含微电网的智能配电网规划理论及其应用研究
|
摘要
能源问题涉及国家安全,也是人类维持可持续发展的重要基础。加快能源建设和保障能源供给一直是我国经济建设与发展的重要目标之一。随着能源问题的日益突出,可再生能源利用逐渐得到国家和世界的广泛重视,并己成为我国的重点发展战略之一。随着化石能源的逐渐枯竭,可再生能源的利用比例将越来越高,在人类能源利用技术取得重大突破之前,可再生能源必将逐步取代化石能源,成为人类赖以生存的重要能源。微电网是科学利用分布式可再生能源的方式之一,也是未来电网建设的关键新技术。如何科学、合理地制定含微电网的智能电网规划,是摆在电网规划人员面前的一项具有挑战性的新任务。
目前国内外对含微电网的智能电网的规划方法,还鲜有研究结果与报道。我们在调研和研究的基础上,通过认真分析与总结,加强对基础理论和规划方法的研究,研究不同种类不同类型微电网的数学模型,突出含微电网的智能电网规划的必要性、科学性、实用性与可操作性,充实含微电网的智能电网规划理论,可填补国内外相关研究领域的空白,有利于分布式可再生能源的科学合理利用。
在正确规划理论的引导下,规划的正确合理应用也是至关重要的。如果微电网及其内部的分布式电源接入的种类、安装位置、分布式电源容量、储能容量及配比和电能质量治理等不合适,不仅不能发挥微电网的优势作用,还可能会对配电系统运行产生负面影响,如增加系统运行风险,增加电能损耗、导致系统电压稳定性降低、大幅度增加短路容量,降低系统可靠性等。因此,本文也对实际案例进行了应用研究。
本论文的主要研究内容包括：含微电网的配电网负荷预测、含微电网的配电网电源规划、含微电网的配电网网架规划、含微电网的配电网无功优化、含微电网的配电网经济性评价体系等相关内容。这些研究内容的有机结合,构成了含微电网的智能电网规划新体系。
本文提出的含微电网的智能配电网负荷预测模型,适合微电网接入的大电源优化方法,初步建立了含微电网的智能配电网电源规划理论；提出了有助于高渗透率微电网接入电网的网架技术经济优化设计方法,为微电网的经济合理接入提供了理论依据；通过研究微电网接入后对电网无功补偿的影响,提出了含高渗透率微电网的配电网无功优化方法,为提高微电网以及大电网的整体运行质量打下了基础；从技术经济性、可靠性角度,提出了含微电网的配电网经济性评价体系,为建立含微电网的智能电网的优化运营,提供了科学合理的评价依据,有力推动现代配电网的建设。
Energy problem is the important basis of sustainable development and it also relates to state security. To speed up the development of energy construction and to safeguard the supply of energy is one of the most important goals of construction and development of economy in China. As the problem of energy becomes more and more serious, renewable energy has caused high attention by our country and the world which has also become one of the key development strategies in China. At present, the use ratio of renewable energy will become higher as fossil energy dry up gradually. Before significant breakthrough in energy utilization technology renewable energy will take place of fossil fuels gradually and becomes the important energy to support human lives. Micro grid is one of the ways to make use of distributed renewable sources and will be the key technology for smart grid construction in the future. How to make planning for smart gird including micro grid scientifically and reasonably is the challenging task for grid planning personnel.
At present, there is few result and report about planning methods about the smart grid including micro-grid. Based on the research above, the paper analyses and concludes the research results seriously with high attention on basic theory and methods. It also makes research on mathematic models of micro grid in different kinds and different types. All the research above declares that planning of smart grid including micro grid is necessary, scientific, practical and maneuverable. On the other hand, enriches theory of smart grid planning including micro grid which fills in the blank of relevant research field in China or on abroad and makes guidance for scientific and reasonable use of distributed renewable energy.
With right guidance of planning theory, reasonable application of planning theory is also important. The unsuitable type or installation site or capacity of distributed source in micro grid will not play the role of distributed source, but also may cause bad effects on operation in distribution system, like enhances energy ploss, causes over-voltage, greatly increases short-circuit capacity, reduces system realibility and so on. So We study the actual application cases and analysis it.
The main research contents in this paper are load forecasting in smart distribution network including micro grid, research on source planning in smart distribution network including micro grid, research on network planning in smart distribution network including micro grid, research on reactive power optimization in smart distribution network including micro-grid, research on economic evaluation system in smart distribution network including micro grid and so on. Combination of these researches above has constituted the new planning system of smart distribution network including micro grid.
The paper has put forward the methods of load forecasting in smart distribution network including micro grid and has preliminarily established the model of load forecasting in smart distribution network including micro grid. On the other hand, it has put forward source optimization method which is suitable for grid with access of micro grid and has preliminarily established source planning system theory of power grid including micro grid. The paper has also put forward economic planning method for network optimization after access of micro grid with high permeability which provides theoretical basis for economic and reasonable access of micro grid. Through researches on the effect of reactive power compensation after access of micro grid, the paper has put forward methods of reactive power optimization of power grid including micro grid with high permeability which lays foundation for improving whole operation quality of grid and micro grid. At last, from the view of technical economy and reliability, the paper has put forward the economic evaluation system in distribution system including micro grid which provides scientific and optimization evaluation basis for reasonable operation of micro grid, and promote the construction of modern distribution.
目前国内外对含微电网的智能电网的规划方法,还鲜有研究结果与报道。我们在调研和研究的基础上,通过认真分析与总结,加强对基础理论和规划方法的研究,研究不同种类不同类型微电网的数学模型,突出含微电网的智能电网规划的必要性、科学性、实用性与可操作性,充实含微电网的智能电网规划理论,可填补国内外相关研究领域的空白,有利于分布式可再生能源的科学合理利用。
在正确规划理论的引导下,规划的正确合理应用也是至关重要的。如果微电网及其内部的分布式电源接入的种类、安装位置、分布式电源容量、储能容量及配比和电能质量治理等不合适,不仅不能发挥微电网的优势作用,还可能会对配电系统运行产生负面影响,如增加系统运行风险,增加电能损耗、导致系统电压稳定性降低、大幅度增加短路容量,降低系统可靠性等。因此,本文也对实际案例进行了应用研究。
本论文的主要研究内容包括：含微电网的配电网负荷预测、含微电网的配电网电源规划、含微电网的配电网网架规划、含微电网的配电网无功优化、含微电网的配电网经济性评价体系等相关内容。这些研究内容的有机结合,构成了含微电网的智能电网规划新体系。
本文提出的含微电网的智能配电网负荷预测模型,适合微电网接入的大电源优化方法,初步建立了含微电网的智能配电网电源规划理论；提出了有助于高渗透率微电网接入电网的网架技术经济优化设计方法,为微电网的经济合理接入提供了理论依据；通过研究微电网接入后对电网无功补偿的影响,提出了含高渗透率微电网的配电网无功优化方法,为提高微电网以及大电网的整体运行质量打下了基础；从技术经济性、可靠性角度,提出了含微电网的配电网经济性评价体系,为建立含微电网的智能电网的优化运营,提供了科学合理的评价依据,有力推动现代配电网的建设。
Energy problem is the important basis of sustainable development and it also relates to state security. To speed up the development of energy construction and to safeguard the supply of energy is one of the most important goals of construction and development of economy in China. As the problem of energy becomes more and more serious, renewable energy has caused high attention by our country and the world which has also become one of the key development strategies in China. At present, the use ratio of renewable energy will become higher as fossil energy dry up gradually. Before significant breakthrough in energy utilization technology renewable energy will take place of fossil fuels gradually and becomes the important energy to support human lives. Micro grid is one of the ways to make use of distributed renewable sources and will be the key technology for smart grid construction in the future. How to make planning for smart gird including micro grid scientifically and reasonably is the challenging task for grid planning personnel.
At present, there is few result and report about planning methods about the smart grid including micro-grid. Based on the research above, the paper analyses and concludes the research results seriously with high attention on basic theory and methods. It also makes research on mathematic models of micro grid in different kinds and different types. All the research above declares that planning of smart grid including micro grid is necessary, scientific, practical and maneuverable. On the other hand, enriches theory of smart grid planning including micro grid which fills in the blank of relevant research field in China or on abroad and makes guidance for scientific and reasonable use of distributed renewable energy.
With right guidance of planning theory, reasonable application of planning theory is also important. The unsuitable type or installation site or capacity of distributed source in micro grid will not play the role of distributed source, but also may cause bad effects on operation in distribution system, like enhances energy ploss, causes over-voltage, greatly increases short-circuit capacity, reduces system realibility and so on. So We study the actual application cases and analysis it.
The main research contents in this paper are load forecasting in smart distribution network including micro grid, research on source planning in smart distribution network including micro grid, research on network planning in smart distribution network including micro grid, research on reactive power optimization in smart distribution network including micro-grid, research on economic evaluation system in smart distribution network including micro grid and so on. Combination of these researches above has constituted the new planning system of smart distribution network including micro grid.
The paper has put forward the methods of load forecasting in smart distribution network including micro grid and has preliminarily established the model of load forecasting in smart distribution network including micro grid. On the other hand, it has put forward source optimization method which is suitable for grid with access of micro grid and has preliminarily established source planning system theory of power grid including micro grid. The paper has also put forward economic planning method for network optimization after access of micro grid with high permeability which provides theoretical basis for economic and reasonable access of micro grid. Through researches on the effect of reactive power compensation after access of micro grid, the paper has put forward methods of reactive power optimization of power grid including micro grid with high permeability which lays foundation for improving whole operation quality of grid and micro grid. At last, from the view of technical economy and reliability, the paper has put forward the economic evaluation system in distribution system including micro grid which provides scientific and optimization evaluation basis for reasonable operation of micro grid, and promote the construction of modern distribution.
引文
[1]张文亮,刘壮志,王明俊,杨旭升.智能电网的研究进展及发展趋势[J].电网技术,2009,33(13)：1-11
[2]United States Department of Energy Office of Electric Transmission and Distribution. The smart grid:http://www.oe.energy.gov/Documentsand/Media /DOE_SG_Book_Single_Pages(1).pdf.
[3]Liu C C, Jung J, Heydt G T, et al. Conceptual design of the strategic power infrastructure defense(SPID) system[J]. IEEE Control System Magazine,2000, 20(4):40-52.
[4]Massoud Amin. Toward self-healing energy infrastructure systems [J]. IEEE Computer Applications in Power,2001,14(1):20-28.
[5]王明俊.自愈电网与分布能源[J].电网技术,2007,31(6)：1-7.Wang Mingjun. Self-healing grid and distributed energy resource [J]. Power System Technology,2007,31(6):1-7(in Chinese).
[6]谢开,刘永奇,朱治中,等.面向未来的智能电网[J].中国电力,2008,41(6)：19-22. Xie Kai, Liu Yongqi, Zhu Zhizhong, et al. The vision of future smart grid[J]. Electric Power,2008,41(6):19-22(in Chinese).
[7]余贻鑫,栾文鹏.智能电网[J].电网与清洁能源,2009,25(1)：7-11.Yu Yixin, Luan Wenpeng. Smart grid[J]. Power System and Clean Energy,2009, 25(1):7-11 (in Chinese).
[8]陈树勇,宋书芳,李兰欣,等.智能电网技术综述[J].电网技术,2009,33(8)：1-7.Chen Shuyong, Song Shufang, Li Lanxin, et al. Survey on smart grid technology[J]. Power System Technology,2009,33(8):1-7(in Chinese).
[9]United States Department of Energy Office of Electric Transmission and Distribution. Grid2030:A national vision for electricity's second 100 years EB/OL. http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/Elec_Vision_2-9-4.pdf.
[10]Electric Power Research Institute. The integrated energy and communication systems architecture volume I:User guidelines and recommendations [EB/O L]. http://intelligrid. epri.com/docs/IECSA_VolumeI.pdf.
[11]柳明,何光宇,沈沉,等.IECSA项目介绍[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(13)： 99-104.Liu Ming, He Guangyu, Shen Chen, et al. Brief introduction to the IECSA project[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2006,30(13):99-104(in Chinese).
[12]Electric Power Research Institute. Intelligrid:Smart power for the 21st century[EB/OL].http://my.epri.com/portal/server.CommunityPage&cached=true&p arentname=ObjMgr&parentid=2&control=SetCommunity&CommunityID=405.
[13]European Commission. Strategic research agenda for Europe's electricity networks of the future[EB/OL]. http://www.smartgrids.eu/documents/sra/srafinaldraftversion_18Dec2006.pdf.
[14]European Commission. Strategic deployment document for Europe's electricity networks of the future[EB/OL]. http://www.smartgrids.eu/.
[15]IBM. Smart power for a smart planet EB/OL.http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ ideasfromibm/us/smartplanet/topics/utilities/2.0081124/smarterplanet_energy.pdf.
[16]The Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego School of Law.San Diego smart grid study-final report[EB/OL]. http://www.gridwise.org/pdf/061017_SDSmartGridStudyFINAL.pdf.
[17]PJM. PJM manual 01 control center and data exchange requirements [EB/OL].http://www.pjm.com/Media/documents/manuals/m01-redline.pdf.
[18]Xcel Energy. SmartGridCityTM:Design plan for Boulder, Colo [EB/OL]. http://smartgridcity.Xcelenergy.com/media/pdf/Smart Grid City DesignPlan.pdf.
[19]史忠植.智能主体及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2000：1-9.
[20]Wooldridge M, Jenings N R. Intelligent agents:Theory and practice[J]. The Knowledge Engineering Review,1995,10(2):115-152.
[21]Jennings N R, Sycara K, Wooldridge M. A roadmap of agent research and development[J]. Int Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 1998,1(1):275-306.
[22]盛万兴,杨旭升.多Agent系统及其在电力系统中的应用[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2007：16-26.
[23]Dimeas A, Hatziargyriou N. A multi-agent system for microgrids [C]. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, USA,2004.
[24]伍磊,袁岳,季侃,等.微型电网及其在防震减灾中的应用[J].电网技术,2008,32(16)：32-36.Wu Lei, Yuan Yue, Ji Kan, et al. Microgrid and its application in earthquake prevention and disaster reduction[J]. Power System Technology,2008,32(16): 32-36(in Chinese).
[25]李斌,刘天琪,李兴源.分布式电源接入对系统电压稳定性的影响[J].电网技术,2009,33(3)：84-88.Li Bin, Liu Tianqi, Li Xingyuan. Impact of distributed generation on power system voltage stability[J]. Power System Technology,2009,33(3):84-88(in Chinese).
[26]黄伟,孙昶辉,吴子平,等.含分布式发电系统的微电网技术研究综述[J].电网技术,2009,33(9)：14-18.Huang Wei, Sun Changhui, Wu Ziping, et al. A review on microgrid technology containing distributed generation systems[J]. Power System Technology,2009, 33(9):14-18(in Chinese).
[27]周明,李庚银,倪以信.电力市场下电力需求侧管理实施机制初探[J].电网技术,2005,29(5)：5-11.Zhou Ming, Li Gengyin, Ni Yixin. A preliminary research on implementation mechanism of demand side management under electricity market[J]. Power System Technology,2005,29(5):5-11 (in Chinese).
[28]European Commission. European technology platform smart-grids:Vision and strategyfor Europe's electricity networks of the future http://ec.europa.eu/research/ energy/pdf/smartgrids_en.pdf.
[29]鲁宗相,王彩霞,闵勇,等。微电网研究综述[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(19)：100-107
[30]李振杰,袁越。智能微电网——未来智能配电网新的组织形式[J].电力系统自动化,2009,33(17)：42-48
[31]Chris Marnay, Owen C Bailey. The CERTS Microgrid and the Future of the Microgrid [EB/OL]. [2006-11-01]. http://certs.lbl.gov/pdf/55281.pdf.
[32]J. D. Kueck, R. H. Staunton, S. D. Labinov and B. J. Kirby. Microgrid Energy Management System. California Energy Commission Consultant Report,2003.
[33]Ryan Firestone and Chris Marnay. Energy Manager Design for Microgrids. California Energy Commission Consultant Report,2005.
[34]Robert Lasseter. Control and Design of Microgrids Components. Power Systems Engineering Research Center Final Project Report,2006.
[35]SANCHEZ M. Overview of microgrid research and development activities in the EU [EB/OL]. [2006-10-23]. http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/conferences+ seminars/2006-06-23_microgrids_montreal/presentations/Presentation_11_Manuel -Sanchez, pdf.
[36]SATOSHI Morozumi. Overview of microgrid research and development activities in Japan [EB/OL]. [2006-10-23]. http://www.ceem.unsw.edu.au/content /userDocs/OverviewoMicrogridManagementandContro1000.pdf.
[37]DIGNARD-BAILEY L, KATIRAEI F. Overview of microgrid research and development activities in Canada [EB/OL]. [2006-10-23]. http://www.energy.ca. gov/pier/conferences+seminars/2006-06-23_microgrids_montreal/presentations/ Presentation_1_Lisa_Dignard.pdf.
[38]P. Piagi, R. Lasseter. Autonomous control of microgrids. Proceedings of 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting General Meeting,2006:8-15.
[39]J. A. Lopes, C. L. Moreira, A. G Madureira. Define control strategies for microgrids island operation. IEEE Power Transactions on Power Systems,2006, 21(2):586-595.
[40]M. N. Marwali, A. Keyhani. Control of distributed generation systems-Part I: Voltages and currents control. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2004, 19(6):1541-1550.
[41]杨丽徙,王金风,陈根永,王家耀.基于元胞自动机理论的电力负荷空间分布预测.电机工程学报.2007,27(4)：15-20.
[42]张节潭,程浩忠,黄微,石方迪,江峰青.含风电场的电源规划综述.电力系统及其自动化学报.2009,21(2)：35-41.
[43]张立军风电场建模和电源扩展规划研究.硕士学位论文.合肥工业大学.2006.
[44]陈树勇,戴慧珠,白晓民,周孝信.风电场的发电可靠性模型及其应用.中国电机工程学报.2000,20(3)：26-29.
[45]王敏,丁明.含分布式电源的配电系统规划.电力系统及其自动化学报.2004,16(6)：5-9.
[46]欧阳武,程浩忠,张秀彬,张节潭,辛洁晴,姚良忠.考虑分布式电源调峰的配电网规划.电力系统自动化.2008,32(22)：12-15.
[47]王志群,朱守真,周双喜,黄仁乐,王连贵.分布式发电对配电网电压分布的影响.电力系统自动化,2004,28(16)：56-60.
[48]KOJOVIC L. Impact of DG on voltage regulation//Proceedings of 2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting:Vol1, Jul 21-25,2002 Chicago, IL, USA. Piscataway, NJ,USA:IEEE,2002:97-102.
[49]章杜锡,徐祥海,杨莉,等.分布式电源对配网过电压的影响.电力系统自动 化,2007,31(12)：50-54.
[50]王志群,朱守真,周双喜,黄仁乐,王连贵.分布式发电接入位置和注入容量限制的研究.电力系统及其自动化学报,2005,17(1)：53-58.
[51]胡骅,吴汕,甘德强,等.考虑电压调整约束的多个分布式电源准入功率计算.中国电机工程学报,2006,26(19)：13-17.
[52]黄伟,熊军,徐祥海,等.考虑配网电压调节的分布式电源准入功率极限计算.电力系统自动化,2007,31(14)：43-46.
[53]江南,龚建荣,甘德强.考虑谐波影响的分布式电源准入功率计算.电力系统自动化,2007,31(3)：19-23.
[54]钱科军,袁越,ZHOU Cheng-ke.分布式发电对配电网可靠性的影响研究.电网技术.2008,32(11)：74-78.
[55]雷金勇,黄伟,夏翔,吴汕,熊军,王函韵,甘德强.考虑相间短路影响的分布式电源准入容量计算[J].电力系统自动化,2008,32(03)：82-85.
[56]陈海焱,陈金富,杨雄平,陈波,陈驾宇.配电网中计及短路电流约束的分布式发电规划.电力系统自动化,2006,30(21)：16-21.
[57]BRAHMA S M, GIRGIS A A. Development of adaptive protection scheme for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generation. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery,2004,19 (1):56-63.
[58]孙鸣,余娟,邓博.分布式发电对配电网线路保护影响的分析.电网技术.2009,33(8)：104-107.
[59]范李平,袁兆强,张凯.分布式发电对电力系统继电保护的影响.能源工程.2009,(02).
[60]申洪,梁军,戴慧珠.基于电力系统暂态稳定分析的风电场穿透功率极限计算.电网技术.2009,26(8)：8-11.
[61]王成山,陈恺,谢莹华,郑海峰.配电网扩展规划中分布式电源的选址和定容.电力系统自动化,2006,30(3)：38-43.
[62]陈琳,钟金,倪以信,甘德强,熊军,夏翔.含分布式发电的配电网无功优化.电力系统自动化.2006,(7).
[63]高秀航,分布式发电配电网动态无功补偿装置控制策略的研究.硕士学位论文.天津大学.2007,(6).
[64]王瑞,林飞,游小杰,郑琼林.基于遗传算法的分布式发电系统无功优化控制策略研究.电力系统保护与控制.2009,(1).
[65]Chakraborty S. Simoes M G. Fuzzy ARTMAP based forecast of renewable generation for a high frequency AC microgrid [C]//The 32nd Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. Paris, France:2005.
[66]Patram S B, Mitram J, Ranade S J. Microgrid architecture:a reliability constrained approach[C]//2005 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. San Francisco, USA:2005.
[67]Hernandez-Aramburo C A, Green T C. Fuel consumption minimisation of a micro-grid [C]//Conference Record of the IEEE 39th IAS Annual Meeting Seattle.USA:2004.
[68]Davis M W. Mini gas turbines and high speed generators a preferred choice for serving large commercial customers and microgrids. Ⅰ. Generating system [C]/ 2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. Chicago, USA:2002
[69]Davis M W. Mini gas turbines and high speed generators a preferred choice for serving large commercial customers and microgrids Ⅱ Microgrids [C]//.2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. Chicago, USA:2002
[70]Ghiani E,Mocci S, Pilo F. Optimal reconfiguration of distribution networks according to the microgrid paradigm [C]//2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems. Amsterdam, Netherlands:2005.
[71]Hatziargyriou N D, Dimeas A, Tsikalakis A G, et al. Management of microgrids in market environment [C]//2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems. Amsterdam,N etherlands:2005.
[72]Pudjianto D, Strbac G, van Overbeeke F, et at. Investigation of regulatory commercial, economic and environmental issues in microGrids[C]//2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems. Amsterdam, Netherlands: 2005.
[73]Alibhai Z, Gruver W A, Kotak D B, et at. Distributed coordination of micro-grids using bilateral contracts [C]//2004 IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics. Hague, Holland:2004.
[74]何启明,王奔.基于改进粒子群算法的多目标无功优化[J].电网与清洁能源,2009,25(5)：11-14.
[75]杨延西,刘丁.基于小波变换和最小二乘支持向量机的短期电力负荷预测[J].电网技术,2005,29(13)：60-64.
[76]李元诚,方廷健,于尔铿.短期负荷预测的支持向量机方法研究[J],中国电机工程学报.2003,23(6)：55-59.
[77]H. Lee Willis,2004, "Power Distribution Planning Reference Book (Second Edition, Revised and Expanded)". Marcel Dekker Inc., Raleigh, U.S.A.,400-420.
[78]范明天,基于可靠性的配电网规划思路和方法.供用电,28(1)：12-18,2011.4
[79]范明天,苏傲雪,基于可靠性规划的项目评价方法.供用电,28(2)：11-14,2011.2
[80]范明天,张祖平,岳宗斌,配电网络规划与设计(第二版),北京：中国电力出版社,2003.9,47-66.
[81]Robert Lasseter, Abbas Akhil, Chris Marnay, John Stephens, Jeff Dagle, Ross Guttromson, A. Sakis Meliopoulous, Robert Yinger, and Joe Eto. The CERTS MicroGrid Concept. http://certs.1b.1gov/pdf/50829.pdf.April 2002.
[82]肖朝霞.微电网控制及运行特性分析[D].天津：天津大学.2008.
[83]黄伟,孙昶辉,吴子平,张建华.含分布式发电系统的微电网技术研究综述[J].电网技术.2009(33)9：14-18.
[84]王成山,杨占刚,王守相,车延博.微电网实验系统结构特征及控制模式分析[J].电力系统自动化.2010,34(1)：99-105.
[85]C.E.Jones.Local control of MicroGrids using energy storage[D].University of Manchester,UK, PhD thesis,2007.
[86]N.Jayawarna,X.Wut,Y.Zhangt,and et al.Stability of a MicroGrid[C].The 3rd IET International Conference on Power Electronics,Machines and Drives,Ireland,2006: 316-320.
[87]COBBEN S. Bronsbergen:the first microgrid in the Netherlands//Proceedings of the Kythnos 2008 Symposium on Microgrids, June 2,2008, Kythnos Island, Greece.
[88]GEORGAKIS D, PAPATH ANASSIOU S,HAT ZIARGYRIOU N. Operation of a proto type microgrid system based on micro sources quipped with fast acting power electronics interfaces//Proceedings of the 35th Power Electronics Specialist s Conference:Vol 4, June 20-25,2004,Aachen, Germ any:2521-2526.
[89]HARA R. Demonstration project of 5MW PV generator system at Wakkanai// Proceedings of the Kythnos 2008 Symposium on Microgrids, June 2,2008, Kythnos Island, Greece.
[90]HAT ZIARGYRIOU N. Overview of microgrid R & D in Europe//Proceedings of the Nagoya 2007 Symposium on Microgrids, April 6,2007, Nogoya, Japan.
[91]徐建源,李家,张明里,等.微电网中压直撑控制方法研究[J].电网技术,2012,36(9)：36-42.
[92]PIAGIP, LASSETE R RH. Control an d design of microgrid components[EB/ OL]. [2009.03.25]. http://www.pserc.org/cgi.pserc/getbig/publication/report s/2006 report/lasset er_MicroGrid control_final_project_report.pdf.
[93]LI Yunwei, VIATH GAMUWA M. Design, analysis, and real time testing of a controller for multi-bus microgrid system. IEEE Trans on Power Electronics,2004, 19(5):1195-1204.
[94]牟晓春,毕大强,任先文.低压微电网综合控制策略设计[J].电力系统自化.2010(34)19：91-96.
[95]李福东,吴敏.微电网孤岛模式下负荷分配的改进控制策略[J].中国电机工程学报.2011(31)13：18-25.
[96]纪明伟,张兴,杨淑英.基于电压源逆变器的微电网控制策略[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版).2009(32)11：1678-1 682.
[97]周念成,池源,王强钢.含非线性及不平衡负荷的微电网控制策略[J].电力系统自动化.2010(35)9：61-66.
[98]Hristiyan Kanchev, Di Lu, Frederic Colas Member, Vladimir Lazarov, Bruno Francois, Senior Member, IEEE. Energy management and operational planning of a microgrid with a PV-based active generator for Smart Grid Applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL.58, NO.10, OCTOBER 2011.
[99]T. Logenthiran, Student Member, IEEE, D. Srinivasan, Senior Member, IEEE, A. M. Khambadkone, Senior Member, IEEE, and H. N. Aung, Member, IEEE. Scalable Multi-Agent System (MAS) for Operation of a Microgrid in Islanded Mode.// Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES) & 2010 Power India. Page(s):1-6.2010.
[100]杨艳天.微电网控制技术的研究[D].杭州：浙江工业大学.2010.
[101]张建华,苏玲,陈勇,苏静,王利.微电网的能量管理及其控制策略[J].电网技术.2011(35)7：24-28.
[102]J. D. Kueck, R.H. Staunton, S. D. Labinov, B.J. Kirby. Microgrid Energy ManagementSystem.January29,2003. http://consultkirby.com/files/TM
[103]苑舜,韩水.配电网无功优化及无功补偿装置[M].北京：中国电力出版社.2003.
[104]周双喜,杨彬.实现无功优化的新算法—遗传算法[J].电力系统自动化,1995,19(11)：19-23.
[105]文劲宇,刘沛.遗传算法及其在电力系统中的应用[J].电力系统自动化,1996,20 (10)：57-60.
[106]刘宝英,杨仁刚.采用辅助问题原理的多分区并行无功优化算法.中国电机工程学报,2009,29(7)：47-51.
[107]Patram S B, Mitram J, Ranade S J. Microgrid architecture:a reliability constrained approach[C]//2005 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. San Francisco, USA:2005.
[108]Hernandez-Aramburo C A, Green T C. Fuel consumption minimisation of a micro-grid [C]//Conference Record of the IEEE 39th IAS Annual Meeting Seattle.USA:2004.
[109]Davis M W. Mini gas turbines and high speed generators a preferred choice for serving large commercial customers and microgrids. Ⅰ. Generating system [C]/ 2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. Chicago, USA:2002
[110]王小波,刘德强,基于人工神经网络的短期负荷预测的研究,电力学报[J],2011,26(4),287-289.
[111]王奔,冷北雪,张喜海,单羽中嗥,从振,支持向量机在短期负荷预测中的应用概况[J],电力系统及其自动化学报,2011,23(4),115-118.
[112]黎静华,韦化,基于诱导有序加权平均算子的最优组合短期负荷预测[J],电网技术,2011,35(10),177-190.
[113]季泽宇,袁越,邹文仲,改进偏最小二乘回归在电力负荷预测中的应用[J],电力需求侧管理,2011,13(1),10-14.
[114]刘学平,刘天琪,王剑,基于小生境的配电网多目标分布式电源规划[J],电网技术,2010,34(10),126-130.
[115]舒杰,张先勇,沈玉梁,吴昌宏,可再生能源分布式微电网电源规划方法及应用[J],控制理论与应用,2010,27(5),675-680.
[116]张立梅,唐巍,王少林,赵云军,综合考虑配电公司及独立发电商利益的分布式电源规划[J],电力系统自动化,2011,35(4),23-27.
[117]袁建党,袁铁江,晁勤,李义岩,电力市场环境下大规模风电并网系统电源规划研究[J],电力系统保护与控制,2011,39(5),22-27.
[118]陈启鑫,康重庆,夏清,周意诚,横山隆一,电力行业低碳化的关键要素分析及其对电源规划的影响[J],电力系统自动化,2009,33(15),18-23.
[119]徐赫,李欣,汪海,杨娜,洪镜雅,基于改进遗传算法的配电网网架规划[J],广东电力,2010,23(6),5-9.
[120]王腾,王倩,张红涛,张洪源,郑凯,基于量子进化算法的配电网架规划[J],四川电力技术,2010,33(5),75-80.
[121]刘健,杨文字,赵高长,基于蒙特卡罗分析的配电网架规划方法比较[J],中国电机工程学报,2006,26(10),73-78.
[122]杨毅,韦钢,周冰,张鑫,基于模糊期望值模型的配电网网架规划[J],电工技术学报,2011,26(4),200-206.
[123]牛雪媛,陈根永,谢志棠,刘向实,考虑停电损失的配电网网架规划的免疫算法[J],继电器,2004,32(7),10-15.
[124]张丽,徐玉琴,王增平,李雪冬,李鹏,包含分布式电源的配电网无功优化[J],电工技术学报,2011,26(3),168-172.
[125]张靠社,华志强,王媛,阎泊.含分布式发电系统的配电网无功优化研究[J],电网与清洁能源,2011,27(4),22-25.
[126]袁远,陈劲操,张俊芳,基于改进的人工鱼群算法的配电网无功优化[J],江苏电机工程,2010,29(3).
[127]张磊,任惠,胡文平,金超,滕卫军,基于BPA对配电网无功优化的研究[J],广东电力,201 1,24(1).
[128]刘明,马晓久,王海静,智能电网工程应用与发展[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社.2011.
[129]刘立群,等,新能源供电系统优化控制,[M].北京：电子工业出版社.2011.
[130]何勇秀等,电力综合评价方法及应用[M].北京：中国电力出版社.2011.
[131]魏一鸣,魏建玲,廖华等,能源经济学[M].北京：科学出版社.2011.
[2]United States Department of Energy Office of Electric Transmission and Distribution. The smart grid:http://www.oe.energy.gov/Documentsand/Media /DOE_SG_Book_Single_Pages(1).pdf.
[3]Liu C C, Jung J, Heydt G T, et al. Conceptual design of the strategic power infrastructure defense(SPID) system[J]. IEEE Control System Magazine,2000, 20(4):40-52.
[4]Massoud Amin. Toward self-healing energy infrastructure systems [J]. IEEE Computer Applications in Power,2001,14(1):20-28.
[5]王明俊.自愈电网与分布能源[J].电网技术,2007,31(6)：1-7.Wang Mingjun. Self-healing grid and distributed energy resource [J]. Power System Technology,2007,31(6):1-7(in Chinese).
[6]谢开,刘永奇,朱治中,等.面向未来的智能电网[J].中国电力,2008,41(6)：19-22. Xie Kai, Liu Yongqi, Zhu Zhizhong, et al. The vision of future smart grid[J]. Electric Power,2008,41(6):19-22(in Chinese).
[7]余贻鑫,栾文鹏.智能电网[J].电网与清洁能源,2009,25(1)：7-11.Yu Yixin, Luan Wenpeng. Smart grid[J]. Power System and Clean Energy,2009, 25(1):7-11 (in Chinese).
[8]陈树勇,宋书芳,李兰欣,等.智能电网技术综述[J].电网技术,2009,33(8)：1-7.Chen Shuyong, Song Shufang, Li Lanxin, et al. Survey on smart grid technology[J]. Power System Technology,2009,33(8):1-7(in Chinese).
[9]United States Department of Energy Office of Electric Transmission and Distribution. Grid2030:A national vision for electricity's second 100 years EB/OL. http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/Elec_Vision_2-9-4.pdf.
[10]Electric Power Research Institute. The integrated energy and communication systems architecture volume I:User guidelines and recommendations [EB/O L]. http://intelligrid. epri.com/docs/IECSA_VolumeI.pdf.
[11]柳明,何光宇,沈沉,等.IECSA项目介绍[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(13)： 99-104.Liu Ming, He Guangyu, Shen Chen, et al. Brief introduction to the IECSA project[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2006,30(13):99-104(in Chinese).
[12]Electric Power Research Institute. Intelligrid:Smart power for the 21st century[EB/OL].http://my.epri.com/portal/server.CommunityPage&cached=true&p arentname=ObjMgr&parentid=2&control=SetCommunity&CommunityID=405.
[13]European Commission. Strategic research agenda for Europe's electricity networks of the future[EB/OL]. http://www.smartgrids.eu/documents/sra/srafinaldraftversion_18Dec2006.pdf.
[14]European Commission. Strategic deployment document for Europe's electricity networks of the future[EB/OL]. http://www.smartgrids.eu/.
[15]IBM. Smart power for a smart planet EB/OL.http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ ideasfromibm/us/smartplanet/topics/utilities/2.0081124/smarterplanet_energy.pdf.
[16]The Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego School of Law.San Diego smart grid study-final report[EB/OL]. http://www.gridwise.org/pdf/061017_SDSmartGridStudyFINAL.pdf.
[17]PJM. PJM manual 01 control center and data exchange requirements [EB/OL].http://www.pjm.com/Media/documents/manuals/m01-redline.pdf.
[18]Xcel Energy. SmartGridCityTM:Design plan for Boulder, Colo [EB/OL]. http://smartgridcity.Xcelenergy.com/media/pdf/Smart Grid City DesignPlan.pdf.
[19]史忠植.智能主体及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2000：1-9.
[20]Wooldridge M, Jenings N R. Intelligent agents:Theory and practice[J]. The Knowledge Engineering Review,1995,10(2):115-152.
[21]Jennings N R, Sycara K, Wooldridge M. A roadmap of agent research and development[J]. Int Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 1998,1(1):275-306.
[22]盛万兴,杨旭升.多Agent系统及其在电力系统中的应用[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2007：16-26.
[23]Dimeas A, Hatziargyriou N. A multi-agent system for microgrids [C]. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, USA,2004.
[24]伍磊,袁岳,季侃,等.微型电网及其在防震减灾中的应用[J].电网技术,2008,32(16)：32-36.Wu Lei, Yuan Yue, Ji Kan, et al. Microgrid and its application in earthquake prevention and disaster reduction[J]. Power System Technology,2008,32(16): 32-36(in Chinese).
[25]李斌,刘天琪,李兴源.分布式电源接入对系统电压稳定性的影响[J].电网技术,2009,33(3)：84-88.Li Bin, Liu Tianqi, Li Xingyuan. Impact of distributed generation on power system voltage stability[J]. Power System Technology,2009,33(3):84-88(in Chinese).
[26]黄伟,孙昶辉,吴子平,等.含分布式发电系统的微电网技术研究综述[J].电网技术,2009,33(9)：14-18.Huang Wei, Sun Changhui, Wu Ziping, et al. A review on microgrid technology containing distributed generation systems[J]. Power System Technology,2009, 33(9):14-18(in Chinese).
[27]周明,李庚银,倪以信.电力市场下电力需求侧管理实施机制初探[J].电网技术,2005,29(5)：5-11.Zhou Ming, Li Gengyin, Ni Yixin. A preliminary research on implementation mechanism of demand side management under electricity market[J]. Power System Technology,2005,29(5):5-11 (in Chinese).
[28]European Commission. European technology platform smart-grids:Vision and strategyfor Europe's electricity networks of the future http://ec.europa.eu/research/ energy/pdf/smartgrids_en.pdf.
[29]鲁宗相,王彩霞,闵勇,等。微电网研究综述[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(19)：100-107
[30]李振杰,袁越。智能微电网——未来智能配电网新的组织形式[J].电力系统自动化,2009,33(17)：42-48
[31]Chris Marnay, Owen C Bailey. The CERTS Microgrid and the Future of the Microgrid [EB/OL]. [2006-11-01]. http://certs.lbl.gov/pdf/55281.pdf.
[32]J. D. Kueck, R. H. Staunton, S. D. Labinov and B. J. Kirby. Microgrid Energy Management System. California Energy Commission Consultant Report,2003.
[33]Ryan Firestone and Chris Marnay. Energy Manager Design for Microgrids. California Energy Commission Consultant Report,2005.
[34]Robert Lasseter. Control and Design of Microgrids Components. Power Systems Engineering Research Center Final Project Report,2006.
[35]SANCHEZ M. Overview of microgrid research and development activities in the EU [EB/OL]. [2006-10-23]. http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/conferences+ seminars/2006-06-23_microgrids_montreal/presentations/Presentation_11_Manuel -Sanchez, pdf.
[36]SATOSHI Morozumi. Overview of microgrid research and development activities in Japan [EB/OL]. [2006-10-23]. http://www.ceem.unsw.edu.au/content /userDocs/OverviewoMicrogridManagementandContro1000.pdf.
[37]DIGNARD-BAILEY L, KATIRAEI F. Overview of microgrid research and development activities in Canada [EB/OL]. [2006-10-23]. http://www.energy.ca. gov/pier/conferences+seminars/2006-06-23_microgrids_montreal/presentations/ Presentation_1_Lisa_Dignard.pdf.
[38]P. Piagi, R. Lasseter. Autonomous control of microgrids. Proceedings of 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting General Meeting,2006:8-15.
[39]J. A. Lopes, C. L. Moreira, A. G Madureira. Define control strategies for microgrids island operation. IEEE Power Transactions on Power Systems,2006, 21(2):586-595.
[40]M. N. Marwali, A. Keyhani. Control of distributed generation systems-Part I: Voltages and currents control. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2004, 19(6):1541-1550.
[41]杨丽徙,王金风,陈根永,王家耀.基于元胞自动机理论的电力负荷空间分布预测.电机工程学报.2007,27(4)：15-20.
[42]张节潭,程浩忠,黄微,石方迪,江峰青.含风电场的电源规划综述.电力系统及其自动化学报.2009,21(2)：35-41.
[43]张立军风电场建模和电源扩展规划研究.硕士学位论文.合肥工业大学.2006.
[44]陈树勇,戴慧珠,白晓民,周孝信.风电场的发电可靠性模型及其应用.中国电机工程学报.2000,20(3)：26-29.
[45]王敏,丁明.含分布式电源的配电系统规划.电力系统及其自动化学报.2004,16(6)：5-9.
[46]欧阳武,程浩忠,张秀彬,张节潭,辛洁晴,姚良忠.考虑分布式电源调峰的配电网规划.电力系统自动化.2008,32(22)：12-15.
[47]王志群,朱守真,周双喜,黄仁乐,王连贵.分布式发电对配电网电压分布的影响.电力系统自动化,2004,28(16)：56-60.
[48]KOJOVIC L. Impact of DG on voltage regulation//Proceedings of 2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting:Vol1, Jul 21-25,2002 Chicago, IL, USA. Piscataway, NJ,USA:IEEE,2002:97-102.
[49]章杜锡,徐祥海,杨莉,等.分布式电源对配网过电压的影响.电力系统自动 化,2007,31(12)：50-54.
[50]王志群,朱守真,周双喜,黄仁乐,王连贵.分布式发电接入位置和注入容量限制的研究.电力系统及其自动化学报,2005,17(1)：53-58.
[51]胡骅,吴汕,甘德强,等.考虑电压调整约束的多个分布式电源准入功率计算.中国电机工程学报,2006,26(19)：13-17.
[52]黄伟,熊军,徐祥海,等.考虑配网电压调节的分布式电源准入功率极限计算.电力系统自动化,2007,31(14)：43-46.
[53]江南,龚建荣,甘德强.考虑谐波影响的分布式电源准入功率计算.电力系统自动化,2007,31(3)：19-23.
[54]钱科军,袁越,ZHOU Cheng-ke.分布式发电对配电网可靠性的影响研究.电网技术.2008,32(11)：74-78.
[55]雷金勇,黄伟,夏翔,吴汕,熊军,王函韵,甘德强.考虑相间短路影响的分布式电源准入容量计算[J].电力系统自动化,2008,32(03)：82-85.
[56]陈海焱,陈金富,杨雄平,陈波,陈驾宇.配电网中计及短路电流约束的分布式发电规划.电力系统自动化,2006,30(21)：16-21.
[57]BRAHMA S M, GIRGIS A A. Development of adaptive protection scheme for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generation. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery,2004,19 (1):56-63.
[58]孙鸣,余娟,邓博.分布式发电对配电网线路保护影响的分析.电网技术.2009,33(8)：104-107.
[59]范李平,袁兆强,张凯.分布式发电对电力系统继电保护的影响.能源工程.2009,(02).
[60]申洪,梁军,戴慧珠.基于电力系统暂态稳定分析的风电场穿透功率极限计算.电网技术.2009,26(8)：8-11.
[61]王成山,陈恺,谢莹华,郑海峰.配电网扩展规划中分布式电源的选址和定容.电力系统自动化,2006,30(3)：38-43.
[62]陈琳,钟金,倪以信,甘德强,熊军,夏翔.含分布式发电的配电网无功优化.电力系统自动化.2006,(7).
[63]高秀航,分布式发电配电网动态无功补偿装置控制策略的研究.硕士学位论文.天津大学.2007,(6).
[64]王瑞,林飞,游小杰,郑琼林.基于遗传算法的分布式发电系统无功优化控制策略研究.电力系统保护与控制.2009,(1).
[65]Chakraborty S. Simoes M G. Fuzzy ARTMAP based forecast of renewable generation for a high frequency AC microgrid [C]//The 32nd Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. Paris, France:2005.
[66]Patram S B, Mitram J, Ranade S J. Microgrid architecture:a reliability constrained approach[C]//2005 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. San Francisco, USA:2005.
[67]Hernandez-Aramburo C A, Green T C. Fuel consumption minimisation of a micro-grid [C]//Conference Record of the IEEE 39th IAS Annual Meeting Seattle.USA:2004.
[68]Davis M W. Mini gas turbines and high speed generators a preferred choice for serving large commercial customers and microgrids. Ⅰ. Generating system [C]/ 2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. Chicago, USA:2002
[69]Davis M W. Mini gas turbines and high speed generators a preferred choice for serving large commercial customers and microgrids Ⅱ Microgrids [C]//.2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. Chicago, USA:2002
[70]Ghiani E,Mocci S, Pilo F. Optimal reconfiguration of distribution networks according to the microgrid paradigm [C]//2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems. Amsterdam, Netherlands:2005.
[71]Hatziargyriou N D, Dimeas A, Tsikalakis A G, et al. Management of microgrids in market environment [C]//2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems. Amsterdam,N etherlands:2005.
[72]Pudjianto D, Strbac G, van Overbeeke F, et at. Investigation of regulatory commercial, economic and environmental issues in microGrids[C]//2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems. Amsterdam, Netherlands: 2005.
[73]Alibhai Z, Gruver W A, Kotak D B, et at. Distributed coordination of micro-grids using bilateral contracts [C]//2004 IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics. Hague, Holland:2004.
[74]何启明,王奔.基于改进粒子群算法的多目标无功优化[J].电网与清洁能源,2009,25(5)：11-14.
[75]杨延西,刘丁.基于小波变换和最小二乘支持向量机的短期电力负荷预测[J].电网技术,2005,29(13)：60-64.
[76]李元诚,方廷健,于尔铿.短期负荷预测的支持向量机方法研究[J],中国电机工程学报.2003,23(6)：55-59.
[77]H. Lee Willis,2004, "Power Distribution Planning Reference Book (Second Edition, Revised and Expanded)". Marcel Dekker Inc., Raleigh, U.S.A.,400-420.
[78]范明天,基于可靠性的配电网规划思路和方法.供用电,28(1)：12-18,2011.4
[79]范明天,苏傲雪,基于可靠性规划的项目评价方法.供用电,28(2)：11-14,2011.2
[80]范明天,张祖平,岳宗斌,配电网络规划与设计(第二版),北京：中国电力出版社,2003.9,47-66.
[81]Robert Lasseter, Abbas Akhil, Chris Marnay, John Stephens, Jeff Dagle, Ross Guttromson, A. Sakis Meliopoulous, Robert Yinger, and Joe Eto. The CERTS MicroGrid Concept. http://certs.1b.1gov/pdf/50829.pdf.April 2002.
[82]肖朝霞.微电网控制及运行特性分析[D].天津：天津大学.2008.
[83]黄伟,孙昶辉,吴子平,张建华.含分布式发电系统的微电网技术研究综述[J].电网技术.2009(33)9：14-18.
[84]王成山,杨占刚,王守相,车延博.微电网实验系统结构特征及控制模式分析[J].电力系统自动化.2010,34(1)：99-105.
[85]C.E.Jones.Local control of MicroGrids using energy storage[D].University of Manchester,UK, PhD thesis,2007.
[86]N.Jayawarna,X.Wut,Y.Zhangt,and et al.Stability of a MicroGrid[C].The 3rd IET International Conference on Power Electronics,Machines and Drives,Ireland,2006: 316-320.
[87]COBBEN S. Bronsbergen:the first microgrid in the Netherlands//Proceedings of the Kythnos 2008 Symposium on Microgrids, June 2,2008, Kythnos Island, Greece.
[88]GEORGAKIS D, PAPATH ANASSIOU S,HAT ZIARGYRIOU N. Operation of a proto type microgrid system based on micro sources quipped with fast acting power electronics interfaces//Proceedings of the 35th Power Electronics Specialist s Conference:Vol 4, June 20-25,2004,Aachen, Germ any:2521-2526.
[89]HARA R. Demonstration project of 5MW PV generator system at Wakkanai// Proceedings of the Kythnos 2008 Symposium on Microgrids, June 2,2008, Kythnos Island, Greece.
[90]HAT ZIARGYRIOU N. Overview of microgrid R & D in Europe//Proceedings of the Nagoya 2007 Symposium on Microgrids, April 6,2007, Nogoya, Japan.
[91]徐建源,李家,张明里,等.微电网中压直撑控制方法研究[J].电网技术,2012,36(9)：36-42.
[92]PIAGIP, LASSETE R RH. Control an d design of microgrid components[EB/ OL]. [2009.03.25]. http://www.pserc.org/cgi.pserc/getbig/publication/report s/2006 report/lasset er_MicroGrid control_final_project_report.pdf.
[93]LI Yunwei, VIATH GAMUWA M. Design, analysis, and real time testing of a controller for multi-bus microgrid system. IEEE Trans on Power Electronics,2004, 19(5):1195-1204.
[94]牟晓春,毕大强,任先文.低压微电网综合控制策略设计[J].电力系统自化.2010(34)19：91-96.
[95]李福东,吴敏.微电网孤岛模式下负荷分配的改进控制策略[J].中国电机工程学报.2011(31)13：18-25.
[96]纪明伟,张兴,杨淑英.基于电压源逆变器的微电网控制策略[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版).2009(32)11：1678-1 682.
[97]周念成,池源,王强钢.含非线性及不平衡负荷的微电网控制策略[J].电力系统自动化.2010(35)9：61-66.
[98]Hristiyan Kanchev, Di Lu, Frederic Colas Member, Vladimir Lazarov, Bruno Francois, Senior Member, IEEE. Energy management and operational planning of a microgrid with a PV-based active generator for Smart Grid Applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL.58, NO.10, OCTOBER 2011.
[99]T. Logenthiran, Student Member, IEEE, D. Srinivasan, Senior Member, IEEE, A. M. Khambadkone, Senior Member, IEEE, and H. N. Aung, Member, IEEE. Scalable Multi-Agent System (MAS) for Operation of a Microgrid in Islanded Mode.// Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES) & 2010 Power India. Page(s):1-6.2010.
[100]杨艳天.微电网控制技术的研究[D].杭州：浙江工业大学.2010.
[101]张建华,苏玲,陈勇,苏静,王利.微电网的能量管理及其控制策略[J].电网技术.2011(35)7：24-28.
[102]J. D. Kueck, R.H. Staunton, S. D. Labinov, B.J. Kirby. Microgrid Energy ManagementSystem.January29,2003. http://consultkirby.com/files/TM
[103]苑舜,韩水.配电网无功优化及无功补偿装置[M].北京：中国电力出版社.2003.
[104]周双喜,杨彬.实现无功优化的新算法—遗传算法[J].电力系统自动化,1995,19(11)：19-23.
[105]文劲宇,刘沛.遗传算法及其在电力系统中的应用[J].电力系统自动化,1996,20 (10)：57-60.
[106]刘宝英,杨仁刚.采用辅助问题原理的多分区并行无功优化算法.中国电机工程学报,2009,29(7)：47-51.
[107]Patram S B, Mitram J, Ranade S J. Microgrid architecture:a reliability constrained approach[C]//2005 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. San Francisco, USA:2005.
[108]Hernandez-Aramburo C A, Green T C. Fuel consumption minimisation of a micro-grid [C]//Conference Record of the IEEE 39th IAS Annual Meeting Seattle.USA:2004.
[109]Davis M W. Mini gas turbines and high speed generators a preferred choice for serving large commercial customers and microgrids. Ⅰ. Generating system [C]/ 2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. Chicago, USA:2002
[110]王小波,刘德强,基于人工神经网络的短期负荷预测的研究,电力学报[J],2011,26(4),287-289.
[111]王奔,冷北雪,张喜海,单羽中嗥,从振,支持向量机在短期负荷预测中的应用概况[J],电力系统及其自动化学报,2011,23(4),115-118.
[112]黎静华,韦化,基于诱导有序加权平均算子的最优组合短期负荷预测[J],电网技术,2011,35(10),177-190.
[113]季泽宇,袁越,邹文仲,改进偏最小二乘回归在电力负荷预测中的应用[J],电力需求侧管理,2011,13(1),10-14.
[114]刘学平,刘天琪,王剑,基于小生境的配电网多目标分布式电源规划[J],电网技术,2010,34(10),126-130.
[115]舒杰,张先勇,沈玉梁,吴昌宏,可再生能源分布式微电网电源规划方法及应用[J],控制理论与应用,2010,27(5),675-680.
[116]张立梅,唐巍,王少林,赵云军,综合考虑配电公司及独立发电商利益的分布式电源规划[J],电力系统自动化,2011,35(4),23-27.
[117]袁建党,袁铁江,晁勤,李义岩,电力市场环境下大规模风电并网系统电源规划研究[J],电力系统保护与控制,2011,39(5),22-27.
[118]陈启鑫,康重庆,夏清,周意诚,横山隆一,电力行业低碳化的关键要素分析及其对电源规划的影响[J],电力系统自动化,2009,33(15),18-23.
[119]徐赫,李欣,汪海,杨娜,洪镜雅,基于改进遗传算法的配电网网架规划[J],广东电力,2010,23(6),5-9.
[120]王腾,王倩,张红涛,张洪源,郑凯,基于量子进化算法的配电网架规划[J],四川电力技术,2010,33(5),75-80.
[121]刘健,杨文字,赵高长,基于蒙特卡罗分析的配电网架规划方法比较[J],中国电机工程学报,2006,26(10),73-78.
[122]杨毅,韦钢,周冰,张鑫,基于模糊期望值模型的配电网网架规划[J],电工技术学报,2011,26(4),200-206.
[123]牛雪媛,陈根永,谢志棠,刘向实,考虑停电损失的配电网网架规划的免疫算法[J],继电器,2004,32(7),10-15.
[124]张丽,徐玉琴,王增平,李雪冬,李鹏,包含分布式电源的配电网无功优化[J],电工技术学报,2011,26(3),168-172.
[125]张靠社,华志强,王媛,阎泊.含分布式发电系统的配电网无功优化研究[J],电网与清洁能源,2011,27(4),22-25.
[126]袁远,陈劲操,张俊芳,基于改进的人工鱼群算法的配电网无功优化[J],江苏电机工程,2010,29(3).
[127]张磊,任惠,胡文平,金超,滕卫军,基于BPA对配电网无功优化的研究[J],广东电力,201 1,24(1).
[128]刘明,马晓久,王海静,智能电网工程应用与发展[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社.2011.
[129]刘立群,等,新能源供电系统优化控制,[M].北京：电子工业出版社.2011.
[130]何勇秀等,电力综合评价方法及应用[M].北京：中国电力出版社.2011.
[131]魏一鸣,魏建玲,廖华等,能源经济学[M].北京：科学出版社.2011.