论电影《飞越疯人院》中的权力化身体
摘要
美国电影《飞越疯人院》是根据美国作家肯·克西的小说改编而成。电影讲述的是60年代美国某所国家精神病院中病人遭受医院非人道治疗的故事。国内外学界对该电影研究都不少,但从身体角度的研究少有涉及。本文运用福柯的权力和身体理论,分析本电影文本中对权力化身体的种种表述,探讨电影中权力如何作用于身体。
权力化的身体体现了权力与身体间的一种关系。本文根据权力作用于身体的不同形式,将权力化身体分为肉体、身体活动和心灵三部分,即全文的三章。第一章描述了电影中所表现的权力直接对肉体的作用,包括强制服用药物、电击和额叶切除手术,并用福柯的理论探讨权力直接作用于肉体的意义。第二章是电影中权力对身体活动的控制。对身体活动的控制相对对直接惩罚身体更加文明,也更加常用,是权力作用于身体的主要形式。疯人院中控制身体的方法有监禁、时间表和行为规范。第三章探讨了对心灵的控制在权力—身体关系中起到的重要作用。在对身体的规训中,“灵魂”成为改造的中心。
本文从肉体、身体活动、心灵三个方面探讨电影中的身体与权力的关系,得出《飞越疯人院》中病人的身体是权力化的身体的结论,丰富了关于福柯身体及权力理论的研究。
The American film One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a screen adaptation of the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by American novelist Ken Kesey. The movie tells a story of the inhumane treatment of patients in a national mental hospital of USA in 1960s. There’s a lot of academic research on this movie both in China and overseas, but the research in the perspectives of body is rare. This thesis applies Michel Foucault’s theory of body to conduct a textual analysis of presentation of powered body in this movie, discussing how power acts on body in the film.
Powered body presents a relation between power and body. This thesis, according to different forms of power’s effect on body, subdivide powered body into three parts—physical body, body activity and soul. The thesis is divided into three chapters in accordance with the three parts. Chapter One describes power’s direct effect on physical body in the film, including compulsory medication, electric shock and lobotomy; and then discusses its meaningfulness with Foucault’s theory. Chapter Two is power’s control of body activity in the film. Control of activity is more civilized and more commonly used than direct body penalty. It’s the main way in which power acts on body. The mental hospital controls patients’bodies by means of confinement, schedule and norm. Chapter Three studies the important role of controlling soul in power-body relation. The“soul”of docile bodies becomes the focus of reform.
This thesis studies the relationship between body and power in the film from three aspects—physical body, body activity and soul, and puts forward the conclusion that the patients’bodies in the movie are powered bodies. That is an attempt enriching the study of Foucault’s theory of body and theory of power.
权力化的身体体现了权力与身体间的一种关系。本文根据权力作用于身体的不同形式,将权力化身体分为肉体、身体活动和心灵三部分,即全文的三章。第一章描述了电影中所表现的权力直接对肉体的作用,包括强制服用药物、电击和额叶切除手术,并用福柯的理论探讨权力直接作用于肉体的意义。第二章是电影中权力对身体活动的控制。对身体活动的控制相对对直接惩罚身体更加文明,也更加常用,是权力作用于身体的主要形式。疯人院中控制身体的方法有监禁、时间表和行为规范。第三章探讨了对心灵的控制在权力—身体关系中起到的重要作用。在对身体的规训中,“灵魂”成为改造的中心。
本文从肉体、身体活动、心灵三个方面探讨电影中的身体与权力的关系,得出《飞越疯人院》中病人的身体是权力化的身体的结论,丰富了关于福柯身体及权力理论的研究。
The American film One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a screen adaptation of the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by American novelist Ken Kesey. The movie tells a story of the inhumane treatment of patients in a national mental hospital of USA in 1960s. There’s a lot of academic research on this movie both in China and overseas, but the research in the perspectives of body is rare. This thesis applies Michel Foucault’s theory of body to conduct a textual analysis of presentation of powered body in this movie, discussing how power acts on body in the film.
Powered body presents a relation between power and body. This thesis, according to different forms of power’s effect on body, subdivide powered body into three parts—physical body, body activity and soul. The thesis is divided into three chapters in accordance with the three parts. Chapter One describes power’s direct effect on physical body in the film, including compulsory medication, electric shock and lobotomy; and then discusses its meaningfulness with Foucault’s theory. Chapter Two is power’s control of body activity in the film. Control of activity is more civilized and more commonly used than direct body penalty. It’s the main way in which power acts on body. The mental hospital controls patients’bodies by means of confinement, schedule and norm. Chapter Three studies the important role of controlling soul in power-body relation. The“soul”of docile bodies becomes the focus of reform.
This thesis studies the relationship between body and power in the film from three aspects—physical body, body activity and soul, and puts forward the conclusion that the patients’bodies in the movie are powered bodies. That is an attempt enriching the study of Foucault’s theory of body and theory of power.
引文
Alias, Norbert. The Civilizing Process, Vol. I. The History of Manners. Oxford: Blackwell, 1969.
Alias, Norbert. The Civilizing Process, Vol. II. State Formation and Civilization. Oxford: Blackwell, 1982.
Baldwin, E., Longhurst, B., et al. Introducing Cultural Studies, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2005.
Boardman, Michael.“One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest: Rhetoric and Vision”. Narrative Technique Feb. 1979: 71-83.
Fick, Thomas.“The Hipster, the Hero, and the Psychic Frontier in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature. Vol. 43, No.2 Apr.1989:19-32.
Foucault, Michel. Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon, 1972.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish. New York: Pantheon, 1977.
Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. New York: Vintage, 1973.
Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception. New York: Vintage, 1975.
Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: Volume 1: An Introduction. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon, 1978.
Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: Volume II: The use of Pleasure. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon, 1985.
Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: Volume III: The Care of the Self. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon, 1986.
Hauben, Lawrence. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (script). New York: Samuel French Inc., 1974. Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. New York: Viking Press, 1962.
Leeds, Barry H.“Theme and Technique in‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’”. Connecticut Review Apr. 1974: 35-50.
Martin, Levin.“One flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and the High Cost of Living”.Modern FictionStudies Jan. 1973: 30-42.
Madden, Fred.“Sanity and Responsibility: Big Chief as Narrator and Executioner”. Modern Fiction Studies Oct. 1986:207.
Porter, G. M. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest: Rising to Heroism, Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1989. Pratt, John Clark. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest: Text and Criticism. New York: Penguin Group, 1996.
Roach J O’N.“Theatre Review‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’”. British Medical Journal May 2000: 321.
Robinson, Daniel.“The Awakening of the Natural Man in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. Contemporary Literature Mar. 1991:4-6.
Robinson, David J. Reel Psychiatry: Movie portrayals of Psychiatric Conditions. London: Rapid Psychler Press, 2003.
Sassoon, R.L.“Review of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. Northwest Review, Spring Jul. 1963:16-20.
Sutherland, Janet R.“A Defense of Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. English Journal, Vol. 61, No. 1 Jun. 1972: 28-31.
Villarreal, Phil.“Phil Villarreal’s ReView: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. Arizona Daily Star November 2005: 50-51.
Ware, Elaine.“The Vanishing American: Identity Crisis in Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. MELUS, Fall/Winter Sept.1986: 52-66.
Waxler, Robert P. The Mixed heritage of the Chief. Journal of Popular Culture, Vol. 29 Issue 3 Dec. 1995: 225-235.
Wedding, D., Boyd, M. A., et al. Movies and Mental Illness: Using Films to Understand Psychopathology. Cambridge: MA, Hogrefe &Hufer Publishing, 2005.
Bao, Zhiming. [包志明],“Subversion and Containment: An Innocent’s Salvation and Struggle against Control in Cuckoo’s Nest”.西北师范大学, 2007.
卞慕东.“现代化与反现代化思潮的冲突——《飞越杜鹃巢》的文化底蕴”.美国研究38.2(1999): 98-112.
陈炳辉.“福柯的权力观”.厦门大学学报28.4(2002):1-12.
Chen, Dunxian. [陈墩贤],“《飞越疯人院》的主题解析”.语文教学通讯19.9(2004): 20-22.
陈璐:“福柯的监狱思想述评”.法学研究38.3 (2009): 17-18.
福柯.疯癫与文明.刘北成,杨远婴译.北京:三联书店, 1999.
福柯.规训与惩罚.刘北成,杨远婴译.北京:三联书店, 1999.
福柯.临床医学的诞生.刘北成译.上海:译林出版社, 2001.
福柯.词与物:人文科学考古学.莫伟民译.上海:上海三联书店, 2002.
福柯.性经验史.余碧平译.上海:上海人民出版社, 2002.
韩雪涛.“评析《飞越疯人院》”.影视评论15.4 (2001: 40-43.
赖昭华,赖岳山.“‘全景敞视主义’中的‘空间’与‘身体’——福柯对‘谱系学’的扩展”.惠州学院学报27.4 (2007): 9-11.
李丽.自由选择——存在主义视角下的肯·凯西的《飞越疯人院》.陕西师范大学, 2008.
刘伟.“从文本到影像——谈《飞越疯人院》的改编”.电影评价38.3 (2009): 43-44.
Mou, Shijing. [牟世晶],“从尼采到福柯的身体态度”.南京师范大学, 2006.
秦静.“权力与身体的双重拷问——福柯《性史》解读”.史学理论研究22.4 (2002): 20-24.
秦晓伟.“文化建构的身体——福柯与埃利亚斯对身体的话语分析”.黔南民族师范学院学报32.1 (2009): 40-44.
Qu, Shi. [曲师],“身体与权力——论福柯思想的政治美学意义”.陕西师范大学, 2003.
谭潇.“《飞越疯人院》的人格心理及社会文化心理解读.世界文学评论38.3 (2009): 33-36.
杨岚.“‘知识—权力’与规训社会——对福柯《规训与惩罚》的解析.学理论11.4 (2009): 114-115.
王鑫.“对福柯思想体系中‘身体’的再解读”.山西大同大学学报(社会科学版)32.3 (2009): 13-15.
翁碧琼.“从认知角度解读《飞越疯人院》”.莆田学院学报33.1 (2009): 67-71.
薛民勇.“论福柯权力视野下的技术”.自然辩证法研究28.1(2002): 23-31.
杨大春.“身体经验与自我关怀”.浙江大学学报38.3 (2000): 42-45.
樱井哲夫.福柯知识与权力.姜忠莲译.石家庄:河北教育出版社, 2001.
张海防.“《飞越疯人院》中的异化主题分析”.暨南大学, 2008.
张全中.“微观权力的运作及其策略——基于福柯《规训与惩罚》的解读”.中国矿业大学学报(社会科学版) 35.3 (2009): 38-41.
Zhao, Wei. [赵薇],“权力的运作与遮蔽——从电影《飞越疯人院》看福柯及其《疯癫与文明》”.艺术广角11.2 (2009): 30-33.
周海玲.“从主体到身体——福柯身体理论的发生学研究”.汕头大学学报(人文社会科学版) 41.2 (2008): 50-53.
Alias, Norbert. The Civilizing Process, Vol. II. State Formation and Civilization. Oxford: Blackwell, 1982.
Baldwin, E., Longhurst, B., et al. Introducing Cultural Studies, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2005.
Boardman, Michael.“One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest: Rhetoric and Vision”. Narrative Technique Feb. 1979: 71-83.
Fick, Thomas.“The Hipster, the Hero, and the Psychic Frontier in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature. Vol. 43, No.2 Apr.1989:19-32.
Foucault, Michel. Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon, 1972.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish. New York: Pantheon, 1977.
Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. New York: Vintage, 1973.
Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception. New York: Vintage, 1975.
Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: Volume 1: An Introduction. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon, 1978.
Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: Volume II: The use of Pleasure. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon, 1985.
Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: Volume III: The Care of the Self. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon, 1986.
Hauben, Lawrence. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (script). New York: Samuel French Inc., 1974. Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. New York: Viking Press, 1962.
Leeds, Barry H.“Theme and Technique in‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’”. Connecticut Review Apr. 1974: 35-50.
Martin, Levin.“One flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and the High Cost of Living”.Modern FictionStudies Jan. 1973: 30-42.
Madden, Fred.“Sanity and Responsibility: Big Chief as Narrator and Executioner”. Modern Fiction Studies Oct. 1986:207.
Porter, G. M. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest: Rising to Heroism, Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1989. Pratt, John Clark. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest: Text and Criticism. New York: Penguin Group, 1996.
Roach J O’N.“Theatre Review‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’”. British Medical Journal May 2000: 321.
Robinson, Daniel.“The Awakening of the Natural Man in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. Contemporary Literature Mar. 1991:4-6.
Robinson, David J. Reel Psychiatry: Movie portrayals of Psychiatric Conditions. London: Rapid Psychler Press, 2003.
Sassoon, R.L.“Review of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. Northwest Review, Spring Jul. 1963:16-20.
Sutherland, Janet R.“A Defense of Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. English Journal, Vol. 61, No. 1 Jun. 1972: 28-31.
Villarreal, Phil.“Phil Villarreal’s ReView: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. Arizona Daily Star November 2005: 50-51.
Ware, Elaine.“The Vanishing American: Identity Crisis in Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. MELUS, Fall/Winter Sept.1986: 52-66.
Waxler, Robert P. The Mixed heritage of the Chief. Journal of Popular Culture, Vol. 29 Issue 3 Dec. 1995: 225-235.
Wedding, D., Boyd, M. A., et al. Movies and Mental Illness: Using Films to Understand Psychopathology. Cambridge: MA, Hogrefe &Hufer Publishing, 2005.
Bao, Zhiming. [包志明],“Subversion and Containment: An Innocent’s Salvation and Struggle against Control in Cuckoo’s Nest”.西北师范大学, 2007.
卞慕东.“现代化与反现代化思潮的冲突——《飞越杜鹃巢》的文化底蕴”.美国研究38.2(1999): 98-112.
陈炳辉.“福柯的权力观”.厦门大学学报28.4(2002):1-12.
Chen, Dunxian. [陈墩贤],“《飞越疯人院》的主题解析”.语文教学通讯19.9(2004): 20-22.
陈璐:“福柯的监狱思想述评”.法学研究38.3 (2009): 17-18.
福柯.疯癫与文明.刘北成,杨远婴译.北京:三联书店, 1999.
福柯.规训与惩罚.刘北成,杨远婴译.北京:三联书店, 1999.
福柯.临床医学的诞生.刘北成译.上海:译林出版社, 2001.
福柯.词与物:人文科学考古学.莫伟民译.上海:上海三联书店, 2002.
福柯.性经验史.余碧平译.上海:上海人民出版社, 2002.
韩雪涛.“评析《飞越疯人院》”.影视评论15.4 (2001: 40-43.
赖昭华,赖岳山.“‘全景敞视主义’中的‘空间’与‘身体’——福柯对‘谱系学’的扩展”.惠州学院学报27.4 (2007): 9-11.
李丽.自由选择——存在主义视角下的肯·凯西的《飞越疯人院》.陕西师范大学, 2008.
刘伟.“从文本到影像——谈《飞越疯人院》的改编”.电影评价38.3 (2009): 43-44.
Mou, Shijing. [牟世晶],“从尼采到福柯的身体态度”.南京师范大学, 2006.
秦静.“权力与身体的双重拷问——福柯《性史》解读”.史学理论研究22.4 (2002): 20-24.
秦晓伟.“文化建构的身体——福柯与埃利亚斯对身体的话语分析”.黔南民族师范学院学报32.1 (2009): 40-44.
Qu, Shi. [曲师],“身体与权力——论福柯思想的政治美学意义”.陕西师范大学, 2003.
谭潇.“《飞越疯人院》的人格心理及社会文化心理解读.世界文学评论38.3 (2009): 33-36.
杨岚.“‘知识—权力’与规训社会——对福柯《规训与惩罚》的解析.学理论11.4 (2009): 114-115.
王鑫.“对福柯思想体系中‘身体’的再解读”.山西大同大学学报(社会科学版)32.3 (2009): 13-15.
翁碧琼.“从认知角度解读《飞越疯人院》”.莆田学院学报33.1 (2009): 67-71.
薛民勇.“论福柯权力视野下的技术”.自然辩证法研究28.1(2002): 23-31.
杨大春.“身体经验与自我关怀”.浙江大学学报38.3 (2000): 42-45.
樱井哲夫.福柯知识与权力.姜忠莲译.石家庄:河北教育出版社, 2001.
张海防.“《飞越疯人院》中的异化主题分析”.暨南大学, 2008.
张全中.“微观权力的运作及其策略——基于福柯《规训与惩罚》的解读”.中国矿业大学学报(社会科学版) 35.3 (2009): 38-41.
Zhao, Wei. [赵薇],“权力的运作与遮蔽——从电影《飞越疯人院》看福柯及其《疯癫与文明》”.艺术广角11.2 (2009): 30-33.
周海玲.“从主体到身体——福柯身体理论的发生学研究”.汕头大学学报(人文社会科学版) 41.2 (2008): 50-53.