摘要
人脸表情识别有着广泛的应用前景,逐渐成为当前人机交互领域的研究热点之一。表情识别是智能化和自然的人机交互的本质。实现自然和谐的人机交互,必须使计算机能够有效地理解人的情感和意图。目前与表情分析识别相关的研究主要集中在生理学、心理学和认知科学等领域。迫切需要开展对人脸表情的自动分类方法的研究,这项研究不仅对人机交互有十分重要的意义,而且在计算机辅助的训练及远程教育等众多领域都具有潜在的应用价值。
本文的研究工作是基于人脸的几何特征进行眼睛、眉毛定位以及表情分析与识别的,主要进行了以下五个方面的研究,取得了一定的研究成果。
(1) 在人脸表情原图像的预处理过程中,为防止出现一些小的断点产生不利的影响进行了一定断点连接,提出了基于连通区域的探针法进行上边缘的提取,在对上边缘进行编号记录时对邻接点的范围进行了扩展,提出了扩展六邻域的方法来寻找同一边缘上的点,实验表明本文所提出的方法有效地对断点进行了连接。
(2) 本文结合眼睛、眉毛之间的几何特征约束,提出了基于上边缘相邻四端点的方法进行眉毛和眼睛上边缘的精确定位。
(3) 本文利用以下几个特征对人脸表情的变化进行刻画,眉毛、眼睛的两端点间的斜率、中点到两端点所在直线的距离、嘴巴的上下嘴唇与嘴角间的张角以及上下嘴唇的距离与左右嘴角的距离之间的比值,本文对以上特征数据进行了提取。
(4) 本文提出了一种新的多维特征数据权重函数用于构造各维表情数据的权值,该函数对人脸表情的各维特征数据进行了离散化,增加它们的区分度,此结果已用于人脸表情识别系统中。
(5) 本文在上述研究的基础上,使用VC++6.0完成了人脸表情识别系统FERS,实验表明本文提出算法的有效性及实时性。
Facial expression recognition that has the extensive application future is gradually the hotspot of the human-computer interaction. Facial expression recognition is the essence of the intelligence and nature human-computer interaction. To realize the nature and harmonious human-computer interaction must make the computer understand the emotion and intention. At present, the research on the facial expression mainly focuses on the physiology, psychology and cognitive science etc. It is important to develop the automatic classification of facial expression, ant not only the human-computer interaction is important, but also there are many applications in the field of computer assistant training and the network education.
The research of this paper is mainly based on the facial geometrical feature to locate the brow, eye and the facial expression analysis and recognition, there are 5 parts mainly, and there gets some research results in the process.
(1) In the process of face original image pretreatment, to connect the break is to avoid the disadvantage of some small break points, this paper presents the up edge extraction method of the probe based on the connected region, and extend the neighbor pixel range while coding the up edge pixels, and this paper presents the extended 6-neighborhood to store and code the edge, the experiments show that the algorithms are effective.
(2) This paper presents the method of up-edge four neighborhood endpoints with the geometrical feature restriction of the brow and eye to locate the brow and eye with the geometrical feature restriction of the brow and eye;
(3) This paper depicts the change of facial expression with the following features: the slope of the two endpoints of the brow and eye, the Euclidean distance from the middle point to the line of the two endpoints, the opening of up-down lips and the corners of the mouth, the ratio of the distance of up-down lips and left-right corner.
(4) This paper presents a new function of every dimension data to calculate the weight of the expression feature data, this function disperses every dimension data possibly, improve the differentiability of the data, which is better in practice.
This paper develops the facial expression recognition system (FERS) in VC++6.0 based on these researches, the experiment shows that the algorithms presented by this paper are effective and the system has the characteristic of the real-time.
引文
[A K 1989]Anil K. Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall, 1989.
[BourelF 2002]BourelF ChibelushiCC Low Robust facial expression recognition using a state based model of spatially ocalisedfacia dynamics Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition(FGR. 02) Washington.DC 2002
[BF 2003] B. Fasel J. Luettin Automatic facial expression analysis: a survey Pattern Recognition vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 259-275 January 2003
[C R 2000] Collins R et al. A system for video surveillance and monitoring: VSAM final report. Carnegie Mellon University, Technical Report: CMU-RI-TR-00-12, 2000.
[C S ] Chris Stauffer W. Eric L. Grimson Learning Patterns of ActivityUsing Real-Time Tracking
[C.C.C 2004]C.C.Chibelushi F. Bourel Hierarchical multistream recognition of facial expressions IEE Proceedings of Vision Image and Signal Processing 2004
[CD 1872] C. Darwin The expression of the emotions in man and animals J. Murray London 1872.
[C.Huang 1997]C.Huang Y. Huang Facial expression recognition using model-based feature extraction and action parameters classification", Jurnal of Visual Communication and Image esentation 1997
[Cootes.T.F 1995]Cootes.T.F Taylor.C.J Cooper.D Graham.J Active shape models—their training and applications. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 1995,
[Ekman P 1993]Ekman P., "Facial expression and emotion" American Psychologist, vol. 48, no. 4 pp. 384-392, 1993.
[Fasel.B 2003]Fasel.B Luettin.J Automatic facial exp ression analysis: a survey Pattern Recognition Society 2003
[FaselB 2002]FaselB Facial expression analysis using shape and motion information extracted by convolutional neural networks Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Workshop on Neural Network for Signal Processing Martigny 2002
[H I 2000] Haritaoglu I, Harwood D and Davis L W4: real-time surveillance of people and their activities. IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2000, 22 (8): 809-830.
[H 1999] Huang P, Harris C and Nixon M. Human gait recognition in canonical space using temporal templates. In: Proc IEE Vis. Image Signal Process, 1999,146 (2): 93-100.
[J.Y.Chang 1999] J.Y.Chang J. L. Chen A facial expression recognition system using neural networks Proceedings of IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks 1999
[KCY 1997] K. C. Yow, and R. Cipolla, "Feature-based human face detection", Image and Vision Computing, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 713-735,1997.
[KD 2000]Kriegman.D Yang.M.H Ahuja.N Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machinelntelligence 2000
[L 1998] Little J and Boyd J. Recognizing people by their gait: the shape of motion. Videre: Journal of Computer Vision Research, The MIT Press, 1998,1 (2): 2-32.
[L 1998] Lipton A, Fujiyoshi H and Patil R. Moving target classification and tracking from real-time video. In: Proc IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision, Princeton, NJ, 1998, 8-14.
[Michael A 1996]Michael A. Sayette, Jeffrey F A Psychometric Evaluation of the Facial Action Coding System for Assessing Spontaneous Expression Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25,1996, pp.167-186.
[Michael 1998]Michael Lyons Shigeru Akamatsu Coding Facial Expressions with GaborWavelets IEEE Computer Society, pp. 200-205. 1998
[M 1997] Meyer D, Denzler J and Niemann H. Model based extraction of articulated objects in image sequences for gait analysis. In: Proc IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Santa Barbara, California 1997, 78-81.
[MAS 1996]Michael A. Sayetie Jeffrey F A Psychometric Evaluation of the Facial Action Coding System for Assessing Spontaneous Expression Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25, pp.167-186. 1996
[MB 1994]Moghaddam B Pentland A. Face recognition using view-based and modular eigenspaces. In: Proceedings of SPIE 2257,1994,12-21.
[MHY 2002]M. H. Yang D. J. Kriegman N. Ahuja Detecting faces in images: a survey IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 1, January 2002.
[MS 1978] M. Suwa N. Sugie K. Fujimora A preliminary note on pattern recognition of human emotional expression Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 408-410, Kyoto, Japan, 1978.
[M.Wang 1998]M.Wang Y.lwai M.Yachida Expression recognition from time-sequential facial images by use of expression change model IEEE Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG'98), Nara Japan 1998
[NingL2005]Ning.Ling High resolution Mosaic image of capillaries in human retina by adaptive optics Chinese Optics Letters 2005
[Pantic.M 2000]Pantic.M Rothkrantz.J.M Automatic analysis of facial exp ressions: the state of the art IEEE Trans on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 2000
[Paul E 1978] Paul Ekman Wallace v.Friesen Facial Action coding System Consulting Psychologists press 1978
[P. E 1971] P. Ekman W. V. Friesen Contants across cultures in the face and emotion Journal of Personality Scoial Psychol, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 124-129,1971.
[PalSK 1981]PalSKing RA Imageenhancementusingsmoothingwith fuzzy set.IEEETransSMC-11 1981
[R 1992]Robert M. Haralick and Linda G. Shapiro, Computer and Robot Vision, Volume 1, Addison-Wesley, 1992.
[R P 1998] Remagnino P, Tan T and Baker K. Multi-agent visual surveillance of dynamic scenes. Image and Vision Computing, 1998,16 (8): 529-532.
[Roberto 1993]Roberto Brunelli .Tornaso Poggio Face Recognition: Feature versus Templates IEEE TRANSATIONS ON PAMI VOL15.NO.10. OCTOBER.1993
[Irfan A]Irfan A. Essa Coding, Analysis, Interpretation, and recognition of Facial Expressions www.google com
[Nikos Sarris]Nikos Sarris.Nikos.Grammalidis, Michael Gerassimos Strintzis FAP Extraction Using Three-Dimensional Motion Estimation IEEE TRANSACTIONS. ON CHIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO
[Chung J.KUO 2002]Chung J.KUO,Ruey-Song Huang, Tsang-Gang Lin 3-D Facial Modal Estimation From Single Front -View Facial Image IEEE TRANSACTIONS. ON CHIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHINOLOGY. VOL.12. NO. 3.MACH 2002
[Fabio Lavagetto 2001]Fabio Lavagetto Roberto Pockaj An Efficient Use Of MPGE-4 FAP Interpolation for Facial Animation at 70 bits/Frame IEEE TRANSACTIONS. ON CHIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHINOLOGY. VOL.11. NO. 10.OCTOBER 2001
[Andrew J. Calder 2001]Andrew J. Calder A Mike Burton ,Paul Miller, Andrew W. Young. A Principal Component Analysis of Facial Expressions Vision research 41 (2001) 1179-1208
[Michael J.Lyons 1999]Michael J.Lyons, Julien Budynek .Shigeru Aukamatsu Automatic Classification of Single Facial Images IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PAMI VOL.21. NO. DECEMBER 1999
[Ying-li Tian 2002] Ying-li Tian Takeo Kanade.Jeffrey F.Cohn Evaluation of Gabor-Wavelet-Based Facial Action Unit Recognition in Image Sequences of Increasing Complexity Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2002
[Shutler J D 2000] Shutter J D Nixon M and Harris C. Statistical gait description via velocity moments. In: Proc IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation, Austin, Texas, 2000, 291-295.
[T. Dalgleish 1999] T. Dalgleish M. Power (Eds.) Handbook of cognition and emotion Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 1999.
[T.F.Cootes 1994]T.F.Cootes A.Hill C.J.Taylor The u of active shape models for locating structure sinmedic images Imageandvisioncomputing 1994,12(6) 355-366
[TK 1999] Toshiaki Kondo Hong Yan Automatic human face detection and recognition under non-uniform illumination Pattern Recognition 32, 1707-1718 (1999).
[TK 2002] T. K. Leung M.C. Burl P. Perona, "Finding faces in cluttered scenes using random labeled graph matching", Proceedings of 5th IEEE International 2002 Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 637-644, 1995.
[TurkMA 1991] Turk M.A. Pentland A.P. Eigenfaces for recognition Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1991
[NakamizoS 2004] NakamizoS,HanedaK Nakamura Aneffectivefeature extraction algorithm for the recognition of facial expressions In:Proceedings of Canadian Conferenceon Electricaland Computer Engineering(CCECE.04),NiagaraFalls,2004
[PanticM 2000] PanticM RothkrantzLJM Automatic analysis of facial expression:The state of the art IEEE Transaction sonPattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 2000
[TianYL 2001] TianYL KanadeT Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 2001
[陈刚 2001] 陈刚 戚飞虎 实用人脸识别系统的本征脸法实现 计算机研究与发展 2001
[陈继光 2005] 陈继光 睦增 基于模糊聚类决策的路面性能评价 建筑技术开发 2005
[崔峰 2005] 崔峰2005 http://news.hit.edu.cn/2005/04-19/04113954.shtml
[丁嵘 2002] 丁嵘 苏光大 特征联合弹性匹配人脸识别算法的比较 计算机工程与应用 2002
[崔屹 1997] 崔屹 数字图像处理技术与应用 电子工业出版社93-95 1997
[董戎萍 2005] 董戎萍 唐伯良 基于DCT-BP神经网络的人脸表情识别 微计算机信息 2005
[董立锋 2004] 董立锋 人脸识别技术在信息系统身份认证中的应用 四川大学 2004
[杜世平 2004] 杜世平 马洪 隐马尔可夫模型的原理及其应用 四川大学硕士 2004
[樊昌信 2001] 樊昌信 通信原理 国防工业出版社 2001
[方伟 1997] 方伟 张宏武 脸部表情动画的实现 清华大学学报 1997
[胡正平 2005] 胡正平 灰度投影结合Fisher准则的对象分割 计算机工程与设计 2005
[刘军 2006] 刘军 用边缘检测算子实现图像边缘检测 福建电脑 2006
[刘涛 2002] 刘涛 Visual C++实现数字图像增强处理 yesky 2002-12-25
[周杰 2000] 周杰等,人脸自动识别方法综述 电子学报 2000 28(4):102-106
[林福严 2000] 林福严等 人脸特征的定位与提取 电子技术应用 2000,7:17-21
[黎妹红 2004] 黎妹红 张其 用迭代法求指纹图像中的阀值 电子技术应用 2004
[刘哲 2000] 刘哲 一种快速而有效地定位人脸特征的方法 计算机应用研究 2000
[吴国昌 2005] 吴国昌 复杂背景下人脸的定位与识别 计算机与信息技术 2005.3.
[文沁 2005] 文沁 汪增福 基于三维数据的人脸表情识别 计算机仿真 2005
[荆仁杰 1990] 荆仁杰 叶秀清 陈存椿 计算机图像处理 浙江大学出版社 1990.
[梁路宏] 艾海舟 何克忠 基于多模板匹配的单人脸检测 中国图像图形学报Vol 4(A),
[曲云龙 2005] 曲云龙 基于模糊聚类与GIS的配送中心选址研究 技术经济与管理研究 2005
[钱小吾 2002] 钱小吾 Fibonacci数列的特征性质及应用 洛阳大学学报 2002
[李煌 2002] 李煌 Fibonacci数列之新发现 应用数学 2002
[卢春雨 1999] 卢春雨 张长水,闻芳,阎平凡,基于区域特征的快速人脸检测法,清华大学学报(自然科学版),Vol.39,No.1(1999)
[孙亦南 2003] 孙亦南 刘伟军,王越超等一种用于圆检测的改进Hough变换方法 计算机工程与应用,2003;39(20):35
[薛程 2006] 薛程 一种新的不基于Hough变换的随机椭圆检测算法 微计算机信息 2006
[叶敬福 2005] 叶敬福 詹永照 基于Gabor小波变换的人脸表情特征提取 计算机工程 2005年15期
基于局部特征和整体特征融合的面部表情识别 http://www.cnham.com/tech/html/11/8631.html
[宋加涛 2004] 宋加涛 导师:刘济林 基于二值边缘图像的眼睛定位和人脸识别 博士论文 浙江大学 2004
[张翠平 2000] 张翠平 苏光大 人脸识别技术综述 中国图形图像学报 2000
[张杰 2005] 张杰 杨晓飞 基于Hough变换圆检测的人眼精确定位方法 计算机工程与应用 2005
[张林 1999] 张林 基于主元分析和Fuzay ART模型的人脸识别算法 电路与系统学报 1999
[赵力庄 2002] 赵力庄 Eigenface的变维分类方法及其在表情识别中的应用 计算机学报 1999
[周杰 2000] 周杰等 人脸自动识别方法综述 电子学报 2000 28(4):102-106
[余棉水 2005] 余棉水 黎绍发 基于光流的动态人脸表情识别 微电子学与计算机 2005
[于雪峰 2005] 于雪峰 陈守煜 模糊聚类迭代模型在洪水灾害度划分中应用 大连理工大学学报 2005
[袁建阳 2004] 袁建阳 “表情识别系统”亮相东大 2004 http://www.jschina.com.cn/gb/jschina/news/jiangsu/kejiao/userobject1ai447011.html
[AK 1989]Anil K. Jain Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing Prentice Hall 1989
[JM 1999]Jun Miao Baocai Yin Kongqiao Wang Lansun Shen Xuecun Chen, A hierarchical multiscale and multiangle system for human face detection in a complex background using gravity-center template, Pattern Recognition 32 (7), 1237-1248 (1999)
[BF 2003] B. Fasel J. Luettin Automatic facial expression analysis: a survey Pattern Recognition vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 259-275 January 2003
[BOZDAGFD 1994]BOZDAGFD TEKALPAM ONURAIL An Improvement to MBASIC Alogorithm for 3-Dmotionand Depth Estimation IEEE Transon Image Processing 1994 3(5):572~609
[C.C.C 2004]C.C.Chibelushi F. Bourel Hierarchical multistream recognition of facial expressions IEE Proceedings of Vision Image and Signal Processing 2004
[CD 1872] C. Darwin The expression of the emotions in man and animals J. Murray London 1872.
[C.Huang 1997]C.Huang Y. Huang Facial expression recognition using model-based feature extraction and action parameters classification", Jurnal of Visual Communication and Image esentation 1997
[Cootes.T.F 1995]Cootes.T.F Taylor.C.J Cooper.D Graham.J Active shape models—their training and applications. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 1995,
[Cootes.T.F 1998]Cootes.T.F Edwards.G.J. Active appearance models Proc of the European Conf of Computer Vision 1998. 484-498
[DP 2002]Dimitri PISSARENKO Eigenface-based facial recognition 2002
[DWW 2001] D. W. Wagener, and B. Herbst, "Face tracking: and implementation of the Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi tracking algorithm", 12th Annual Symposium of Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (PRASA), 2001.
[Ekman P 1993]Ekman P., "Facial expression and emotion" American Psychologist, vol. 48, no. 4 pp. 384-392, 1993.
[Fasel.B 2003]Fasel.B Luettin.J Automatic facial exp ression analysis: a survey Pattern Recognition Society 2003
[FN 1994]Farid N. Najm Low-pass Filter for Computing the Transition Density in Digital Circuits IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design, 1994
[G.S.R 1997]G.S.Robinson Edge Detection by Compass gradient Masks Comput Graph ImageProcess 1997
[GY 1994] G. Yang T. S. Huang Human face detection in complex background Pattern Recognition, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 53-63,1994.
[H. Ohta 1998] H. Ohta H. Saji H. Nakatani Recognition of facial expressions using muscle-based feature models Proceedings of the 14th International Conferenceon Pattern Recognition 1998
[J.Y.Chang 1999] J.Y.Chang J. L. Chen A facial expression recognition system using neural networks Proceedings of IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks 1999
[KCY 1997] K. C. Yow, and R. Cipolla, "Feature-based human face detection", Image and Vision Computing, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 713-735,1997.
[KD 2000]Kriegman.D Yang.M.H Ahuja.N Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machinelntelligence 2000
[K. K. Lee 2003] K. K. Lee Y. S. Xu Real-time estimation of facial expression intensity Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation 2003
[KRC 1996]Kenneth R. Castleman, Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall, 1996.
[JF 1988] J. F. Cohn M. Elmore Effect of contingent changes in mothers' AffectiveExpression on the Organization of Behavior in 3-Month-Old Infants Infant Behavior and Development, vol. 11, pp. 493-505, 1988.
[JY 1996] J. Yang, and A. Waibel A real-time face tracker Proceedings of 3rd Workshop Applications of Computer Vision, pp. 142-147,1996.
[MAS 1996]Michael A. Sayette Jeffrey F A Psychometric Evaluation of the Facial Action Coding System for Assessing Spontaneous Expression Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25, pp.167-186.1996
[MB 1994]Moghaddam B Pentland A. Face recognition using view-based and modular eigenspaces. In: Proceedings of SPIE 2257,1994,12-21.
[MHY 2002]M. H. Yang D. J. Kriegman N. Ahuja Detecting faces in images: a survey IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 1, January 2002.
[MS 1978] M. Suwa N. Sugie K. Fujimora A preliminary note on pattern recognition of human emotional expression Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 408-410, Kyoto, Japan, 1978.
[M.Wang 1998]M.Wang Y.Iwai M. Yachida Expression recognition from time-sequential facial images by use of expression change model IEEE Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG'98), Nara Japan 1998
[NingL2005]Ning.Ling High resolution Mosaic image of capillaries in human retina by adaptive optics Chinese Optics Letters 2005
[Pantic.M 2000]Pantic.M Rothkrantz. J.M Automatic analysis of facial exp ressions: the state of the art IEEE Trans on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 2000
[Paul E 1978] Paul Ekman Wallace v.Friesen Facial Action coding System Consulting Psychologists press 1978
[P. E 1971] P. Ekman W. V. Friesen Contants across cultures in the face and emotion Journal of Personality Scoial Psychol, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 124-129, 1971.
[PalSK 1981]PalSKing RA Imageenhancementusingsmoothingwith fuzzy set.IEEETransSMC-11 1981
[RC 2004]Rafael C. Gonzalez Digital Image Processing [M] Publishing House of Electronics Industry 2004
[RJ 2003]Ramesh Jain Rangachar Kasturi Machine Vision China Machine Press 2003
[RM 1992]Robert M. Haralick and Linda G. Shapiro, Computer and Robot Vision, Volume 1, Addison-Wesley, 1992.
[RR 1989]RabinerLR Atutorialon hiddenMarkovmodel sand selected application Proceedings of the IEEE 1989
[SHI-HONG JENG 1998]SHI-HONG JENG HONG YUAN MARK LIAO FACIAL FEATURE DETECTION USING GEOMETRICAL FACE MODEL: AN EFFICIENT APPROACH Pattern Recognition 1998
[SHJ 1998] Shi-Hong Jeng Hong Yuan Mark Liao Chin Chuan Han, Ming Yang Chem and Yao Tsorng Liu, Facial feature detection using geometrical face model: an efficient approach, Pattern Recognition 31 (3), 273-282 (1998).
[SSA 1993]Sirohey S A. Human face segmentation and identification Technical Report CS-TR+3176 University of Maryland 1993
[SLH 1974]S. L. Horowitz T. Pavlidis Picture segmentation by a directed split-and-merge procedure Proc. 2nd IJCPR 424-433 (1974).
[TD 1999] T. Dalgleish M. Power (Eds.) Handbook of cognition and emotion Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 1999.
[T.F.Cootes 1994]T.F.Cootes A.Hill CJ.Taylor The u of active shape models for locating structure sinmedic images Imageandvisioncomputing 1994,12(6) 355-366
[TK 1999]Toshiaki Kondo Hong Yan Automatic human face detection and recognition under non-uniform illumination Pattern Recognition 32,1707-1718 (1999).
[TK 2002] T. K. Leung M. C. Burl P. Perona, "Finding faces in cluttered scenes using random labeled graph matching", Proceedings of 5th IEEE International 2002 Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 637-644,1995.
[TurkMA 1991]Turk M. A. Pentland A. P. Eigenfaces for recognition Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1991
[Villiersde.J 1993]Villiersde.J Barnard.E Back Propagation Neural Nets with One and Two Hidden Layers IEEE Transactionson NeuralNetworks 1993
[X.W.Chen 2003] X.W.Chen T.Huang Facial expression recognition: a clustering-based approach Journal of Pattern Recognition Letter 2003
[YD 1996] Y. Dai Y. Nakano Face-texture model based on SGLD and its application in face detection in a color scene Pattern Recognition, vol. 29, no. 6, pp.1007-1017 1996.
[Y.Shinza 2000] Y.Shinza Y. Saito Y. Kenmochi K Kotani Facial expression analysis by integrating information of feature-point positions and gray levels of facial images Proceedings of International Conference on Image Processing 2000
[陈茂林 2002] 陈茂林 戚飞虎 自组织的隐马儿可夫模型的人脸检测研究 计算机学报 2002
[崔屹 1997] 崔屹 数字图像处理技术与应用 电子工业出版社93-95 1997
[董戎萍 2005] 董戎萍 唐伯良 基于DCT-BP神经网络的人脸表情识别 微计算机信息 2005
[董立锋 2004] 董立锋 左航 人脸识别技术在信息系统身份认证中的应用 四川大学 2004
[杜世平 2004] 杜世平 马洪 隐马尔可夫模型的原理及其应用 四川大学硕士 2004
[樊昌信 2001] 樊昌信 通信原理 国防工业出版社 2001
[冯建强 2005] 冯建强 刘文波 基于灰度积分投影的人眼定位 计算机仿真 2005
[高文 1997] 高文 金辉 面部表情图像的分析与识别 计算机学报 NO.9 SEPTEMBER 1997
[何军 2003] 何军 戚飞虎 一种基于肤色和主元分析的人脸检测方法 计算机工程 2003
[郝海涛 2002] 郝海涛 田玉敏 彩色图象分割方法及进展 计算机工程与应用 2002
圆和椭圆边缘检测的快速方法 中国计量学院学报 140-144 2000
[胡晓燕 2004] 胡晓燕 周激流 基于肤色的人脸检测算法的研究 四川大学 2004
[金忠 1999] 金忠 基于BP神经网络的人脸识别方法 计算机研究与发展 1999
[荆嘉敏 2003] 荆嘉敏 基于HMM的语音识别技术在嵌入式系统应用 电子技术应用 2003
[黎奎 2005] 黎奎 宋宇 基于特征脸和神经网络的人脸识别 计算机应用研究 2005
[林福严 2000] 林福严 人脸特征的定位与提取 电子技术应用 17-21 2000
[刘哲等 2000] 刘哲等 一种快速而有效地定位人脸特征的方法,计算机应用研究19-20 2000 12
[刘铁军 2005] 刘铁军 史泽林 一种基于图像纹理的模板匹配算法 红外与激光工程 2005
[梁路宏 2003] 梁路宏 艾海舟 徐光佑 张钹 人脸检测研究综述 清华大学 2003
[梁鹏 2002] 梁鹏 基于子空间的人脸图像处理与识别方法研究 南京航空航天大学 2002
[荆仁杰 1990] 荆仁杰 叶秀清 徐胜荣 陈存椿 计算机图像处理 浙江大学出版社 1990.
[梁路宏 1999] 梁路宏 艾海舟 基于多模板匹配的单人脸检测 中国图像图形学报 1999
[李士进 2001] 李士进 杨静宇 基于奇异值特征和隐马尔可夫模型的人脸检测 中国图象图形学报 2001
[刘文卿 2003] 刘文卿 朱俊青 王林泉 基于积分投影的快速人脸定位 计算机辅助工程 2003
[吕江波 2003] 吕江波 MPEG-4兼容的人脸语音动画系统及其在网络通信中的应用 浙江大学 硕士 2003
[卢春雨 1999] 卢春雨 张长水 基于区域特征的快速人脸检测法 清华大学学报 1999
[廉文娟 2002] 廉文娟 使用ASM与AAM方法进行器官定位 山东科技大学学报 2002
[马淑燕 2004] 马淑燕 基于肤色模型和AAM算法的唇部特征跟踪 全国第16届计算机科学与技术应用(CACIS)学术会议论文集 2004
[孙大瑞 2002] 孙大瑞 吴乐南 基于特征的弹性图匹配人脸识别算法 应用科学学报 2002
[孙亦南 2003] 孙亦南 一种用于圆检测的改进Hough变换方法 计算机工程与应用 2003;39(20):35
[孙宏琦 2003] 孙宏琦 利用中值滤波进行图像处理 长安大学学报 2003
[孙仲康 1985] 孙仲康 沈振康 数字图象处理及其应用 国防工业出版社 1985
[宋加涛 2004] 宋加涛 刘济林 基于二值边缘图像的眼睛定位和人脸识别 浙江大学 2004
[万峰 2004] 万峰 人脸识别中一种新的Gabor特征提取方法 华南理工大学学报) 2004
[万峰2005] 万峰 杜明辉 基于ASM和Gabor变换的人脸识别 计算机工程与设计 2005
[王博 2002] 王博 王毅 多灰度等级图象分割算法及实现 计算机工程与应用 2002
[王海波 2003] 王海波 蔡骏 MPEG-4脸部运动的编码和解码 电视技术 2003
[王济军 2005] 王济军 基于表情识别技术的情感计算在现代远程教育中的应用 天津师范大学 2005
[王新春 2003] 王新春 基于小波神经网络的人脸识别 论文 西安电子科技大学 2003
[王宇博 2005] 王宇博 艾海舟 人脸表情的实时分类 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报 2005
[王志良 2002] 王志良 陈锋军 人脸表情识别方法综述 北京科技大学信息工程学院 2002
[武宇文 2005] 武宇文 基于脸部二维形状与结构特征的表情识别研究 北京大学 2005
[吴国昌 2005] 吴国昌 复杂背景下人脸的定位与识别 计算机与信息技术 2005.3.
[巫影 2002] 巫影 神经网络综述 科技进步与对策 2002
[魏先民 2004] 魏先民 基于边缘特征的二值化阈值选取方法 2004 http://www.ahcit.com/\200507\20050719.doc
[徐毅琼 2003] 徐毅琼 隐马尔可夫模型在人脸检测与识别中的应用 现代通信理论与信号处理进展2003
[杨枝灵 2003] 杨枝灵 visualc++数字图像获取、处理及实践应用 人民邮电出版社2003
[杨述斌 2003] 杨述斌 图像边缘检测技术概述 武汉化工学院学报 2003 25(1):73-76
[叶亮 2004] 叶亮 一种基于变形模板匹配的人脸检测方法 计算机工程 2004
[叶敬福 2005] 叶敬福 基于Gabor小波变换的人脸表情特征提取 计算机工程 2005
[尹星云 2003] 尹星云 用隐马尔可夫模型设计人脸表情识别系统 电子科技大学学报 2003
[应理航 2002] 应理航 艾海舟 人脸检测子空间方法的研究 清华大学工学硕士论文 2002
[余兆明 2001] 余兆明 曾祎 模型基编码中的脸部运动估值研究 南京邮电学院学报(自然科学版)2001
[余棉水 2005] 余棉水 黎绍发 基于统计模型与小波的人脸对齐 计算机应用 2005
[於东军 2002] 於东军 基于神经网络的人脸特征提取及识别 计算机工程与应用 2002
[张雅兰 2002] 张雅兰 图像的二值化处理 广西工学院学报 2002
[章毓晋 2001] 章毓晋 图象分割 科学出版社 2001
[张杰 2005] 张杰 基于Hough变换圆检测的人眼精确定位方法 计算机工程与应用 2005
[张家树 2005] 张家树 陈辉 人脸表情自动识别技术研究进展 西南交通大学学报,2005
[张大鹏 2005] 张大鹏 基于小波和神经网络的人脸识别技术2005年全国理论计算机科学学术年会论文集 2005
[郑秀清 2002] 郑秀清 王玲 基于Hopfield神经网络的人脸识别系统 四川师范大学 硕士论文 2002
[左坤隆 2004] 左坤隆 基于活动外观模型的人脸表情分析与识别 光电子.激光 2004.6
[周志勇 2003] 周志勇 刘智明 基于彩色和投影的人脸检测和跟踪算法 2003
[周杰 2000] 周杰 人睑自动识别方法综述 电子学报 28(4):102-106 2000
[周艳平 2005] 周艳平 基于Gabor滤波的多分类器集成人脸表情识别 长沙交通学院学报 2005
[张书真 2005] 张书真 人脸检测技术浅析 中国西部科技 2005