牙轮钻头浮动套轴承工作机理研究
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摘要
如何提高现有牙轮钻头轴承的工作性能,延长其在高转速下的使用寿命,是目前钻井工程领域迫切需要解决的问题之一。本文通过对牙轮钻头轴承主要失效形式和原因的分析,找到了延长牙轮钻头轴承使用寿命的理论依据。以流变学、摩擦学及流体动力润滑理论为基础,将理论研究与单元实验相结合,开展了牙轮钻头浮动套轴承工作机理研究。在一定假设的基础上,推导了适用于牙轮钻头滑动轴承工况条件的Reynolds方程,并首次将粗糙表面的润滑理论应用到牙轮钻头轴承的研究中,建立了动载荷下牙轮钻头浮动套轴承热流体动力润滑分析的数学模型,完成了牙轮钻头浮动套轴承工作性能仿真软件的研制,并通过实验对数学模型和仿真软件进行了验证。为开展高速牙轮钻头轴承系统工作机理的研究,改进现有牙轮钻头轴承的结构,进一步提高我国牙轮钻头的综合性能提供了新的理论和方法。本文的主要研究成果如下:
     (1)对现场失效牙轮钻头轴承的表面进行了金相分析和硬度测试,发现钻头在工作过程中温度的升高使得轴承表面金相组织发生改变,导致抗磨性能减弱,使轴承磨损速度加快,找到了牙轮钻头轴承在高转速下快速失效的根本原因;
     (2)在不同温度和不同剪切速率条件下,完成了牙轮钻头专用润滑脂的流变性实验。并以此为基础建立了该润滑脂的流变模型,得到了其名义粘度随温度和剪切速率的变化规律,找到了该润滑脂适用的最佳工况,为牙轮钻头轴承润滑参数的计算提供了实验依据;
     (3)系统分析了稳定载荷下浮动套轴承结构参数与其内外偏心率、转速比、摩擦系数和承载能力等参数之间的变化关系。发现在轴承半径和长度一定时,浮动套内外间隙值是直接影响其工作性能的关键因素,并找到了各参数之间相互影响的变化规律,为牙轮钻头浮动套轴承单元实验试件的设计和实验方案的拟订提供了理论依据;
     (4)在一定假设条件下,推导了适用于牙轮钻头轴承润滑工况的Reynolds方程。并将粗糙表面的润滑理论应用到牙轮钻头轴承的研究中,以基于平均流量模型的粗糙表面部分润滑状态Reynolds方程和能量方程为基础,建立了动载荷下粗糙表面牙轮钻头浮动套轴承热流体动力润滑的数学模型,并进行了求解,为开展牙轮钻头浮动套轴承工作机理研究奠定了理论基础;
     (5)完成了牙轮钻头浮动套轴承工作性能仿真软件的研制,并在不同工况条件下,对8 1/2”牙轮钻头不同结构参数的浮动套轴承工作性能进行了仿真研究。得到了在一定间隙配合下,牙轮钻头浮动套轴承润滑膜压力、扭矩、温度及摩擦系数随牙轮转速和径向载荷的变化规律,为给定工况下牙轮钻头浮动套轴承的设计与优化提供了
    
    摘要
    理论依据和技术手段;
     (6)完成了81/2’,牙轮钻头浮动套轴承的单元实验研究。得到了不同工况以及
    不同间隙配合下牙轮钻头浮动套轴承的扭矩、温度、浮动套转速以及磨损量和磨损速
    度等数据,实验结果进一步验证了所建立数学模型和仿真软件的正确性。实验中发现,
    浮动套可以取代原牙轮钻头轴承中合金槽的作用,进一步简化了牙轮钻头的设计和加
    工工艺,降低了牙轮钻头的制造成本。
     总之,本文的研究工作为推广高速钻井等现代钻井技术提供了技术支持,将进一
    步推动我国钻井新技术的发展,降低钻井成本,增强我国牙轮钻头在国际市场上的竞
    争力,为国家创造更大的经济效益。因此,本文的研究工作不仅具有重要的理论意义
    和学术价值,而且具有广泛的应用前景。
    关键词:牙轮钻头,浮动套轴承,机理研究,模型建立,软件开发,实验研究
How to improve the working performance of rock bit journal bearings (RBJB) and prolong its life span under high working speed is one of the urgent problems faced by oil drilling engineering. This research, based on the investigation of the primary failure form and causes of RBJB, firstly establishes the theoretical basis for prolonging the life span of RBJB. Using rheology, tribology and dynamics as the ground theories and combining theoretical study with experiments, the present research also investigates the working mechanism of floating-ring journal bearings (FRJB). Besides, a Reynolds equation specially for RBJB in grease lubrication is developed on the basis of some hypothesis. This research is the first attempt to apply the lubrication theory for rough surface into the study of RBJB and thereby succeeds in developing a numerical model of roughness surface thermal hydrodynamic analysis (RSTHA) for rock bit floating-ring journal bearings (RBFRJB). At the same time, simulation software for the working mechanism of RBFRJB is developed and the software, together with the numerical model, is validated by experiment. It is hoped that the present research will provide some fresh insights and methods for the research of the working mechanism of high-speed RBJB system, the improvement of the structure of existing RBJB and the further elevation of the comprehensive performance of the rock bit produced by our country. The major fruits of the present research are listed as follows:(1) RBJB failure analysis is carried out, the factors causing it worked out and the theoretical basis for prolonging RBJB life span established.(2) High temperature rheological analysis for rock-bit grease is studied systematically with the aid of experiment. Results indicate that the roller-bit grease is a typical BinHam liquid, and it can work under the condition of high temperature (>100C) and high cut velocity (>500s"').(3) The performance characteristics and design data of FRJB under steady load are looked into theoretically. Results suggest that the ring dimensions are a dominant factor in deciding the final bearing behaviour and the oil film thickness between the ring and the housing is much thinner than that between the journal and the ring.(4) A Reynolds equation specially for RBJB in grease lubrication is developed on the basis of some hypothesis; the lubrication theory for rough surface is applied into the study of RBJB and thereby the numerical model of dynamical load RSTHA for RBFRJB is set up. On the basis of a generalized average flow model Reynolds equation as well as energy equation, the lubrication numerical model of roughness surface floating ring journal bearing under dynamic load is established and the solution discussed.
    
    (5) Simulation Software is developed and the simulation analysis of RSTHA for RBFRJB is conducted. The simulation results indicate that the best clearance ratio to the 8 1/2" RBFRJB is from 2.0 to 3.0. When the clearance ratio is smaller than 1, the floating ring runs fast under a light load but runs slowly or even stops running under a great load (>15kN).(6) Experiment on RBFRJB is done and the torsion, temperature and the speed of the floating ring under different bit loads and rotating speed are measured. It is found that the results are basically in accordance with the simulative results.This research, as is expected, provides a new theory and a new method for RBJB study and design. With the results of this research, the RBJB life span can hopefully be lengthened, the drilling cost lowered, and the competitiveness of the roller bit of our country enhanced in the international market. In this sense, the present research is of much value in both theoretical and practical regards.
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