萌发荞麦种子内黄酮与蛋白质的动态变化及抗氧化性研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
荞麦具有很高的营养价值和药用价值。荞麦类黄酮和蛋白质是其最主要的生物活性成分,赋予荞麦降血压、降血脂、降血液胆固醇和降血糖等多种生理功能。荞麦抗营养因子的存在是影响荞麦蛋白质消化性的主要因素。发芽处理可以降低或消除抗营养因子的含量。全文以萌发荞麦为材料,研究了不同荞麦品种萌发后主要营养成分和生物活性物质的动态变化以及荞麦类黄酮提取物和蛋白提取物清除自由基和对大鼠红细胞膜损伤的保护作用。主要结论如下:
     1.荞麦萌发24h后可溶糖含量呈上升趋势,不同品种荞麦在萌发72h后可溶糖含量增加了2.0~3.4倍。脂肪酸总量无明显变化,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量增加,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量下降。矿物元素含量无明显变化。
     2.建立了HPLC法测定萌发荞麦中芦丁、槲皮素含量的方法:选择反相C-18分离柱,流动相以甲醇:水=50∶50,在362nm波长、1.0ml/min流速的条件下,确定出芦丁的保留时间为3.517′,槲皮素为6.303′。
     3.苦荞和甜荞类黄酮总量随萌发时间的增加呈现先略有下降而后升高的趋势。四川苦荞在萌发72h时比萌发初提高了33%(P<0.01)。而山西甜荞增加59%(P<0.01)。表明延长发芽时间可以提高荞麦中的类黄酮含量。荞麦萌发后芦丁含量变化与类黄酮总量变化趋势相一致,而槲皮素含量呈下降趋势。萌发处理是降低苦荞苦味的有效方法之一。在萌发过程中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活力变化与总黄酮含量变化较一致。苦荞在萌发的各个时期PAL活力均高于甜荞。
     4.苦荞萌发后蛋白质总量无明显变化,而甜荞蛋白质总量有所下降。萌发苦荞清蛋白和球蛋白含量下降,而谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量增加。甜荞除清蛋白含量有所下降外,其它三种蛋白含量增加。苦荞和甜荞萌发后蛋白质消化率均增加了近10个百分点,但与酪蛋白相比仍然较低。在萌发初期胰蛋白酶抑制(TI)活性较强,萌发后TI活性下降,但萌发84h后仍然存在33%—41%的抑制率。TI含量与蛋白消化率之间呈极大的负相关关系。
     5.荞麦萌发的各个时期以谷氨酸含量最高,其次是精氨酸、天冬氨酸。甜荞氨基酸总量在萌发72h时比萌发前提高了11.2%(P<0.05),而苦荞则有所下降。甜荞在萌发72h时苯丙氨酸等5种必需氨基酸AAS值有所增加,必需氨基酸总量明显升高。苦荞除蛋氨酸和苯丙氨酸在萌发72h时的AAS值有所下降外,其余氨基酸的AAS值均无明显变化。
     6.荞麦类黄酮提取物和蛋白质提取物清除(?)的能力均高于·0H。荞麦萌发后类黄酮提取物仍然具有明显的清除(?)和·0H的能力。苦荞蛋白清除(?)作用强于甜荞蛋白,而清除·0H效果则相反。萌发处理不改变荞麦蛋白提取物清除(?)的能力,而清除.0H能力有所增强。
     7.荞麦及其萌发后的类黄酮提取液和蛋白质提取液在一定浓度范围内可剂量依赖性地抑制过氧化特丁烷(TBHP)引发的大鼠红细胞溶血和抗细胞膜脂质过氧化的作用,降低TBHP引起的大鼠红细胞MetHb生成率。
Buckwheat has high nutritional and pharmaceutical value. Its extensive physiological functions such as reducing blood pressure, blood lipids, blood cholesterol and blood sugar are found to due to its main bioactive ingredients, buckwheat flavonoids and protein extracts. However, buckwheat also has some inherent anti-nutrients, which have key roles in reducing the digestibility of buckwheat proteins. Germination can reduce the content of anti-nutrients of buckwheat or even remove them. Therefore, comprehensive studies including the dynamic changes of main nutrients and bioactive ingredients in buckwheat after germination, the free radical scavenging activities of buckwheat flavonoid and protein extracts, and the protective effects of buckwheat flavonoid and protein extracts on red cell of mice against oxidative damage were carried out. The main results of this paper are as follows.
    The content of soluble sugar of buckwheat began to increase after 24 h of germination, and could increase to 2.0~3.4 times of its original content after 72 h of germination. There was no obvious change in content of fatty acids. However the content of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) increased, while the content of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased. Additionally, the content of mineral elements had hardly any change after germination.
    The method to determine the content of rutin and quercetin in germinated buckwheat by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) was developed. The separating column was C-18 reverse phase column. The flowing phase was methanol and water with volume ratio of 50 against 50. The retention time of rutin and quercetin was 3.517 min and 6.303 min at 362 nm of wavelength and 1.0 ml/min of flowing velocity respectively.
    The content of flavonoids of F.tartaricum Gaerth and F.esculentum Moench reduced slightly and then increased with the time of germination. At 72 h of germination, the content of flavonoids of Sichuan F.tartaricum Gaerth and Shanxi F.esculentum Moench was 33% and 59% higher than its original content (P<0.01) respectively, indicating that the content of buckwheat flavonoids could be raised by prolonging the time of germination. The same situation was also found in the change of the content of rutin during germination. However, the content of quercetin decreased gradually. Making seeds germinate is one of effective methods to reduce the bitterness of buckwheat. During germination, the activity of PAL(Phenylalanine Ammonialyase) took the same situation as the change of flavonoids
    
    
    
    content. Moreover, the PAL activity in F.tartaricum Gaerth was higher than in F.esculentum Moench through the whole period of germination.
    The total content of protein had hardly any change in F.tartaricum Gaerth and obviously decreased in F.esculentum Moench after germination. In F.tartaricum Gaerth, the content of albumin and globulin was reduced while the content of prolamine and glutelin was raised by germination. In F.esculentum Moench, the content of albumin decreased while the content of other three proteins such as globulin, prolamine, and glutelin increased. The digestibility rate of protein in both F.tartaricum Gaerth and F.esculentum Moench was raised by nearly 10% after germination. The content of TI (Trypsin Inhibitors) was 0.72u/mg and 0.68u/mg in Sichuan F.tartaricum Gaerth and Shanxi F.esculentum Moench respectively. The activity of TI was higher at the early period of germination and was reduced later. For example, the inhibiting rate of TI was 40.8% and 33.4% in Sichuan F.tartaricum Gaerth and Shanxi F.esculentum Moench respectively at 84 h of germination. There was an obvious negative relationship between TI content and protein digestibility.
    As for amino acids, the content of glutamic acid was the highest through the whole period of germination while the content of arginine and aspartic acid was secondly and thirdly highest respectively. The content of total amino acids increased by 11.2% in F.esculentum Moench but decreased in F.tartaricum Gaerth at 72h of germinatio
引文
安田俊隆,筱山浩文.水溶性有机溶媒共存下分解酵素活性[J].Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi.1995,42(12):1012~1018
    安田俊隆,正木和好,柏木隆史.种子含分解酵素[J].Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi,1992,39(11):994~1000
    欧阳光察,薛应龙主编.植物生理学实验手册[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1985年
    白凤梅,蔡同一.类黄酮生物活性及其机理的研究进展[J].食品科学,1999,8:11~13
    白凤梅.洋葱降血脂成分的萃取技术及功能研究[D].博士学位论文.中国农业大学:2000,13~16
    陈季武,朱振勤,杭凯.八种天然黄酮类化合物的抗氧化构效关系[J].华东师范大学学报,2002,(1):90~94
    陈运中.苦荞麦黄酮提取最佳条件的研究[J].广州食品工业科技,1999,15(3):29~31
    程南征,胡晓林,姜桂荣.糖尿病病人和健康人的血铬尿铬含量[J].营养学报,1987,9:266
    川上晃,茅原絃,氏原暉男(Fagopyrum tataricum)苦味特性除去 [J].Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi., 1995,42(11):8928~98
    邓妙,魏益民.蛋白质组分的连续累进提取分析法[J].西北农业大学学报,1989,17(1):110~113
    丁文军.柴之芳,钱琴芳,等.铬的代谢和葡萄糖耐量因子的研究[J].微量元素与健康研究,1997,14(2):53~55
    董永利.荞麦籽粒蛋白质营养评价研究[J].陕西农业科学,2000,7:6~8
    方允中,刘智峰.超氧化物歧化酶及过氧化氢酶对辐射所致红细胞溶血及脂类过氧化的影响[J].军事医学科学院院刊,1987,11(5):321~324
    方允中,郑荣梁主编.自由基生物学的理论与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2002,133~138
    冯晋光,李亚玉,于艳梅.非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者血清微量元素的研究[J].营养学报,1997,19(4):458~460
    傅家瑞编著.种子生理[M].北京:科学出版社,1985
    高军涛,Huiru Tang,侯京武,等.葡萄籽中多酚类物质对氧自由基清除作用的ESR研究[J].波谱学杂志,1999,16(5):409~415
    高铁祥,游秋云.复方苦荞麦对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠治疗作用的实验研究[J].中国中医药科技,2003,10(1):15~17
    高中洪,黄开勋,徐辉碧.黄芩黄酮对自由基的清除作用的ESR研究[J].华中理工大学学报,1999,27(1):97~99
    龚复俊,南蓬,陈春英,等.含硒银杏叶清除羟基自由基的ESR研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,1998,11(1):57~60
    顾尧臣.小宗粮食加工(四)——养麦加工[J].粮食与饲料工业,1999,(7):19~23.
    韩梅.苦荞麦的氨基酸含量与营养评价[J].天然产物研究与开发,2002,12(1):39~41
    
    
    韩淑英,贾秀荣,喇万英.荞麦提取物对血脂及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛的影响[J].华北煤炭医学院学报,2002,4(3):282~283
    韩淑英,吕华,朱丽莎.荞麦种子总黄酮降血脂、血糖及抗脂质过氧化作用的研究[J].中国药理学通报,2001,17(6):694~696
    韩雅珊主编.食品化学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998
    韩雅珊主编.食品化学实验指导[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,1996
    韩喻美,谢华云.中药对兴奋性神经递质谷氨酸的影响[J].江西医学院学报,1996,36
    何志谦编.人类营养学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1988,97
    胡春,丁霄霖.黄酮类化合物在不同氧化体系中的抗氧化作用研究[J].食品与发酵工业,1996,(3):46~53.
    胡亚军,赵夷年,许佩珉,等.北京地区肺癌患者血硒水平研究[J].中华流行病杂志,1993,14(6):346
    黄晓钰,刘邻渭主编.食品化学综合实验[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2002
    黄益民,虞欣,韩玲.微量元素硒对人红细胞流变性的保护作用[J].北京生物医学工程,1998,17(2):100~107
    黄峙.食品硒源的生物学研究进展[J].食品科学,2001,22(5):90~93
    贾冬英,耿磊,姚开.苦荞麦茎及籽壳中黄酮类化合物(芦丁)的提取及其鉴定[J].食品科学,1998,(9):46~47.
    江昌俊,余有本.苯丙氨酸解氨酶的研究进展[J].安徽农业大学学报,2001,28(4):425~430
    J. D.比尤利,M.布莱克著.种子萌发的生理生化 第一卷 发育、萌发与生长[M].江苏科学技术出版社,1981
    金增辉.发芽糙米与糙米发芽[J].粮食与油脂,2001,12:8~10
    李丹,丁霄霖.苦荞麦黄酮抗氧化作用的研究[J].食品科学,2001,(4):22~23
    李丹,丁霄霖.苦荞麦黄酮清除自由基作用的研究[J].食品科技,2000,(6):62~64
    李丹,丁霄霖.荞麦生物活性成分的研究进展~荞麦蛋白质结构、功能及食品利用(1)[J].西部粮油科技,2000,25(5):30~33.
    李丹.苦荞麦加工与利用的研究[D].博士学位论文.无锡轻工大学:2001.
    李俊安.苦荞胰蛋白酶抑制剂的纯化及特性研究[J].生物化学杂志.1991,7(4):385~389.
    李钦元.荞麦起源于云南初探[J].荞麦动态,1992,(1):6~9
    李兴,原向红.Ⅱ型糖尿病血清NO及LPO的变化和临床意义[J].中国现代医学杂志,1999,9(9):20~22
    李裕,刘有智,霍红.苦荞麦中提取芦丁的工艺研究[J].华北工学院学报,2002,23(2):130~132
    林翠英.芦丁超声波提取新技术的再探索[J].中草药,1999,30(5):350~351.
    林汝法.中国荞麦[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1994
    林延鹏,杨娟,刘新民.SOD猕猴桃果汁对体液免疫、血清与红细胞丙二醛水平的影响[J].中国微生态学杂志,2000,12(3):166~168
    刘莉华,宛晓春,李大祥.黄酮类化合物抗氧化活性构效关系的研究进展[J].安徽农业大学学报,
    
    2002,29(3):265~270
    刘邻渭,章伟华,姜莉.中国荞麦深加工的探索[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2002,30卷 增刊
    刘诗平,陈尚猛,朱卫东.槲皮素及其衍生物的生物活性研究进展[J].中草药,1991,22(4):182~184
    刘为民,李广生,张秀云等.大鼠心肌自由基含量与微量元素硒的关系[J].微量元素与健康研究.1995,12(1):2
    马兰平,刘在群,周波.绿茶多酚对自由基诱导的红细胞氧化性溶血的抑制作用[J].科学通报,2000,45(]2):1271~1275
    马润娣,于立坚,西村实,等.γ-亚麻酸的抗癌活性[J].营养学报,1993,15:390
    南蓬,龚复俊,陈春英等.用ESR技术研究含硒蛋白抗羟基自由基作用的活性[J].武汉植物学研究,1999,17(1):87~90
    裴凌鹏,惠伯棣,金宗濂,等.黄酮类化合物的生理活性及其制备技术研究进展[J].食品科学,2004,25(2):203~207
    钱建亚,Dietmar Mayer, Manfred Kuhn.荞麦精粉中的黄酮及其自由基清除活性[J].食品与发酵工业,2002,26(3):24~29
    钱建亚,Manfred Kuhn.荞麦淀粉的性质[J].西部粮油科技.2000,25(3):42~46.
    石川稚子,Dimethyl hydrazine.诱发大肠癌发症及蛋白质影响[A].日本营养.食粮学会总会讲演要旨集(JPN)[C].1998,52nd:296
    石克勋,牛增智,师淑慧,等.月见草油胶丸治疗高脂血症30例[J].新药与临床,1990,9(1):8
    食品添加物及制造方法,JP07163303
    松本宪一.特性現状[J].食品工业,2000,25~30
    谭武红,张凯,徐光禄,等.两种硒制剂对低硒居民红细胞谷胱甘肽过化物酶蛋白的影响[J].营养学报,1994,16(4):371
    唐宇,赵钢.荞麦中苯丙氨酸解氨酶活力与黄酮含量的关系[J].植物生理学通讯.1992,28(6):419~420.
    王崇道,强亦忠,劳勤华,等.槲皮素抗氧化和清除自由基的作用[J].苏州医学院学报,1999,19(7):767~768
    王峰峰,秦小兵,王明正,等.苦荞麦对大鼠血糖、血脂的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1995,15(5):296~297
    王关林,田兵,方宏筠,等.芦荟抗氧化物质活性及对红细胞的保护作用闭.营养学报,2002,Vol.24No.4:380~385
    王建舜,容维祺,康九红.姜黄素对羟自由基及红细胞氧化性溶血的影响[J].中国现代应用药学杂志,2000,17(6):469~471
    王岚.浅谈苦荞壳中芦丁的提取[J].西部粮油科技,1998,23(6):57~58
    王苹,王春荣,张坚,等.茶油对动物血脂和血小板功能的影响[J].营养学报,1993,15:37710
    王转花,荆艳萍,毛建锋.苦荞胰蛋白酶抑制剂提取方法的研究[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),
    
    1999,22(1):57~60
    魏益民,张国权,胡新中,等.荞麦蛋白质组分中氨基酸和矿物质研究[J].中国农业科学,2000,33(6):100~103
    翁得宝,汪海峰,曹锡忠,等.不同品种鸡冠花籽油脂肪酸组成的分析[J].营养学报,1997,19(2):246~249
    吴传茂,吴周和,石勇.从必需氨基酸看发芽薏苡饮料的营养价值[J].氨基酸和生物资源,1998,20(3):58~59
    吴凡.“芽品”食品的开发大有可为[J].杭州食品科技,2002,(3):303~1
    小原忠彦,大日方洋,村松信之,等.制面中酵素分解[J].Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkmshi, 1989,36(2):121~126
    小原忠彦,大日方洋.高速液体定量[J].Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkmshi,1989,36(2):114~120
    辛力.苦荞麦的性质研究及其产品研制[D].硕士学位论文,中国农业大学:1999.
    熊善柏,杨尔宁,王益,等.稻谷发芽中的营养变化及儿童膨化米粉的研制[J].食品科学,1993,8:51~54
    徐宝才,丁霄霖.苦荞壳中黄酮提取工艺的研究[J].食品工业科技,2002,8:40~42.
    徐宝才,丁霄霖.荞麦抗营养素的研究进展[J].粮食与饲料工业,2001,(7):39~41.
    徐辉碧.微量元素硒的生物效应与活性氧自由基[A].中华医学杂志(硒在生物和医学中的应用进展,国际学术研究讨论文汇编)[C]:34,1993年5月,中国,济南
    徐坤.苦荞麦芽的开发价值及生产方法[J].农业科技通讯,2001,7:34~35
    徐茂军,杜修桥,包开洪.发芽处理对大豆中铁化学状态的影响[J].中国粮油学报,2002,17(5):48~50
    徐尚志.新化合物FLZ和银杏叶提取物对人低密度脂蛋白过氧化及其损伤巨噬细胞及血管内皮细胞的保护作用[D].博士学位论文.中国协和医科大学、中国医学科学院.北京:1999
    闫道广,周玫,陈瑗.芦丁和槲皮素对低密度脂蛋白氧化修饰的抑制作用[J].生物物理学报,1995,11(1):105~108
    闫道广,周玫,陈瑗,等.槲皮素、芦丁和BHT对低密度脂蛋白氧化修饰的抑制作用[J].第一军医大学学报,1995,15(1):24~26
    杨继民,郭柏寿,陈鹏.荞麦种子蛋白质研究[J].陕西农业科学,2001,(9):4~6
    尹礼国,钟耕,刘雄,等.荞麦营养特性生理功能和药用价值研究进展[J].粮食与油脂,2002,(5):32~34.
    余庆皋,熊志青,曾宪军,等.生脉饮抗氧化作用对红细胞膜保护作用的研究[J].中国现代医学杂志,2003,13(10):4~66
    郁建平,何照范,熊绿芸,等.大孔吸附树脂提取荞麦芦丁工艺研究[J].贵州农业科学.1997,25(2):3~8.
    郁建平,熊绿芸,何照范.荞麦苗营养成分及汁发酵工艺初步研究[J].食品科学,1997,18(5):39~42
    张兵,周韫珍.茶油、豆油对大鼠体内活性氧及抗氧化酶活性影响的研究[J].营养学报,1995,
    
    17:199
    张昌颖主编.生物化学(第二版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1988,305,561
    张德权,邰建样.生物类黄酮的研究及应用概况[J].食品与发酵工业,1999.25(6):52~57
    张红雨.黄酮类抗氧化剂结构~活性关系的理论解释[J].中国科学(B辑).1999,29(1):91~96
    张宏伟,李延红,徐荷,等.荞麦饲喂与血糖关系的实验研究[J].劳动医学,2001,18(2):93~95
    张剑白,李淑霞.米延.新生儿败血症患儿血中过氧化脂质、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和维生素E的观察[J].中国现代医学杂志,1998,8(2):13
    张林生.小麦种子氨基酸的评价[J].国外农学—麦类作物,1996,3:28~30
    张龙翔.张庭芳,李令媛,等编著.生化实验方法和技术(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社.1997
    张龙翔,张庭芳,李令嫒,等编著.生化实验方法和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1984
    张美莉,吴继红,赵广华,等.高效液相色谱法测定荞麦萌动后芦丁和槲皮素含量变化的研究[J].中国食品学报,2003增刊,232~235
    张廷雨,石书河.紫草籽油脂肪酸含量分析[J].营养学报,1997,19(4):482~483
    张政,王转花,林汝法,等.苦荞胰蛋白酶抑制剂分离纯化及部分性质研究[J].中国生物化学与分子生物学报,1999,15(2):247~251
    张政,王转花,刘凤艳,等.苦荞蛋白复合物的营养成分及其抗衰老作用的研究[J].营养学报.1999,21(2):159~162.
    张政,周源,王转花,等.苦荞麦麸皮中类黄酮的抗氧化活性研究[J].药物生物技术,2001,8(4):217~220
    赵保路.氧自由基和天然抗氧化剂[M].北京:科学出版社,1999,21~51.
    赵钢,唐宇,王安虎,等.中国的荞麦资源及其药用价值[J].中国野生植物资源,2001,20(2):313~2
    赵明和,何玲玲,李慧娟.鞑靼荞食用药用的研究[J].粮食与油脂,1995,(4):4~7
    郑荣梁主编.自由基生物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1992,31
    中城 巳佐男,島岡 巖.抽出物(BWPE)生理作用利用[J].食品工业,1996,14:59~65
    朱新产,王宝维,魏益民.荞麦种子蛋白组分差异研究[J].种子,2000,(6):9~10
    Acton, J. C., Breyer, L. And Satterlee, L. D.. Effect of dietary fiber constituents on the in vitro digestibility of casein. J. Food Sci. 1982, 47:556~560
    Akira Kawakami, Hiroshi Kayahara, Koji Tadasa, et al.. Isolation and taste improvement of tartary buckwheat protein by isoelectric precipitation[J]. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkalshi, 1994, 41(7): 481~484
    Akpapunam, M. A., Igbdioh, S. O. & Aremo, I.. Effect of malting time on chemical composition and functional properties of soyabean and bambara groundnut flours Int.. J. Food Sci. Nut., 1996, 47, 27~32
    
    
    Anniso, G., and Topping, D. L. Nutritionnal role of resistant starch: chemical structure V. S. physiological function[J]. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1994, 14: 297~320.
    Bau, H. -M., Villaume, C., Nicolas, J. -P., et al.. Effect of germination on chemical composition, biochemical constituents and antinutritional factors of soyabean(Glycine max)seeds[J]. Agric. Food Sci., 1997, 73, 177~182
    Bland J S. Oxidants and antioxldants in clinical medicine: past, present and future potential. J Nutr EnvirMed. 1995, 5(3): 255~280
    Block R. J. The correlation of the amino acid composition of proteins with their nutritive value[J]. Nutr. Abst. Rev, 1946;16, 249
    Bourre JM, Oumont O, Piclotti-M , et al.. Com~position of nerve biomenbranes and nutritional fatty acids[J]. Nutrition 1989, 5:266
    Buckwheat Flour Extract for Reducing Cholesterol Gall stone. JP1072, 360.
    Catherine, V.. Biochemical pharmacology, 1990, 39(11): 1743
    Chen, L. M., Wells, C.E. and Fordham, J. R.. Germinated seeds for human consumption. J. Food Sci., 1999, 40, 1290~1294
    Christon R, Haloui R, Durand G.. Dietary polyun~saturated fatty acids and aging modulate glu~tathione~related antioxidants in rat liver. J. Nutr., 1995, 125:3062
    Couch EF, Naghski J, Krewson CH. Buckwheat as a source ofrutin [J]. Science, 1946, 103(2668): 197
    Dagnia, S. G., Petterson, D. S., Bell, R. R., et al.. Germination alters the chemical composition and protein quality oflupin seeds. J. Sci. FoodAgric. 1992, 60, 419~423
    Daniel, S. M. D., et al.. The new English Journal of Medicine, 1989, 320(14): 915
    Desehner E E, Ruperto J, Wong G, et al.. Quercetin and Rutin as Inhibitors of Azoxymethanol Induced Colonic Neoplasia[J]. Carcinogenesis 1991, 12(7): 1193.
    Dorota Dietrych~Szostak. Effect of Processing on the Flavonoid Conetent In Buckwheat (Fagopymm esculentumMoench) Grain[J]. J. Agile. Food Chem. 1999, 47:4384~4387
    Dorrell, D. G. Fatty acid composition of buckwheat seed. J. Am. Oil Chem. Sot., 1971, 48:683
    Durkeer, A. B.. Polyphenols of the bran~aleurone fraction of buckwheat seed(Fagopymm Sagitatum, Gilib)[J]. Agile. Food Chem., 1977, 25: 286~287.
    Farrell, D. L. A nutritive evaluation of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) [J]. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 1978, 3: 95.
    Francis A R., Shetty T K., Shattacharya R K. Modifying role of dietary factors on the mutagenicity of aflatoxinBl: In vitro effect of plant flavonoids[J]. Murat. Res 1989, 22: 393.
    Grundy SM. Monounsaturated fatty acids, plas~ma cholesterol and coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1987, 45:1168
    Hamad, A. M. and Fields, M. L.. Evaluation of the protein quality and available iysine of germinated and fermented cereals. J. Food Sci., 1999, 44(2): 456~459
    
    
    HARMAN DJ. Role of free radicals in aging and disease aging[M]. New York: Raven Press, 1988.
    Ikeda, K. Buckwheat in human nutrition[A]. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference: ASIAN FOOD PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT——focus on specialty grains and grain products[C]. Eds. Harold Corke and Rufa Lin, Science Press, Beijing New York, 1998, 184~186
    Ikeda, K. Nutritional properties of the protein in buckwheat[A]. In: Proceedings of the 5th international symposium onbuckwheat[C]. Eds. LIN, R., ZHOU, M., TAO, Y. Agriculture Publishing House, Beijing, 1992, 455~457
    Ikeda, k., Kusano, T.. Isolation and some properties of a Trypsin Inhibitor from Buckwheat Grain[J]. Agric Biol Chem. 1978, 42(2): 309~314.
    IKEDA, K., ARIOKA, K., FUJII,S., et al.. Effect on Buckwheat protein quality of seed Germination and changes in Trypsin Inhibitor content[J]. Cereal Chemistry. 1984, 61(3): 236~238.
    Ikeda, K., Oku, M., Kusano, T., et al.. Inhibitory potency of plant antinutrients towards the in vitro digestbility of buckwheat protein. J. Food Sci. 1986, 51:1527~1530
    Ikeda, K., Sakaguchi, T., Kusano, T., et al.. Endogenous factors affecting protein digestibility in buckwheat[J]. Cereal Chem. 1991, 68(4): 424~427
    Ikeda, k. and Kusano T.. Purification and properties of Trypsin Inhibitors from Buckwheat Seed[J]. Agilc. Biol. Chem. 1983, 47(7): 1481~1486.
    Ikeda, K. and Kusano, T.. In vitro inhibition of digestive enzymes by indigestible polysaccharides[J]. Cereal Chem. 1983, 60:260~262
    Javornik, B., Eggum, B. O. and Kreft, I.. Studies on protein fractions and protein quality of buckwheat[J]. Genetika, 1981, 13:115
    Kayashita, J., Shimaoka, I. & Nakajoh, M.. Hypocholesterolemic effect of buckwheat protein extract in rats fed Cholesterol endched diets[J]. Nutr. Res., 1995, 15: 691~698.
    Kayashita, J., Shimaoka, I., etal.. Comsumption of a buckwheat protein extraet relards7, 12~ dimethylbenz anthracene~induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats[J]. BioseiCBio. Bioehem., 1999, 63(10): 1837~1839
    Kayashita, J. et al.. Consumption of buckwheat protein lowers plasma cholesterol and raises fecal neutral sterols in cholesterol~fed rats becanse of its low digestibility[J]. The Journal of Nutrtion, 1997, 127: 1395~1400
    Knuckles, b. e., Kuzmieky, D. D. and Betsehart, A. A.. Effect of phytate and partially hydrolyzed phytate on in vitro protein digestibility. J. Food Sci. 1985, 50:1080~1082
    Lee, Ch. K. & Karuranithy, R.. Effect of germination on the chemical composition of Glyeine and Phaseolnsbeans. J. Sci. Food Agric., 1990, 51, 437~445
    Lemar, L. E. and Swanson, B. G.. Nutritive value of sprouted wheat flour. J. Food Sci., 1976, 41:719~720
    Li moli CL. Kaplan MI., et al.. Attenuation of radiation—induced genomie instability by free radical scavengers and cellular prolilferation[J]. Free Radio Biol Med, 2001, 31 (1): 10~19
    
    
    M. watanabe, Rasuo ohshita and Tojiro Tsushida, Mltsuru Watanabe. Catechlns as Antloxldants from Buckwheat (Fagopyrum eseulentum moench)Groats. J. Agric Food Chem., 1998, 46: 839~845
    M. watanabe, Rasuo ohshita and Tojiro Tsushida, Antioxidant compounds from Buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentum moench) Hulls. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1997, 45: 1039~1044.
    Marero, L. M., Payumo, E. M., Aguinaldo, A. R. et al.. Nutritional characteristics of weaning foods prepared from germinated cereals and legumes. J. Food Sci., 1988, 53(5): 1399~1402
    Marero, L. M., Payumo, E. M., Librando, E. C., et al.. Technology of weaning food formulations prepared from germinated cereals and legumes. J. Food Sei., 1988, 53(5): 1391~1395
    Mark A. Trying to unlock the mysteries of free radicals and antioxidants[J]. The scientist, 1996, (Sept30): 13~16
    Mimouni V, Narce M, Poisson J P: Evidence for insulin dependent hepatic microsoma γ-linolenic acid chain elongation in spontaneously diabetic Wistar BB rats[J]. C A 1992, 116:103672 P
    Nakajo Misao, Shinaoka Iwao. Physiological effect of soba protein extract and its utilization[J]. Shokuhin Koaya, 1996, 39(6): 59~65
    Obizoba, I. C. Nutritive value of malted, dry or wet milled sorghum and corn[J]. Cereal Chem., 1988, 65(6): 447~449
    Ohinata, H., Karasawa, H., Muramatsu N., et al.. Properties of buckwheat lipase and depression of free acid accumulation during storage[J]. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kaishi, 1997, 44(8): 590~593
    Osborne, T. B. The Vegetable Proteins, 2nd ed. London: Longmans Green, 1924
    Packer L, Taber MG, Xin W. Proceeding of international symposium on natural antioxidants molecular mechanisms and health effects[M]. Illinois: AOCS Press Champaign, 1995. 44~47.
    Pas UN.γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid as potential anticancer[J]. Nutrition 1990. 6:429
    Rice Evans C. Miller N J. The relative anthioxidant activitiesof plant derived ployphenloic flavonoids[J]. Free radicalRes, 1995, 22: 375~383.
    S. Rafat Husaind, Josiane Cillard and Pierre Cillard. Hydroxyl Radical scavenging activity of flavonoids[J]. Phytochem. 1987, 26(9): 2489~2491.
    Sato, H. Sakamura, S.. Isolation and identification of flavonoids in immature buckwheat seed (Fagopyrum esculentum moench) [J]. Agric. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1975, 49: 53~55.
    St. Louis C, Lee R M K W, Rosenfeld J, et al.. Antihypertensive effect of γ-linolenic acid in spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. C A 1992, 116: 143548J.
    Stauffer C E. Measuring trpsin inhibitor in soy meal: Suggested improvements in the standard method[J]. Cereal chem., 1990, 67:296
    Steinbrecher, U. P.. Free Rad Biol., 1990, 9:155~158
    Suzuki, Tateo. Content and distribution of rutin in buckwheat[J]. New Food Ind., 1987, 29(6): 29~32
    
    
    Thacker, P. A., Anderson, D. M. and Bowland, J. P. Nutritive value of common buckwheat as a supplement to cereal grains when fed to laboratory rats. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 1983, 63:213
    The Expert Panel. Report of the national cholesterol education programe expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults[J]. Arch Intern Med., 1988, 148: 36
    Tsai, C. Y., Dalby, A. And Jons, R. A. Lysine and trytophan increases during germination of maize seed[J]. Cereal Chem., 1975, 52, 356~360
    Tsuzuki, W. et al.. Fatty acid composition of selected buckwheat species by fluorometrie high~performance liquid chromatography[J]. Cereal Chem., 1991, 68(4): 365~369
    Wang, Y. D. and Field, M. L.. Germination of corn and sorghum in the home to improve nutritive value. J. Food Sci. 1978, 43: 1113~1118
    Watanabe S, Suzuki E, Kojima N, et al.. Effect of dietary alpha~linolenate/linoleate balance on collagen~induced platelet aggregation and sero~tonin release in rats[J]. Chem Pharrn Bull, 1989, 32: 1572
    Willett WC, Polk BF, Morris JS, et al.. Prediagnostic serum selenium and risk of cancer. Lancet 1983, 2: 130
    Yamamoto H, Watanabe T.. In vivo evidence for accelerated generation of hydroxyl radicals in liver of long—evans cirnnamon (LEC)rats with acute hepatitis[J]. Free Radio Biol Med, 2001, 30(5):547~554
    Young VR. Selenium: a case for its essentiality in man. N Engl J Med, 1981, 304:1228
    Zhang, Zh., Wang, ZH., et al.. Extraction and determination of the flavonoid antioxidants from tartarry buckwheat[A]. Proceedings of the 1st international conference: Asian food product development——focus on specialty grains and grain products[C]. 1998, 230~233.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700