperature inthis area is lower.
3. The main influencing factors of onset of nucleate boiling in pebble-bed channels withinternal heat source were studied. According to the experimental results, the subcooling ofworking fluid, mass velocity and pebble diameter are the principal factors. The heat fluxdecreases with decreasing in subcooling of working fluid; and increasing in mass velocity andpebble diameters. Considering the effects of these three parameters, a criterion formula whichcan give a good prediction of onset of nucleate boiling in pebble-bed channels was fitted andthe relative deviation between the predicted value and the experimental value is within±20%. Based on the study of onset of nucleate boiling, by visual observation, and consideringthe structure characteristics of pebble-bed channels, the bubbles inside the channel can bedivided into four types: the bubble on the normal surface; the bubble in the corner of twoadjacent balls; the bubble between several compact pebbles; and the bubble inside the largevolume of loose arrange area. The law of bubble growth and detachment were proposed byanalysing the force on bubbles.
4. The various hysteresis phenomenas in pebble-bed channels were studied. Usinghysteresis temperature and hysteresis area to token the degree of nucleation hysteresis andtemperature deviation hysteresis, and analysed the causes and the variation law of the varioushysteresis phenomenas. The results indicate that the nucleation hysteresis are more severeclose to the outlet of the pebble-bed or the radial centre location. When mass velocity andsurface rough degree increase, the temperature deviation hysteresis increases. Because thereare a lot of high temperature corner areas in pebble-bed channels, which can provide stablenucleation sites, have a great deal of restraint to hysteresis phenomena.
本文主要对含内热源球床通道内的单相流动与换热规律，过冷沸腾起始点和沸腾滞后现象等内容进行了研究，并建立了三维随机填充球床模型，通过数值计算的方法对球床通道内部的各种参数进行了分析。本文的主要研究工作和结果如下：
1.对含内热源球床通道内的单相对流换热特性进行了分析。结果表明：质量流速、入口过冷度和球径是主要影响因素。随着质量流速的增加，入口水温的降低和球径的减小，对流换热系数明显增加。综合考虑这些参数对换热的影响，使用多元线性回归方法拟合出了适用于含内热源球床通道的无量纲换热关系式，该关系式计算值与实验值的相对偏差在±20%范围以内。
2建立了三维随机填充球床模型，通过数值计算得到了球床内部的平均换热系数以及温度、压力和速度等参数的分布规律。换热系数的计算值与实验值符合良好，验证了模型的可靠性，计算结果还表明，如果相邻两球的球心连线与竖直方向夹角在0o-45o之间，则夹缝区域流体的流速很小，此时该区域为高温区；当相邻两球球心连线与竖直方向夹角在45o-90o之间时，流体进入夹缝区域后流速增大，使得换热增强，表现为该区域流体温度较低。
3.对含内热源球床通道内过冷沸腾起始点的主要影响因素进行了研究。结果表明，工质过冷度、质量流速和球径是过冷沸腾起始点的重要影响因素，过冷沸腾起始点所需的热流密度随着工质过冷度的减小而降低；随着质量流速和球径的增加而增大。综合考虑以上三种参数的影响，拟合出了球床通道内过冷沸腾起始点的判定关系式，该关系式的预测值与实验值相对偏差在±25%范围以内。在对沸腾起始点进行研究的基础上，通过可视化观察，并结合球床通道自身的结构特点，认为通道内产生的汽泡可分为四类：普通表面上的汽泡、两球角缝区的汽泡、多个密实堆积球之间的汽泡和疏松排列区大孔隙内的汽泡。分别对每类汽泡的受力进行分析，得出到了各自的生长及脱离规律。
4.对含内热源球床通道内的各种滞后现象进行了研究，分别以滞后温差和滞后面积来表征成核滞后和温度偏离滞后的程度，分析了各种滞后现象产生的原因和变化规律。结果表明：靠近球床出口和径向中心位置成核滞后现象较明显；流速和表面粗糙度增加，温度偏离滞后的程度明显增加；由于球床通道中存在很多高温的角缝区域，可以提供稳定的汽化核心，对滞后现象具有很大的抑制作用。
Water-cooled pebble-bed reactor has many advantages such as miniaturization, long lifeand high safety. So more and more researchers have paid attention to it. Water-cooledpebble-bed reactor core is typical random packed pebble-bed structure with an internal heatsource and based on safety consideration, many issues, such us heat transfer characteristic insingle phase flow and onset of nucleate boiling become the focus of attention. So far, therelevant research announced in an open manner is very limited. Therefore, the study ofconvection heat transfer characteristics and law of onset of nucleate boiling are of greatsignificance.
Based on the pebble-bed channels with internal heat source, this paper mainly researchesthe flow and heat transfer characteristics of single-phase forced convection, the law of onsetof nucleate boiling and boiling hysteresis. A three-dimensional stochastic model of packedbed was constructed, and the internal parameters of pebble-bed channels were analysised bynumerical calculation method. The main work and conclusions are summarized as follows:
1. The single phase convection heat transfer in pebble-bed channels with internal heatsource was studied. According to the experimental results, mass velocity, inlet watertemperature and pebble diameter are the principal factors. When mass velocity increases, inlettemperature and pebble diameter decrease, the heat transfer coefficient increases obviously.Considering the effects of these parameters on the heat transfer, based on the analysis of alarge amount of experimental data, a dimensionless heat transfer correlation for pebble-bedchannels with internal heat source was fitted by the multiple linear regression method. Therelative deviation between the calculated value and the experimental value is within±20%.
2. A three dimensional stochastic model of packed-bed was constructed to obtain thedistribution of pebble-bed internal parameters such as heat transfer coefficient, temperature,pressure and velocity by numerical calculation, and the reliability of the model is verified bythe comparisons with experimental results. Link the two adjacent balls with a line, if theintersection angle of the line and vertical direction is between0to45degree, fluid velocity islower in the gap, so the temperature is higher in this area. If the intersection angle of the lineand vertical direction is between45to90degree, the velocity of fluid increase after flowing into this area, leading to the increase of heat transfer coefficient, so the fluid temperature inthis area is lower.
3. The main influencing factors of onset of nucleate boiling in pebble-bed channels withinternal heat source were studied. According to the experimental results, the subcooling ofworking fluid, mass velocity and pebble diameter are the principal factors. The heat fluxdecreases with decreasing in subcooling of working fluid; and increasing in mass velocity andpebble diameters. Considering the effects of these three parameters, a criterion formula whichcan give a good prediction of onset of nucleate boiling in pebble-bed channels was fitted andthe relative deviation between the predicted value and the experimental value is within±20%. Based on the study of onset of nucleate boiling, by visual observation, and consideringthe structure characteristics of pebble-bed channels, the bubbles inside the channel can bedivided into four types: the bubble on the normal surface; the bubble in the corner of twoadjacent balls; the bubble between several compact pebbles; and the bubble inside the largevolume of loose arrange area. The law of bubble growth and detachment were proposed byanalysing the force on bubbles.
4. The various hysteresis phenomenas in pebble-bed channels were studied. Usinghysteresis temperature and hysteresis area to token the degree of nucleation hysteresis andtemperature deviation hysteresis, and analysed the causes and the variation law of the varioushysteresis phenomenas. The results indicate that the nucleation hysteresis are more severeclose to the outlet of the pebble-bed or the radial centre location. When mass velocity andsurface rough degree increase, the temperature deviation hysteresis increases. Because thereare a lot of high temperature corner areas in pebble-bed channels, which can provide stablenucleation sites, have a great deal of restraint to hysteresis phenomena.
引文
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