芍药设施栽培品种筛选指标和评价方法研究
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摘要
芍药(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)在中国有悠久的栽培历史,是深受大众喜爱的传统名花。近年来在国际市场上芍药的销量逐年增长,成为一种新兴的商品花卉。发展芍药的设施栽培是实现周年供花的必经之路。以10个芍药品种为对象,在中国北方使用面积最广的日光温室中进行栽培实验。系统考察了芍药在温室弱光环境下的生长表现,针对花朵产量和成花质量等相关性状进行品种评价；对比研究了芍药不同品种在设施栽培条件下光合生理、形态结构等方面的差异,探讨芍药对弱光环境的适应机制；研究了与芍药生长开花情况显著相关的生理生化及形态指标,用多个综合评价数学模型进行筛选体系的研究。为了解决芍药设施栽培模式中全光越夏光抑制的问题,通过比较三种不同越夏管理方式对芍药的光合作用影响研究,选择全光喷雾的方式帮助芍药适应从弱光向全光的转换。
主要结果如下：
1.对大田栽培初选的36个芍药品种进行生长情况和开花性状的调查,初步筛选‘紫凤羽’、‘桃花飞雪’、‘大富贵’、‘铁杆紫’、‘春晓’、‘晴雯’、‘多叶紫’、‘东京女郎’、‘万寿红’、‘东方红’10个品种进行设施栽培测试,不同品种表现差异明显,筛选出两个在设施生长和开花较好的芍药品种‘大富贵’和‘桃花飞雪’。
2.设施测试的10个芍药品种生长和开花表现与表观量子效率、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、饱和光强下的最大净光合速率、叶绿素a/b、类胡萝卜素含量密切相关。‘桃花飞雪’和‘大富贵’这两个生长和开花好的品种设施栽培下Fv/Fm的值都大于0.8,生长和开花差的品种Fv/Fm都不足0.8；
3.对比10个芍药品种设施栽培与大田栽培的差异,其中18个指标设施与大田的比值(变异系数)能反映芍药品种对设施栽培条件的适应能力差异,变异系数小的品种适应能力更强,生长和开花表现更好。
4.设施栽培的芍药由设施转向全光栽培在夏季容易发生光抑制,午后14：00的高温和强光导致叶片气孔关闭,光系统Ⅱ实际量子效率的下降,在设施中适应能力差的品种光抑制更为严重。14：00全光照条件下‘铁杆紫’的净光合速率只有1μmol·m-2·s-1,而‘大富贵’的净光合速率为4μmol·m-2·s-1。
5.对进入全光栽培的芍药进行遮荫处理能够避免光抑制的发生,但叶片的净光合速率也受到抑制,全光下喷雾可以缓解叶片的光抑制发生,起到降低叶片温度增加气孔导度的作用,喷雾处理从光抑制中恢复的时间比不喷雾的全光栽培恢复时间短,与此同时喷雾的叶片净光合速率比遮荫处理高,有利于花后的物质积累；
6.找到反映光能利用效率的形态或生理指标共10个,与芍药品种生长开花呈显著正相关；反应设施栽培适应性的变异系数指标9个,与芍药品种生长开花呈显著负相关。用层次分析法建立的评价模型对芍药品种的排序与实际生长观察的结果较为接近。
本研究提出了设施芍药品种筛选方法：第一步,在大田进行品种调查,用9个指标选择生长性状和开花性状较好的品种作为设施栽培的测试品种：第二步,将测试品种的一年生分株苗放入设施进行栽培,进行抗病性测试；同时于第一年生长季测定9个反映光能利用效率的指标,和9个反映设施栽培适应性的指标；用1个指标,病情指数,衡量不同品种在设施栽培中的抗病性。第三步,排除抗病性弱的品种,用层次分析法和28个指标进行品种排序,得到适合进行设施栽培的芍药品种。该方法结合设施栽培试验可较有效地筛选出适用于设施栽培的芍药品种。
Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is a traditional and popular flower in China, which has a long history of cultivation. With the growing sales in the international markets in recent years, it has become an emerging commercial flower. Protected cultivation has been the key way to supply herbaceous peony all the year round. This study was carried out on10varieties of herbaceous peony in greenhouse which were widely grown in the north of China. In this research, growth performances of10varieties cultivated in low-light condition were systematic observed and characters such as flower production, quality and etc. were evaluated; the changes on photosynthetic physiology, morphology structure and etc. were studied to inquire into the adaptation mechanism to low-light conditions; furthermore, indicators of physiology and morphology which were significant associated with the growth and flowering, were used for comprehensive evaluation models to build scanning system. Also, after comparing effects of three different over-summering managements on photosynthesis which were designed to solve the full-light photoinhibition, the full light cultivation with atomization was considered to be the most helpful for peony's adaption from low-light to full-light.
The main results of this research are as follows:
1.After the examinations on growth performances and blossom characters of36peony varieties grown in field,10varieties which were'Zi Feng Yu','Tao Hua Fei Xue','Da Fu Gui','Tie Gang Zi','Chun Xiao','Qing Wen','Duo Ye Zi','Dong Jing Nv Lang','Wan Shou Hong'and'Dong Fang Hong'were selected preliminarily and shifted into greenhouse. The performance of10varieties showed significant difference under two cultivation conditions. Among them,'Da Fu Gui'and'Tao Hua Fei Xue'were selected as excellent varieties in flower production and quality under protected cultivation condition;
2. The growth and blossom performances of10peony varieties tested in protected cultivation were found closely correlated with indexes such as the apparent quantum yield (AQY), the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), the maximum net photosynthesis rate under light saturation intensity, chlorophyll a/b and carotenoids contents. For instance, the Fv/Fm of'Tao Hua Fei Xue' and 'Da Fu Gui'which had better growth and flower performances were greater than0.8, while, all the other varieties are less than0.8;
3. After comparison difference of10peony varieties between cultivated in greenhouse and field, the ratio of18indexes (coefficient variation) were able to reflect the different acclimation capacity towards protected cultivation. The smaller coefficient variation was, the better growth and flower performances peony varieties showed;
4. The photoinhibition happened in summer when shifting the peony varieties from greenhouse to full-light cultivation. High temperature and light intensity after14:00would cause the closure of stomata in leaves as well as the decline of the actual quantum efficiency in PS Ⅱ. The varieties which were badly acclimated in greenhouse suffered worse photoinhibiton. In full-light condition at14:00, net photosynthetic rate of 'Tie Gan Zi'was only1μmol·m-2·s-1while 'Da Fu Gui'had4μmol·m-2·s-1
5. Providing shading treatment for varieties in full-light can avoid the occurrence of light inhibition, however the net photosynthetic rate of leaves was also restrained. Full light cultivation with atomization can reduce leaves'heat and increase stomata conductance which was capable to ease the extent of light inhibition. And also it can help peony's leaves to recover from it in a shorter time. The net photosynthetic rate of recovered leaf was higher than shading treatment which was more benefit for growth accumulation after flowering;
6. Correlation analysis on indicators of physiology and morphology and growth performances demonstrated that10of them had significant positive correlation with growth and flowering of herbaceous peony while9were significant negative correlated. Analytic hierarchy process has been considered to be the best due to that sequencing of different peony varieties most closely correlated with their actual growth observation.
In summary, this research proposed a protocol for peony varieties scanning in protected cultivation:first step is to investigate in field. Varieties that with better growth performance and blossom characters were selected using9indexes can be tested in protected cultivation; secondly, after cultivating annual plant division in greenhouse for disease resistant test,9indexes which reflect light use efficiency as well as9indexes that reflects acclimation capacity towards protected cultivation were measured during growing season in first year; third step is after ruling out weak disease resistant ones, other varieties were sequenced using28index through analytic hierarchy process to determine which varieties grew better in protected environment. This protocol combined with protected cultivation experience can select varieties suitable grown in greenhouse efficiently.
主要结果如下：
1.对大田栽培初选的36个芍药品种进行生长情况和开花性状的调查,初步筛选‘紫凤羽’、‘桃花飞雪’、‘大富贵’、‘铁杆紫’、‘春晓’、‘晴雯’、‘多叶紫’、‘东京女郎’、‘万寿红’、‘东方红’10个品种进行设施栽培测试,不同品种表现差异明显,筛选出两个在设施生长和开花较好的芍药品种‘大富贵’和‘桃花飞雪’。
2.设施测试的10个芍药品种生长和开花表现与表观量子效率、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、饱和光强下的最大净光合速率、叶绿素a/b、类胡萝卜素含量密切相关。‘桃花飞雪’和‘大富贵’这两个生长和开花好的品种设施栽培下Fv/Fm的值都大于0.8,生长和开花差的品种Fv/Fm都不足0.8；
3.对比10个芍药品种设施栽培与大田栽培的差异,其中18个指标设施与大田的比值(变异系数)能反映芍药品种对设施栽培条件的适应能力差异,变异系数小的品种适应能力更强,生长和开花表现更好。
4.设施栽培的芍药由设施转向全光栽培在夏季容易发生光抑制,午后14：00的高温和强光导致叶片气孔关闭,光系统Ⅱ实际量子效率的下降,在设施中适应能力差的品种光抑制更为严重。14：00全光照条件下‘铁杆紫’的净光合速率只有1μmol·m-2·s-1,而‘大富贵’的净光合速率为4μmol·m-2·s-1。
5.对进入全光栽培的芍药进行遮荫处理能够避免光抑制的发生,但叶片的净光合速率也受到抑制,全光下喷雾可以缓解叶片的光抑制发生,起到降低叶片温度增加气孔导度的作用,喷雾处理从光抑制中恢复的时间比不喷雾的全光栽培恢复时间短,与此同时喷雾的叶片净光合速率比遮荫处理高,有利于花后的物质积累；
6.找到反映光能利用效率的形态或生理指标共10个,与芍药品种生长开花呈显著正相关；反应设施栽培适应性的变异系数指标9个,与芍药品种生长开花呈显著负相关。用层次分析法建立的评价模型对芍药品种的排序与实际生长观察的结果较为接近。
本研究提出了设施芍药品种筛选方法：第一步,在大田进行品种调查,用9个指标选择生长性状和开花性状较好的品种作为设施栽培的测试品种：第二步,将测试品种的一年生分株苗放入设施进行栽培,进行抗病性测试；同时于第一年生长季测定9个反映光能利用效率的指标,和9个反映设施栽培适应性的指标；用1个指标,病情指数,衡量不同品种在设施栽培中的抗病性。第三步,排除抗病性弱的品种,用层次分析法和28个指标进行品种排序,得到适合进行设施栽培的芍药品种。该方法结合设施栽培试验可较有效地筛选出适用于设施栽培的芍药品种。
Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is a traditional and popular flower in China, which has a long history of cultivation. With the growing sales in the international markets in recent years, it has become an emerging commercial flower. Protected cultivation has been the key way to supply herbaceous peony all the year round. This study was carried out on10varieties of herbaceous peony in greenhouse which were widely grown in the north of China. In this research, growth performances of10varieties cultivated in low-light condition were systematic observed and characters such as flower production, quality and etc. were evaluated; the changes on photosynthetic physiology, morphology structure and etc. were studied to inquire into the adaptation mechanism to low-light conditions; furthermore, indicators of physiology and morphology which were significant associated with the growth and flowering, were used for comprehensive evaluation models to build scanning system. Also, after comparing effects of three different over-summering managements on photosynthesis which were designed to solve the full-light photoinhibition, the full light cultivation with atomization was considered to be the most helpful for peony's adaption from low-light to full-light.
The main results of this research are as follows:
1.After the examinations on growth performances and blossom characters of36peony varieties grown in field,10varieties which were'Zi Feng Yu','Tao Hua Fei Xue','Da Fu Gui','Tie Gang Zi','Chun Xiao','Qing Wen','Duo Ye Zi','Dong Jing Nv Lang','Wan Shou Hong'and'Dong Fang Hong'were selected preliminarily and shifted into greenhouse. The performance of10varieties showed significant difference under two cultivation conditions. Among them,'Da Fu Gui'and'Tao Hua Fei Xue'were selected as excellent varieties in flower production and quality under protected cultivation condition;
2. The growth and blossom performances of10peony varieties tested in protected cultivation were found closely correlated with indexes such as the apparent quantum yield (AQY), the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), the maximum net photosynthesis rate under light saturation intensity, chlorophyll a/b and carotenoids contents. For instance, the Fv/Fm of'Tao Hua Fei Xue' and 'Da Fu Gui'which had better growth and flower performances were greater than0.8, while, all the other varieties are less than0.8;
3. After comparison difference of10peony varieties between cultivated in greenhouse and field, the ratio of18indexes (coefficient variation) were able to reflect the different acclimation capacity towards protected cultivation. The smaller coefficient variation was, the better growth and flower performances peony varieties showed;
4. The photoinhibition happened in summer when shifting the peony varieties from greenhouse to full-light cultivation. High temperature and light intensity after14:00would cause the closure of stomata in leaves as well as the decline of the actual quantum efficiency in PS Ⅱ. The varieties which were badly acclimated in greenhouse suffered worse photoinhibiton. In full-light condition at14:00, net photosynthetic rate of 'Tie Gan Zi'was only1μmol·m-2·s-1while 'Da Fu Gui'had4μmol·m-2·s-1
5. Providing shading treatment for varieties in full-light can avoid the occurrence of light inhibition, however the net photosynthetic rate of leaves was also restrained. Full light cultivation with atomization can reduce leaves'heat and increase stomata conductance which was capable to ease the extent of light inhibition. And also it can help peony's leaves to recover from it in a shorter time. The net photosynthetic rate of recovered leaf was higher than shading treatment which was more benefit for growth accumulation after flowering;
6. Correlation analysis on indicators of physiology and morphology and growth performances demonstrated that10of them had significant positive correlation with growth and flowering of herbaceous peony while9were significant negative correlated. Analytic hierarchy process has been considered to be the best due to that sequencing of different peony varieties most closely correlated with their actual growth observation.
In summary, this research proposed a protocol for peony varieties scanning in protected cultivation:first step is to investigate in field. Varieties that with better growth performance and blossom characters were selected using9indexes can be tested in protected cultivation; secondly, after cultivating annual plant division in greenhouse for disease resistant test,9indexes which reflect light use efficiency as well as9indexes that reflects acclimation capacity towards protected cultivation were measured during growing season in first year; third step is after ruling out weak disease resistant ones, other varieties were sequenced using28index through analytic hierarchy process to determine which varieties grew better in protected environment. This protocol combined with protected cultivation experience can select varieties suitable grown in greenhouse efficiently.
引文
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