粉砂质海床对管跨涡激振动响应的研究
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摘要
海底管道是一种高效连续的输运方式，其安全性和可靠性在规模日益扩大的海洋油气开发领域起着至关重要的作用。本文以国家自然科学基金“大风天气对海底管道稳定性影响机制”（41006024）为依托，在海底管道悬跨成因、悬跨段管道涡激振动、支撑段海床土对管跨涡激振动的响应、海底管道—外流—海床土三相耦合作用等方面进行了深入研究。结合实测资料和数值模拟计算结果对黄河三角洲埕岛海域典型粉砂质海床条件下海底管道的安全性进行了分析。本文进行的工作有以下四个方面：
首先，分析比对不同区域的管道路由调查资料，对海床土的工程性质和海洋动力环境影响下海底管道悬跨成因和发展趋势进行研究；
其次，基于探测资料建立研究区海底管道-外流-海床土系统振动数值模型；
再次，为了获得模型中所需的关键参数——液化土阻尼，设计了管道与海床耦合振动物理模拟实验。通过对数据的分析计算，得出了研究区粉土液化后不同埋深管道系统振动的阻尼比；
最后，将实测土工参数和物理模拟试验获得的计算参数代入数模，验证数模合理性之后进行相关计算。
通过分析数模计算结果得到以下结论：
相对于海床土而言管道刚度大，在发生振动时能量会沿管道传播一定距离，由于振动传播过程中管道某些位置的位移方向相反，材料会受到剪切力作用，可能造成入泥管道的破坏。
对于海床而言，沿管道轴向一定范围的土体受到扰动刚度系数下降，土颗粒更容易被起动导致该处海床易受到冲刷，产生断续状悬跨。支撑段土体液化后，会吸收管跨振动的能量，从而缩短振动传播距离。
从计算结果来看，支撑段土体液化导致管跨系统固有频率逐渐升高，可能跳出共振区间从而恢复静止状态。但在实际环境中底流速是逐渐提高再逐渐降低的，如果管跨在低流速时就发生了共振，虽然活动段增长后管跨会恢复静止状态，但当外流速提高后管跨可能再次发生共振。
由于液化土无法对管道提供有效的支撑和约束，初始支撑段土体液化可视为管跨支点向两端逐渐移动，会使其向下弯曲的挠度增大，中点或结构强度较低的连接部位可能产生屈服变形或断裂。
计算得出了49m是埕北海域半埋的508mm双层管的安全悬跨长度。在该长度下管跨系统的固有频率出现大幅度升高，这与悬跨长度变化引起的管跨系统总质量系数、总刚度系数变化规律有关。本文方法可用于计算其他海域、不同型号管道的安全悬跨长度，为管道安全评价和处置提供依据。
本文研究在以下几个方面有一定的创新性：
（1）提出了符合黄河水下三角洲埕岛海域真实土质和管道状态，考虑支撑段海床土体液化情况的管跨涡激振动数值模拟计算方法，建立了适用于该区域管道安全分析的数值计算模型。
（2）通过数模计算得到了研究区典型管道的安全悬跨距离，可为该区域悬跨处置提供参考和依据。同时，如果考虑海床液化，传统的管道悬跨处理方式只能在一定程度上解决管跨结构在重力作用下挠度增大、屈服破坏的问题，对于涡激振动的预防效果十分有限，且一旦处理不当可能使管跨系统固有频率降低，增大发生涡激振动导致材料疲劳破坏的风险。
Due to the safety and reliability, submarine pipeline is a high effective and continuous transferring mode, and it has been served as an important role in the offshore oil and gas exploitation which expands day by day. According to the support of the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC.41006024)“The impact mechanism of the strong wind weather on the reliability of the submarine pipelines”, this work was focused on the following points: the cause of pipeline span; the vortex‐induced vibration of these pipelines during suspension status and the response of the supporting subsurface seabed soil and the coupling effect of the submarine pipelines, external current and seabed soil. Based on the typical bottom sedimentary setting, the safety of the submarine pipelines in the Chengdao, which located at the Yellow River Delta, was examined in the thesis according to the field observed data and the simulation result. The main topics of the thesis are divided into four aspects and list as following:
1. Based on analyzing and comparing with numerous pipeline routes investigation data of different areas, the cause and developing trend of pipeline span under the characteristics of the marine dynamic environment was studied.
2. VIV simulation model of pipeline‐fluid‐seabed system was established based on the geography data.
3. In order to obtain the key parameters of the model, such as damping ratio of the liquefied soil, the physical simulation experiment between the pipe and seabed was designed. According to the analysis of the data, the system vibration damping ratios of the pipeline in different depth were obtained.
4. The measured geotechnical data and physical simulation parameters are usedto verify the numerical simulation model, and then to calculate.
By analysis of numericalsimulation model results, the conclusions are following:
The rigidity of pipeline is relative larger than sea bed soil, when vibration occurred and energy would spread a certain distance along the pipeline. Due to different displacement of the pipeline during the vibration propagation, the berried pipeline would be destroyed by the effect of shear stress.
For the seabed, the sediment along the pipe was disturbed leading to the declined rigidity coefficient, and sediment particles were more easily to be stirred, so that the seabed was eroded. Because of the pipeline belongs to light structure, vortex‐induced vibration leads to a pipeline flutter.
Base on numerical models result, when the sediment of supporting section liquefied, it could absorb vibration energy of pipeline, and reducing the vibration propagation distance. However, in the real environment, the flow velocity gradually increases over time and then decreases gradually. If resonance of span pipeline happened in low flow velocity, although active section increasing led to increase of inherent frequency which then jumped out of resonance interval and restore stationary, when the velocity of flow increase，span pipeline could resonate again.
Because of the liquefied sediment could not provide effective support and constraint for pipeline, the initial point failed to support the pipes, it can be regarded as the fulcrum of the pipeline span gradually moved to both ends and the deflection increase, midpoint or low structure strength joint might produce yield deformation or fracture.
The49m was the safe span length of508mm half buried pipeline in the north of Cheng Dao obtained by calculations. At this length, the inherent frequency of the system of pipeline span appeared greatly raised, which concerned with the change rule of total mass coefficient and total rigidity coefficient resulted from the length change of pipeline span system. The method proposed in this paper can be used to calculate safe span length of different types of pipeline in other sea areas and provide foundation for pipeline safety evaluation and treatment method.
There are some innovative points in this study and as followed:
Firstly, we present real sediment and pipeline status of Chengdao in the Yellow River submarine delta, and establish the numerical model for regional pipeline safety, according to the numerical simulation methods of the tube cross vortex‐induced vibration during the liquefaction of the support seabed sediment.
Secondly, the safety spanning distance of the typical pipeline in this study area are obtained by the numerical models. This work could provide information for the spanning case in this study area. If considering about the liquefaction of the seabed sediment, the question about deflection increases and damage by the gravity could be answered to a certain extent in the traditional method. And the traditional method is limited to the effect of the Vortex‐induced vibration. Once the process is not finished in a suitable way, the natural frequency of the pipeline spanning system is decreased, and increases the frequency of the vortex‐induced vibration leading to the risk of pipeline damage.
首先，分析比对不同区域的管道路由调查资料，对海床土的工程性质和海洋动力环境影响下海底管道悬跨成因和发展趋势进行研究；
其次，基于探测资料建立研究区海底管道-外流-海床土系统振动数值模型；
再次，为了获得模型中所需的关键参数——液化土阻尼，设计了管道与海床耦合振动物理模拟实验。通过对数据的分析计算，得出了研究区粉土液化后不同埋深管道系统振动的阻尼比；
最后，将实测土工参数和物理模拟试验获得的计算参数代入数模，验证数模合理性之后进行相关计算。
通过分析数模计算结果得到以下结论：
相对于海床土而言管道刚度大，在发生振动时能量会沿管道传播一定距离，由于振动传播过程中管道某些位置的位移方向相反，材料会受到剪切力作用，可能造成入泥管道的破坏。
对于海床而言，沿管道轴向一定范围的土体受到扰动刚度系数下降，土颗粒更容易被起动导致该处海床易受到冲刷，产生断续状悬跨。支撑段土体液化后，会吸收管跨振动的能量，从而缩短振动传播距离。
从计算结果来看，支撑段土体液化导致管跨系统固有频率逐渐升高，可能跳出共振区间从而恢复静止状态。但在实际环境中底流速是逐渐提高再逐渐降低的，如果管跨在低流速时就发生了共振，虽然活动段增长后管跨会恢复静止状态，但当外流速提高后管跨可能再次发生共振。
由于液化土无法对管道提供有效的支撑和约束，初始支撑段土体液化可视为管跨支点向两端逐渐移动，会使其向下弯曲的挠度增大，中点或结构强度较低的连接部位可能产生屈服变形或断裂。
计算得出了49m是埕北海域半埋的508mm双层管的安全悬跨长度。在该长度下管跨系统的固有频率出现大幅度升高，这与悬跨长度变化引起的管跨系统总质量系数、总刚度系数变化规律有关。本文方法可用于计算其他海域、不同型号管道的安全悬跨长度，为管道安全评价和处置提供依据。
本文研究在以下几个方面有一定的创新性：
（1）提出了符合黄河水下三角洲埕岛海域真实土质和管道状态，考虑支撑段海床土体液化情况的管跨涡激振动数值模拟计算方法，建立了适用于该区域管道安全分析的数值计算模型。
（2）通过数模计算得到了研究区典型管道的安全悬跨距离，可为该区域悬跨处置提供参考和依据。同时，如果考虑海床液化，传统的管道悬跨处理方式只能在一定程度上解决管跨结构在重力作用下挠度增大、屈服破坏的问题，对于涡激振动的预防效果十分有限，且一旦处理不当可能使管跨系统固有频率降低，增大发生涡激振动导致材料疲劳破坏的风险。
Due to the safety and reliability, submarine pipeline is a high effective and continuous transferring mode, and it has been served as an important role in the offshore oil and gas exploitation which expands day by day. According to the support of the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC.41006024)“The impact mechanism of the strong wind weather on the reliability of the submarine pipelines”, this work was focused on the following points: the cause of pipeline span; the vortex‐induced vibration of these pipelines during suspension status and the response of the supporting subsurface seabed soil and the coupling effect of the submarine pipelines, external current and seabed soil. Based on the typical bottom sedimentary setting, the safety of the submarine pipelines in the Chengdao, which located at the Yellow River Delta, was examined in the thesis according to the field observed data and the simulation result. The main topics of the thesis are divided into four aspects and list as following:
1. Based on analyzing and comparing with numerous pipeline routes investigation data of different areas, the cause and developing trend of pipeline span under the characteristics of the marine dynamic environment was studied.
2. VIV simulation model of pipeline‐fluid‐seabed system was established based on the geography data.
3. In order to obtain the key parameters of the model, such as damping ratio of the liquefied soil, the physical simulation experiment between the pipe and seabed was designed. According to the analysis of the data, the system vibration damping ratios of the pipeline in different depth were obtained.
4. The measured geotechnical data and physical simulation parameters are usedto verify the numerical simulation model, and then to calculate.
By analysis of numericalsimulation model results, the conclusions are following:
The rigidity of pipeline is relative larger than sea bed soil, when vibration occurred and energy would spread a certain distance along the pipeline. Due to different displacement of the pipeline during the vibration propagation, the berried pipeline would be destroyed by the effect of shear stress.
For the seabed, the sediment along the pipe was disturbed leading to the declined rigidity coefficient, and sediment particles were more easily to be stirred, so that the seabed was eroded. Because of the pipeline belongs to light structure, vortex‐induced vibration leads to a pipeline flutter.
Base on numerical models result, when the sediment of supporting section liquefied, it could absorb vibration energy of pipeline, and reducing the vibration propagation distance. However, in the real environment, the flow velocity gradually increases over time and then decreases gradually. If resonance of span pipeline happened in low flow velocity, although active section increasing led to increase of inherent frequency which then jumped out of resonance interval and restore stationary, when the velocity of flow increase，span pipeline could resonate again.
Because of the liquefied sediment could not provide effective support and constraint for pipeline, the initial point failed to support the pipes, it can be regarded as the fulcrum of the pipeline span gradually moved to both ends and the deflection increase, midpoint or low structure strength joint might produce yield deformation or fracture.
The49m was the safe span length of508mm half buried pipeline in the north of Cheng Dao obtained by calculations. At this length, the inherent frequency of the system of pipeline span appeared greatly raised, which concerned with the change rule of total mass coefficient and total rigidity coefficient resulted from the length change of pipeline span system. The method proposed in this paper can be used to calculate safe span length of different types of pipeline in other sea areas and provide foundation for pipeline safety evaluation and treatment method.
There are some innovative points in this study and as followed:
Firstly, we present real sediment and pipeline status of Chengdao in the Yellow River submarine delta, and establish the numerical model for regional pipeline safety, according to the numerical simulation methods of the tube cross vortex‐induced vibration during the liquefaction of the support seabed sediment.
Secondly, the safety spanning distance of the typical pipeline in this study area are obtained by the numerical models. This work could provide information for the spanning case in this study area. If considering about the liquefaction of the seabed sediment, the question about deflection increases and damage by the gravity could be answered to a certain extent in the traditional method. And the traditional method is limited to the effect of the Vortex‐induced vibration. Once the process is not finished in a suitable way, the natural frequency of the pipeline spanning system is decreased, and increases the frequency of the vortex‐induced vibration leading to the risk of pipeline damage.
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