高原与内陆好氧活性污泥性质的对比研究
摘要
论文从研究高原拉萨啤酒厂(以下简称拉啤)与内陆新都啤酒厂(以下简称新啤)中好氧活性污泥的基本性质着手，对两地曝气系统中的活性污泥的基本性质指标、活性指标、微生物性质进行了现场取样实验及室内实验，并对实验结果进行了对比分析，以期得到高原好氧活性污泥的特殊性质以及高原与内陆好氧活性污泥的差别，为在高原地区推广应用活性污泥法奠定一定的基础。
通过对拉啤和新啤好氧活性污泥的一系列实验，对两地活性污泥的各项性质指标进行了对比分析，结论如下：
1．各项基本指标测定结果表明：两地曝气池中的水温、pH值相差不大，拉啤的沉降性能及较新啤差，微生物含量较新啤少。
2．对污泥活性的测定选取了好氧速率(OUR)和脱氢酶活性(DHA)两项指标，结果表明：(1)两地OUR值随COD降解的变化规律一致，不同之处在于新啤污泥的活性好于拉啤。(2)分别测定了温度、DO及COD对DHA的影响，两地的温度—DHA曲线、DO—DHA曲线及COD—DHA曲线的变化基本一致，但三种曲线中都出现拉啤的DHA值较新啤的低的情况。
3．对活性污泥中的微生物采用了镜检、细菌总数测定、活细菌计数及原生动物相等多项实验，结果表明：新啤镜检状况好于拉啤，两地活性污泥中出现的细菌种类、优势菌属、原生动物种类以及占优势的原生动物种属都基本一致，仅在数量上有少许区别。
通过以上比较发现，拉啤和新啤活性污泥的各项性质指标并无明显的差异，只是可能基于两地的运行参数不同以及高原与内陆的气候条件不同而呈现出少许数值上的区别。虽然未能通过本研究证实高原的恶劣气候条件对活性污泥会造成的显著影响，但为今后在高原地区大力推广生物法处理废水解决了部分后顾之忧，也是一次极有意义的探索和尝试。
The paper is a comparative experimental study on essential characters of activated sludge in aerobic system between Lhasa Brewery Plant in plateau and Xindu Brewery Plant in inland. These characters include some common parameters, active ones and microbial ones. At last, some conclusions are drawn as follows:
1.Comparative results of common characters: the differences of water temperatures and pH values in two aeration basins are little. The SV, SVI and MLSS in Lhasa are more than those in Xindu.
2. Comparative results of active characters:(1) Oxygen Uptake Rate(OUR): the change rules of OUR in two aeration basins are alike, but the active condition in Xindu is better than that in Lhasa.(2) Dehydrogenase Activity(DHA): experimentalize respectively the effect of temperature, DO and COD on DHA, the change curves of temerature-DHA, DO-DHA and COD-DHA are alike, only DHA in Lhasa is lower than that in Xindu.
3.Comparative results of microbial experiments: the results of microscope observation indicate that the total condition of activated sluge in Lhasa are worse than that in Xindu, and the varieties of bacteria and protazoa are alike and the kinds of dominated bacteria and protazoa in two basins are almost identical, only different in number.
Through comparing aforementioned, we find that many characters in Lhasa are not different remarkably as that in Xindu, only some difference in number. Though we cannot make sure that the atrocious weather condition of Lhasa would affect obviously activated sludge through the series of experimental research, we can solve some worry about popularizing biology ways in wastewater disposal in plateau. So, this paper is a very important searching and effort.
通过对拉啤和新啤好氧活性污泥的一系列实验，对两地活性污泥的各项性质指标进行了对比分析，结论如下：
1．各项基本指标测定结果表明：两地曝气池中的水温、pH值相差不大，拉啤的沉降性能及较新啤差，微生物含量较新啤少。
2．对污泥活性的测定选取了好氧速率(OUR)和脱氢酶活性(DHA)两项指标，结果表明：(1)两地OUR值随COD降解的变化规律一致，不同之处在于新啤污泥的活性好于拉啤。(2)分别测定了温度、DO及COD对DHA的影响，两地的温度—DHA曲线、DO—DHA曲线及COD—DHA曲线的变化基本一致，但三种曲线中都出现拉啤的DHA值较新啤的低的情况。
3．对活性污泥中的微生物采用了镜检、细菌总数测定、活细菌计数及原生动物相等多项实验，结果表明：新啤镜检状况好于拉啤，两地活性污泥中出现的细菌种类、优势菌属、原生动物种类以及占优势的原生动物种属都基本一致，仅在数量上有少许区别。
通过以上比较发现，拉啤和新啤活性污泥的各项性质指标并无明显的差异，只是可能基于两地的运行参数不同以及高原与内陆的气候条件不同而呈现出少许数值上的区别。虽然未能通过本研究证实高原的恶劣气候条件对活性污泥会造成的显著影响，但为今后在高原地区大力推广生物法处理废水解决了部分后顾之忧，也是一次极有意义的探索和尝试。
The paper is a comparative experimental study on essential characters of activated sludge in aerobic system between Lhasa Brewery Plant in plateau and Xindu Brewery Plant in inland. These characters include some common parameters, active ones and microbial ones. At last, some conclusions are drawn as follows:
1.Comparative results of common characters: the differences of water temperatures and pH values in two aeration basins are little. The SV, SVI and MLSS in Lhasa are more than those in Xindu.
2. Comparative results of active characters:(1) Oxygen Uptake Rate(OUR): the change rules of OUR in two aeration basins are alike, but the active condition in Xindu is better than that in Lhasa.(2) Dehydrogenase Activity(DHA): experimentalize respectively the effect of temperature, DO and COD on DHA, the change curves of temerature-DHA, DO-DHA and COD-DHA are alike, only DHA in Lhasa is lower than that in Xindu.
3.Comparative results of microbial experiments: the results of microscope observation indicate that the total condition of activated sluge in Lhasa are worse than that in Xindu, and the varieties of bacteria and protazoa are alike and the kinds of dominated bacteria and protazoa in two basins are almost identical, only different in number.
Through comparing aforementioned, we find that many characters in Lhasa are not different remarkably as that in Xindu, only some difference in number. Though we cannot make sure that the atrocious weather condition of Lhasa would affect obviously activated sludge through the series of experimental research, we can solve some worry about popularizing biology ways in wastewater disposal in plateau. So, this paper is a very important searching and effort.
引文
[1] 刘昌明，何希吾．中国21世纪水问题方略．北京：科学出版社，1996：1～5
[2] 李军，杨秀山，彭永臻编著．微生物与水处理工程．北京：化学工业出版社，2002．9：2～3；207～277
[3] 联合国开发计划署．2000-2001世界资源报告．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2002
[4] 陈声贵等．活性污泥运转效能的生物监测．应用与环境生物学报2002，8(4)：438～442
[5] Randy Junkins. The Activated Sludge Process: Fundamentals of Operation. West Chester: Ann Arbor Sci Pub, 1983,1～16
[6] A.E.Steiner, D.A.Mclaren, C.F.Forster. The Nature of Activated Sludge Flocs. Wat. Res..1976,10:25～30
[7] 付永胜．鄂铁军．熊春梅．青藏高原啤酒废水处理工艺的实践．中国给水排水，2003，7
[8] 须藤隆一著．水环境净化及废水处理微生物学．俞辉群，全浩编译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1988：94～171；336～349
[9] 贺延龄编著．环境微生物学．北京：中国轻工业出版社，2001．4
[10] 周群英，高廷耀编著．环境工程微生物学(第二版)．北京：高等教育出版社，2002．7：223～230
[11] 马放等编著．污染控制微生物学实验．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2002．6：104～109
[12] 王建龙，吴立波等．用氧吸收速率(OUR)表征活性污泥硝化活性的研究．环境科学学报1999，19(3)：225～229
[13] Nowak O, Svardal K. Observations on the kinetics of nitrification under inhibiting conditions caused by industrial wastewater compounds. Wat Sci Technol, 1993,28:115～123
[14] 吕锡武等．溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响．城市环境与城市生态2001，14(1)：33～35
[15] 洪梅．脱氢酶活性检测技术在污水处理厂的应用研究．石油化工环境保
护，2001(14)：30～33
[16] Awong J.,Bitton G. And Koopman B. Water Research, 1989,19:917～921
[17] 《污水处理操作手册——工艺部分》，大庆乙烯联合化工厂，1983，5
[18] Shaffi SA. Comparison of the sublethal effect of mercury and lead on visceral dehydrogenate system in three inland teleosts. Physiol Res, 1993; 42(1):7
[19] Chetty AN. Indiak. Adaptive changes in glucose metabolisn of a bivalve to am bientammonia stress. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 1995:54～83
[20] 浙江省环境保护局环境污染与防治．第20卷．第6期．1998，12
[21] Eckenfelder W.W., Ford D.L., Shell G. And Sullivan D.L.Operation, Control and Management of Activated Sludge plants Treating Industrial Wastewaters. Tennessee, 1986
[22] LangCR, LambertKE, Biomonitoring. Water Environmentant reaerch, 1995,67940:738
[23] 安立超等．测定活性污泥脱氢酶活性的研究．污染防治技术1996，9(3)：186～188
[24] Fang HHP. Microbial distribution in UASB granules and its resulting effects. Wat Res, 1975,8:365～388
[25] 高春娣．污泥膨胀的影响因素研究：[硕士学位论文] ．哈尔滨：哈尔滨建筑大学，1996
[26] 杨宝林．活性污泥膨胀的特性研究．中国给水排水．1993，9(5)：32～34
[27] 周利，彭永臻等．丝状菌污泥膨胀的影响因素与控制．环境科学进展．1999，7(1)：88～93
[28] Eikelboom DH. Filamentous organisms observed in activated sludge. Wat Res, 1975,8:365～388
[29] 李探微．彭永臻等．活性污泥中原生动物的特征和作用．哈尔滨：市政环境工程．2000，9：25～29
[30] 张自杰等．活性污泥生物学与反应动力学．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1989
[31] 任南琪等．水污染控制微生物学．哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社，1993
[32] Pool J E, et al. A study of the relationship between the mixed liquor fauna
and plant performance for a variety of activated sludge sewage treatment works. Wat Res, 1984,18:281～287
[33] Madoni P, et al. Comparative analysis of the activated sludge microfauna in several sewage treatment works. Wat Res, 1993,27(9): 1485～1491
[34] Madoni P, et al. A sludge biotic index(SBI) for the evaluation of the biological performance of activated sludge plants based on the microfauna analysis. Wat Res, 1994,28(1):67～75
[35] Curds CR, Cockbum A. Studies on the growth and feeding of Tetrahymena puriformis in axenic and monoxenic culture. J Gen Microil, 1968,54:343～358
[36] Wheale G, Williamson DJ. Unusual behaviour of ciliated protozoa in a secondary settlement tank. Wat Pollut Control, 1980,80:496～500
[37] 丁峰．pH值及营养物质对活性污泥膨胀的影响：[博士学论文] ．哈尔滨：哈尔滨建筑大学．1999
[38] Painter HA. The effect of phosphate and temperature on growth of activated sludge and on biodegradation of surfactants. War Res, 1978,12:909～915
[39] Boran Zhang, Kazuo Yamamoto. Seasonal change of microbial population and activities in a building wastewater reuse system using a membrance separation activated sludge process. Wat. Sci. Tech..1996,34(6):295～302
[40] 罗志腾主编．水污染控制工程微生物学．北京：北京科学技术出版社，1988．5：239～243
[41] 徐亚同，史家墚，张明编著．污染控制微生物工程．北京：化学工业出版社，2001．5
[42] 沈韫芬等．微生物监测新技术．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1990
[43] 徐亚同．废水生物处理的监测和运行管理．上海环境科学，1997，16(10)：34～36
[44] 曾薇等，王淑莹等．SBR法处理啤酒废水COD与DO的相关关系．给水排水2002，26(5)
[45] 熊春梅．高原与内陆活性污泥曝气系统中氧传质速率的比较研究：[硕士学位论文] ．成都：西南交通大学，2003
[46] Curds CR. An ecological study of the ciliated protozoa in activated sludge.
Oikos, 1965, 15:282～289
[47] A.E.Steiner, D.A.Mclaren, C.F.Forster. The Nature of Activated Sludge Flocs. Wat. Res..1976,10:25～30
[48] 马文绮主编．环境微生物工程．南京：南京大学出版社．1998
[49] 刘彩萍等．活性污泥生物相的观察在生产中的应用．中国市政工程2002，3
[50] 顾夏生，李献文等编著．水处理微生物学．第二版．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1988
[51] 彭永臻 王宝贞等．活性污泥法的多变量最优控制Ⅰ．环境科学学报 1998，18(1)：11～1 9；活性污泥法的多变最最优控制Ⅱ．环境科学学报 1998，18(1)：20～27；活性污泥法的多变量最优控制Ⅲ．环境科学学报 1998，18(2)：128～136。
[2] 李军，杨秀山，彭永臻编著．微生物与水处理工程．北京：化学工业出版社，2002．9：2～3；207～277
[3] 联合国开发计划署．2000-2001世界资源报告．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2002
[4] 陈声贵等．活性污泥运转效能的生物监测．应用与环境生物学报2002，8(4)：438～442
[5] Randy Junkins. The Activated Sludge Process: Fundamentals of Operation. West Chester: Ann Arbor Sci Pub, 1983,1～16
[6] A.E.Steiner, D.A.Mclaren, C.F.Forster. The Nature of Activated Sludge Flocs. Wat. Res..1976,10:25～30
[7] 付永胜．鄂铁军．熊春梅．青藏高原啤酒废水处理工艺的实践．中国给水排水，2003，7
[8] 须藤隆一著．水环境净化及废水处理微生物学．俞辉群，全浩编译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1988：94～171；336～349
[9] 贺延龄编著．环境微生物学．北京：中国轻工业出版社，2001．4
[10] 周群英，高廷耀编著．环境工程微生物学(第二版)．北京：高等教育出版社，2002．7：223～230
[11] 马放等编著．污染控制微生物学实验．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2002．6：104～109
[12] 王建龙，吴立波等．用氧吸收速率(OUR)表征活性污泥硝化活性的研究．环境科学学报1999，19(3)：225～229
[13] Nowak O, Svardal K. Observations on the kinetics of nitrification under inhibiting conditions caused by industrial wastewater compounds. Wat Sci Technol, 1993,28:115～123
[14] 吕锡武等．溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响．城市环境与城市生态2001，14(1)：33～35
[15] 洪梅．脱氢酶活性检测技术在污水处理厂的应用研究．石油化工环境保
护，2001(14)：30～33
[16] Awong J.,Bitton G. And Koopman B. Water Research, 1989,19:917～921
[17] 《污水处理操作手册——工艺部分》，大庆乙烯联合化工厂，1983，5
[18] Shaffi SA. Comparison of the sublethal effect of mercury and lead on visceral dehydrogenate system in three inland teleosts. Physiol Res, 1993; 42(1):7
[19] Chetty AN. Indiak. Adaptive changes in glucose metabolisn of a bivalve to am bientammonia stress. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 1995:54～83
[20] 浙江省环境保护局环境污染与防治．第20卷．第6期．1998，12
[21] Eckenfelder W.W., Ford D.L., Shell G. And Sullivan D.L.Operation, Control and Management of Activated Sludge plants Treating Industrial Wastewaters. Tennessee, 1986
[22] LangCR, LambertKE, Biomonitoring. Water Environmentant reaerch, 1995,67940:738
[23] 安立超等．测定活性污泥脱氢酶活性的研究．污染防治技术1996，9(3)：186～188
[24] Fang HHP. Microbial distribution in UASB granules and its resulting effects. Wat Res, 1975,8:365～388
[25] 高春娣．污泥膨胀的影响因素研究：[硕士学位论文] ．哈尔滨：哈尔滨建筑大学，1996
[26] 杨宝林．活性污泥膨胀的特性研究．中国给水排水．1993，9(5)：32～34
[27] 周利，彭永臻等．丝状菌污泥膨胀的影响因素与控制．环境科学进展．1999，7(1)：88～93
[28] Eikelboom DH. Filamentous organisms observed in activated sludge. Wat Res, 1975,8:365～388
[29] 李探微．彭永臻等．活性污泥中原生动物的特征和作用．哈尔滨：市政环境工程．2000，9：25～29
[30] 张自杰等．活性污泥生物学与反应动力学．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1989
[31] 任南琪等．水污染控制微生物学．哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社，1993
[32] Pool J E, et al. A study of the relationship between the mixed liquor fauna
and plant performance for a variety of activated sludge sewage treatment works. Wat Res, 1984,18:281～287
[33] Madoni P, et al. Comparative analysis of the activated sludge microfauna in several sewage treatment works. Wat Res, 1993,27(9): 1485～1491
[34] Madoni P, et al. A sludge biotic index(SBI) for the evaluation of the biological performance of activated sludge plants based on the microfauna analysis. Wat Res, 1994,28(1):67～75
[35] Curds CR, Cockbum A. Studies on the growth and feeding of Tetrahymena puriformis in axenic and monoxenic culture. J Gen Microil, 1968,54:343～358
[36] Wheale G, Williamson DJ. Unusual behaviour of ciliated protozoa in a secondary settlement tank. Wat Pollut Control, 1980,80:496～500
[37] 丁峰．pH值及营养物质对活性污泥膨胀的影响：[博士学论文] ．哈尔滨：哈尔滨建筑大学．1999
[38] Painter HA. The effect of phosphate and temperature on growth of activated sludge and on biodegradation of surfactants. War Res, 1978,12:909～915
[39] Boran Zhang, Kazuo Yamamoto. Seasonal change of microbial population and activities in a building wastewater reuse system using a membrance separation activated sludge process. Wat. Sci. Tech..1996,34(6):295～302
[40] 罗志腾主编．水污染控制工程微生物学．北京：北京科学技术出版社，1988．5：239～243
[41] 徐亚同，史家墚，张明编著．污染控制微生物工程．北京：化学工业出版社，2001．5
[42] 沈韫芬等．微生物监测新技术．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1990
[43] 徐亚同．废水生物处理的监测和运行管理．上海环境科学，1997，16(10)：34～36
[44] 曾薇等，王淑莹等．SBR法处理啤酒废水COD与DO的相关关系．给水排水2002，26(5)
[45] 熊春梅．高原与内陆活性污泥曝气系统中氧传质速率的比较研究：[硕士学位论文] ．成都：西南交通大学，2003
[46] Curds CR. An ecological study of the ciliated protozoa in activated sludge.
Oikos, 1965, 15:282～289
[47] A.E.Steiner, D.A.Mclaren, C.F.Forster. The Nature of Activated Sludge Flocs. Wat. Res..1976,10:25～30
[48] 马文绮主编．环境微生物工程．南京：南京大学出版社．1998
[49] 刘彩萍等．活性污泥生物相的观察在生产中的应用．中国市政工程2002，3
[50] 顾夏生，李献文等编著．水处理微生物学．第二版．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1988
[51] 彭永臻 王宝贞等．活性污泥法的多变量最优控制Ⅰ．环境科学学报 1998，18(1)：11～1 9；活性污泥法的多变最最优控制Ⅱ．环境科学学报 1998，18(1)：20～27；活性污泥法的多变量最优控制Ⅲ．环境科学学报 1998，18(2)：128～136。