四川金针菇木霉病害的研究及金针菇菌株抗性分析
|
摘要
从2009年到2010年,在四川省金针菇代料栽培的主要生产场地,采集金针菇发菌之后(菌丝长满袋后)感染的木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.),即金针菇栽培相关木霉病菌35株,进行木霉的分离和鉴定、生长温度测定、化学防治以及抗病菌株的筛选。
研究结果表明,四川金针菇代料栽培中的木霉有哈茨木霉(T.harziaum)、长枝木霉(T. longibrachiatum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)和康氏木霉(T.koningii),所分离到的35株木霉中有26株是哈茨木霉,占74.3%,是侵染金针菇的主要木霉菌,另外长枝木霉、绿色木霉和康氏木霉分别分离到4株、3株、2株,平均分离频率分别为11.4%、8.6%、5.7%,木霉的种类与采集地点有一定的联系,如在红原分离到的木霉主要是哈茨木霉,在达县分离的木霉主要是绿色木霉。
对35株木霉进行生长温度测定,木霉最适生长温度为28℃,不同种木霉的最适生长温度有所不同,哈茨木霉、康氏木霉的最适生长温度为28℃,长枝木霉最适生长温度为30℃,绿色木霉最适生长温度为26℃。选取分离频率高的哈茨木霉与长枝木霉对9种常用杀菌剂进行药物敏感性测定,认为多菌灵与甲基托布津可以适当施用以防治木霉,然而更高效低毒的化学农药或者生物农药还有待进一步研究。
参照吴小平(2008)木霉对食用菌的侵染能力的研究方法,对不同木霉侵染金针菇的能力进行了研究,结果表明不同木霉对金针菇的侵染能力存在差异性,木霉对金针菇菌株的侵染能力分为强、中、弱三种类型,侵染性强的木霉可以更快的侵入到金针菇菌丝中。35株木霉对金针菇菌株FS282(抗性弱)的侵染性表现为强、中、弱的比例为45.7%、45.7%和8.6%,这显示出木霉对FS282的侵染性普遍是比较强的。
通过PDA平板拮抗实验,以及棉子壳培养基复筛,评价了38个金针菇菌株的抗木霉能力,通过这两种方法所评价的抗性相符度高,结果可靠。从38株不同的金针菇菌株中筛选到F21、F33、F36、F37、F72、F94等6个金针菇菌株对木霉高抗,F100、F103、F31、F32、F38、F40、F61、F71、F74、F77等10个金针菇菌株对木霉中抗, F4、F42、F9、F101、F111、F54、F70、FH281、FS282等9个菌株对木霉抗性弱,这些结果可以为以后金针菇抗病育种资源的选择提供依据。
The pathogenic Trichoderma was researched in the substitue cultivation of Flammulina velutipes From 2009 to 2010 in Sichuan province. The pathogenic Trichoderma spp. were isolated respectively in the polluted cultivation substrate of F. velutipes. And we chose 35 isolates of them to separate and identify the Trichoderma viride, measure its growth temperature, prevent and cure diseases chemically and screen the resistantce of F. velutipes. strains to them.
The research results show that the pathogenic Trichoderma spp. consist of T. harziaum, T.longibrachiatum, T.viride and T.koningii in the substitue cultivation of F. velutipes in Sichuan. Among the total 35 Trichoderma spp. isolates, there are 26 isolates are T.harziaums, occupying 74.3%, which are the main Trichoderma sp. making F. velutipes infected. And there are respectively 4,3 and 2 isolates of T.longibrachiatum, T.viride and T.koningii, and their average separated rates are 11.4%,8.6% and 5.7% respectively. There is a definite relation between the species of the Trichoderma spp. And the collecting sites, such as, there are mainly T. harziaums separated in Hongyuan, and there are mainly T.virides separated in Daxian County.
After measuring the growth temperature of the 35 isolates of the Trichoderma spp. The optimum growth temperature is 28℃. The optimum growth temperature for different sorts of Trichoderma sp. is various, and the best one for the T. harziaum and the T. koningii is 28℃,30℃for the T.longibrachiatum, and 26℃for the T.viride. The T. harziaum and the T. longibrachiatum with high separated rate were chosen to measure the drug susceptibility according to 9 common kinds of fungicides, and Carbendazim and Thiophanate-methyl were considered to have effects on preventing from the Trichoderma spp. when they are used properly. However, the more efficient and less toxic chemical or biological pesticides need further research.
The infective ability of Trichoderma hyphae to the F. velutipes was investigated, referred to Wu Xiaoping (2008)'s research methods of the Trichoderma spp. infecting abilities towards edible fungi. And the research results showed that infecting abilities of different Trichoderma spp. towards F. velutipes were various, and the abilities divided into three types:the strong, the middle and the weak. Among the strong, the Trichoderma spp. can invade F. velutipes hyphae more rapidly. Among the 35 insolates of the Trichoderma spp., the rates of the strong, the middle and the weak according to the FS282 F. velutipes strain (with weak resistibility) were 45.7%, that showed the infecting abilities of the Trichoderma spp. towards FS282 were relatively strong general.
38 strains of F. velutipes were evaluated for the resistance to the pathogenic Trichoderma. in the culture medium of PDA plating, as well as the culture medium of Cotton Seed Hull.The resistibility got through the two methods conformed to great degree, and the results are reliable. After screening from 38 different strains of F. velutipes, we got F21, F33, F36, F37, F72 and F94 F. velutipes strains which resist against the Trichoderma spp. fiercely; we got F100, F103, F31, F32, F38, F40, F61, F71, F74 and F77 F. velutipes strains which resist against the Trichoderma spp. to a medium degree; and we got F4, F42, F9, F101, F111, F54, F70, FH281, FS282 F. velutipes strains which resist against the Trichoderma spp. to a medium degree to a slight degree. All the above results can be used to provide basis for choosing resources for F. velutipes resisting against diseases and breeding.
研究结果表明,四川金针菇代料栽培中的木霉有哈茨木霉(T.harziaum)、长枝木霉(T. longibrachiatum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)和康氏木霉(T.koningii),所分离到的35株木霉中有26株是哈茨木霉,占74.3%,是侵染金针菇的主要木霉菌,另外长枝木霉、绿色木霉和康氏木霉分别分离到4株、3株、2株,平均分离频率分别为11.4%、8.6%、5.7%,木霉的种类与采集地点有一定的联系,如在红原分离到的木霉主要是哈茨木霉,在达县分离的木霉主要是绿色木霉。
对35株木霉进行生长温度测定,木霉最适生长温度为28℃,不同种木霉的最适生长温度有所不同,哈茨木霉、康氏木霉的最适生长温度为28℃,长枝木霉最适生长温度为30℃,绿色木霉最适生长温度为26℃。选取分离频率高的哈茨木霉与长枝木霉对9种常用杀菌剂进行药物敏感性测定,认为多菌灵与甲基托布津可以适当施用以防治木霉,然而更高效低毒的化学农药或者生物农药还有待进一步研究。
参照吴小平(2008)木霉对食用菌的侵染能力的研究方法,对不同木霉侵染金针菇的能力进行了研究,结果表明不同木霉对金针菇的侵染能力存在差异性,木霉对金针菇菌株的侵染能力分为强、中、弱三种类型,侵染性强的木霉可以更快的侵入到金针菇菌丝中。35株木霉对金针菇菌株FS282(抗性弱)的侵染性表现为强、中、弱的比例为45.7%、45.7%和8.6%,这显示出木霉对FS282的侵染性普遍是比较强的。
通过PDA平板拮抗实验,以及棉子壳培养基复筛,评价了38个金针菇菌株的抗木霉能力,通过这两种方法所评价的抗性相符度高,结果可靠。从38株不同的金针菇菌株中筛选到F21、F33、F36、F37、F72、F94等6个金针菇菌株对木霉高抗,F100、F103、F31、F32、F38、F40、F61、F71、F74、F77等10个金针菇菌株对木霉中抗, F4、F42、F9、F101、F111、F54、F70、FH281、FS282等9个菌株对木霉抗性弱,这些结果可以为以后金针菇抗病育种资源的选择提供依据。
The pathogenic Trichoderma was researched in the substitue cultivation of Flammulina velutipes From 2009 to 2010 in Sichuan province. The pathogenic Trichoderma spp. were isolated respectively in the polluted cultivation substrate of F. velutipes. And we chose 35 isolates of them to separate and identify the Trichoderma viride, measure its growth temperature, prevent and cure diseases chemically and screen the resistantce of F. velutipes. strains to them.
The research results show that the pathogenic Trichoderma spp. consist of T. harziaum, T.longibrachiatum, T.viride and T.koningii in the substitue cultivation of F. velutipes in Sichuan. Among the total 35 Trichoderma spp. isolates, there are 26 isolates are T.harziaums, occupying 74.3%, which are the main Trichoderma sp. making F. velutipes infected. And there are respectively 4,3 and 2 isolates of T.longibrachiatum, T.viride and T.koningii, and their average separated rates are 11.4%,8.6% and 5.7% respectively. There is a definite relation between the species of the Trichoderma spp. And the collecting sites, such as, there are mainly T. harziaums separated in Hongyuan, and there are mainly T.virides separated in Daxian County.
After measuring the growth temperature of the 35 isolates of the Trichoderma spp. The optimum growth temperature is 28℃. The optimum growth temperature for different sorts of Trichoderma sp. is various, and the best one for the T. harziaum and the T. koningii is 28℃,30℃for the T.longibrachiatum, and 26℃for the T.viride. The T. harziaum and the T. longibrachiatum with high separated rate were chosen to measure the drug susceptibility according to 9 common kinds of fungicides, and Carbendazim and Thiophanate-methyl were considered to have effects on preventing from the Trichoderma spp. when they are used properly. However, the more efficient and less toxic chemical or biological pesticides need further research.
The infective ability of Trichoderma hyphae to the F. velutipes was investigated, referred to Wu Xiaoping (2008)'s research methods of the Trichoderma spp. infecting abilities towards edible fungi. And the research results showed that infecting abilities of different Trichoderma spp. towards F. velutipes were various, and the abilities divided into three types:the strong, the middle and the weak. Among the strong, the Trichoderma spp. can invade F. velutipes hyphae more rapidly. Among the 35 insolates of the Trichoderma spp., the rates of the strong, the middle and the weak according to the FS282 F. velutipes strain (with weak resistibility) were 45.7%, that showed the infecting abilities of the Trichoderma spp. towards FS282 were relatively strong general.
38 strains of F. velutipes were evaluated for the resistance to the pathogenic Trichoderma. in the culture medium of PDA plating, as well as the culture medium of Cotton Seed Hull.The resistibility got through the two methods conformed to great degree, and the results are reliable. After screening from 38 different strains of F. velutipes, we got F21, F33, F36, F37, F72 and F94 F. velutipes strains which resist against the Trichoderma spp. fiercely; we got F100, F103, F31, F32, F38, F40, F61, F71, F74 and F77 F. velutipes strains which resist against the Trichoderma spp. to a medium degree; and we got F4, F42, F9, F101, F111, F54, F70, FH281, FS282 F. velutipes strains which resist against the Trichoderma spp. to a medium degree to a slight degree. All the above results can be used to provide basis for choosing resources for F. velutipes resisting against diseases and breeding.
引文
[1]徐同.木霉分子生物学研究进展[J].真菌学报,1996,(02).47-49.
[2]吴晓金.食用菌栽培相关木霉的调查和分析[J].福建农林大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[3]吴小平.食用菌木霉的鉴定、致病机理及防治研究[D].福建农林大学：福建农林大学,2008.
[4]文成敬,陶家凤,陈文瑞.中国西南地区木霉属分类研究[J].真菌学报,1993,(2).26-33.
[5]曾华兰.哈茨木霉T23及其防病作用研究[D].四川农业大学,2005.
[6]章初龙,徐同.木霉属分类研究进展[J].云南农业大学学报,2000,(3).75-79.
[7]Abott E V.Taxanomic studies on soil Fungi [J].1926,121-124.
[8]Gilman JC (1957) A mamual of soil Fungi.2nd edition.Ames Lowa.133-140.
[9]Webster J. Culture studies on Hypocrea and Trichoderma.Ⅰ.Comparison of the perFect states of
H.gelatinosa,H.rufa and H. sp. [J]. Trans.Br.Mycol.Soc,1964,47:75-96.
[10]Rifai M A, J Webster. Culture studies on Hypocrea and Trichoderma Ⅱ.H.aureo-viridis and H.rufa F.sterilisF.nov. [J]. Trans.Br.Mycol.Soc,1966,49:289296.43-47.
[11]Webster J,M A Rifai. Culture studies on Hypocrea and Trichoderma Ⅳ.H.piluliFera sp.nov [J].Trans.Br.Mycol. Soc,1966,49:289-296.
[12]Rifai M, A.J Webster. A revision of the genus Trichoderma [J]. Mycol.Pap,1969,116.1-56.
[13]Bissett J. A revision of the genus Trichoderma:Ⅰ.Section Longibrachiatum. new section [J].Can. J.Bot.1984,62:924-931.
[14]Bissett J. A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Ⅱ.InFrageneric classiFication [J].Can. J. Bot.1991. 69:2357-2372.
[15]Bissett J. A revision of the genus Trichoderma.Ⅲ.Section Pachybasium [J].Can. J.Bot.1991, 69:2373-2417.
[16]Bissett J. A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Ⅳ.Additional notes on section Longibrachiatum [J].Can. J.Bot.1991,69:2418-2420.
[17]Bissett J.Trichoderma atroviride [J]. Can. J. Bot.1992,70:639-641.
[18]Gams W, J Bissett. Trichoderma and Gliocladium [J].1999.231-237.
[19]Bhardwaj S S.In vitro antagonism of myeoflora against Selerotinia sclerotiorum causing stask rot of cauliFlower[J].Plant disease reseach,1992,7(1):66-68.
[20]张德强,黄镇亚,张志毅.绿色木霉纤维素酶AS3.3032固态发酵的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2001,(2).82-86.
[21]王芊.木霉菌在生物防治上的应用及拮抗机制[J].黑龙江农业科学,2001,(1).44-48.
[22]王波,谢芝芳,姜邻,等.10个杏鲍菇菌株生产性能评价[J].吉林农业大学学报,2005,(4).66-70.
[23陶刚,刘杏忠,王革,等.木霉几丁质酶对烟草赤星病菌的作用[J].中国生物防治,2004,(4).58-62.
[24]隋聪颖.产脂肪酶木霉的分离筛选鉴定及酶学性质研究[D].东北农业大学：东北农业大学,2008.
[25]王和平,范文斌,张七斤,等.里氏木霉RutC～30p～甘露聚糖酶的制备与纯化方法的研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,(3).58-62.
[26]汪天虹,MerjaPenttil,高培基.瑞氏木霉木糖代谢关键酶基因在不同碳源条件下的表达[J].微生物学报,1999,(6).73-77.
[27]唐治玉,熊善柏.木霉p-1,3-葡聚糖酶的分离纯化[J].生物技术,2006,(4).25-29.
[28]陆登俊,肖凯军,郭祀远,等.康氏木霉木聚糖酶的分离纯化及特性[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006,(3).13-19.
[29]陈玉惠,周利,李永和,等.茶藨生柱锈重寄生木霉分生孢子萌发的生物学特性[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,(5).45-50.
[30]张丽荣,康萍芝,杜玉宁,等.紫外线诱变拮抗木霉产生对百菌清抗药性菌株的研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010,(31).
[31]贾丙志.多功能木霉对纤维素和农药的降解特性研究[D].山东师范大学：山东师范大学,2010.
[32]陈捷,Gary G.HARMAN,AlFio COMIS,程根武,等.哈茨木霉菌(Trichoderma harzianum)和终极腐霉菌(Pythium ultimum)对玉米蛋白质组的影响(Ⅰ)(英文)[J].植物病理学报,2004,(4).
[33]李超,苏君伟,于希臣.基于化学处理及生物发酵的食用菌糠饲料化方法探讨[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2008,(4).22-25.
[34]杨力凡.深绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride生物菌肥的研制及对油菜菌核病、根肿病的生物防治[D].四川农业大学：四川农业大学,2010.
[35]朱平,赵鸿莲,朱慧欣,等.3种丝状真菌的原生质体制备条件、耐药性和DNA转化之研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,1998,(S1).43-48.
[36]江洁,杜连祥,路福平,等.基因工程菌里氏木霉染色体DNA的提取方法[J].生物技术,2004,(2).36-40.
[37]EduardoP.D,RamiroO.B,CarutM,etc.Water deFicit as a driver or the mutualistic relationship between the Fungus Trichoderma harzianum and two wheat genotypes[J).Applied and environmental microbiology,2008,74(5):1412-1417.
[38]Sehmoll M,FranChiL,Christian P,etc.A PAS/LOV Domain Protein of Hypocrea jecorFna(Anamorph Trichoderma reesei),Modulates Cellulase Gene Transeription in Response to Light[J].Eukaryotic Cell,2005,4(12):1998-2007.
[39]Geysens S,Pakula T,Uusitalo J,etc. Cloning and Characterization of the Glueosidase Ⅱ Alpha Subunit Gene of Trichoderma reesei:a FrameshiFt Mutation Results in the Aberrant Glycosylation Profile of the HyPercel lulolytic Strain Rut-C30[J).Applied and environmental microbiology,2005,71 (6):2910-2924.
[40]El～Sayed M,EI-Morsy.Cunninghamella echinula a new biosorbent of metal ions From polluted water in Egyvt [J].Mycologia,2004,96(6),1183-1189.
[41]Monika K J,Bissett J,ZaFari D,etc.Genetieally closely related but phenotypically divergent Trichoderma species cause green mold disease in Oyster mushroom Farms world wide[J] Applied and environmental microbiology,2007,73(22):7415-7426.
[42]薛宝娣,李娟,陈永萱.木霉(TR25)对病原真菌的拮抗机制和防病效果研究[J].南京农业大学学报,1995,18(1)：31-35.
[43]Harman G E.Myths and Dogmas of Biocontrol～changes in perceptions berived From Reserch on Trichoderma harzianum T-22[J].Plant Disease,2000,84(4):377-393.
[44]唐永庆,许艳丽,张红骥,等.木霉制剂的生防应用研究及发展前景[J].黑龙江农业科学,2008,(1).56-59.
[45]王占斌,黄哲,祝长龙.木霉拮抗菌在植物病害生物防治上的应用[J].防护林科技,2007,(4).23-28.
[46]于晓丹,李刚,张彩霞,等.木霉生防机制的研究进展[J].杂粮作物,2004,(6).53-58.
[47]Howeli,C.R.Cotton seedling preemergence damping-off mcited by Rhizopus oryzae and Pythium spp. And its biological control with Trichoderma spp.[J] Phytopatholohy,2002,92:177-180.
[48]蒋芳.纤维素酶产生菌的分离鉴定、系统发育分析及发酵条件与酶学性质研究[D].四川大学：四川大学,2006.
[49]张继泉,王瑞明,孙玉英,等.里氏木霉生产纤维素酶的研究进展[J].饲料工业,2003,(1).67-71.
[50]胡奎娟,吴克,潘仁瑞,等.固态混合发酵提高木聚糖酶和纤维素酶活力的研究[51].菌物学报,2007,(2).21-25.
[52]葛文中,李楠.绿色木霉应用的研究进展[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2005,(2).13-15.
[53]Monreal J,Reese ET.Thechitinase of Serrati marcescens[J]. CanJMicrobiol,1969,(15):689-696.
[54]胡仕凤,高必达,陈捷.木霉几丁质酶及其基因的研究进展[J].中国生物防治,2008,(4).48-52.
[55]王慧中,赵培洁.多效有机菌肥的研制及其特性研究[J].江西农业学报,999,(3).29-34.
[56]刘玲,连芙菲,刘长江.康宁木霉和白腐真菌原生质体融合子生物学特性的研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2007,(2).52-55.
[57]彭增明,曹学文,曹湛才,等.国内外食用菌业发展综述[J].上海蔬菜,2008,(1).22-23.
[58]姚发兴,董昌金.食用菌常见病害及预防[J].安徽农业科学,2005,(12).34-36.
[59]吕作舟.食用菌栽培学.高,等教育出版社[M].北京,2006(第一版)：372-373.
[60]李宝聚,阐琳娜,徐凯,等.食用菌生产中主要竞争性病害的种类及其防控技术[J].中国蔬菜,2005(12)：61-62.
[61]张兴华.噻菌灵防治香菇菌砖绿色木霉[J].食用菌,1991,(1).43-46.
[62]陈贵省.草菇杂菌污染的综合防治[J].植保技术与推广,2003,23(1)：16-17.
[63]暴增海,马桂珍.不同鸡腿蘑品种对霉菌抗耐能力的测定与分析[J].中国食用菌学报,2002,21(2)：12-13.
[64]张财先.金针菇栽培中的杂菌污染及防治[J].微生物学杂志,1997,(1).26-29.
[65]Park Myung Soo,Bae Kyung Sook,Yu Seung Hun.韩国平菇菇床上流行的木霉分离物的形态学和分子生物学分析(英文)[J].华中农业大学学报,2004,(1).34-38.
[66]邵凌云,师迎春,国立耘.北京地区食用菌上木霉污染菌的种类鉴定[J].食用菌学报,2008,(1).21-24.
[67]陈晓东.代料栽培黑木耳田间管理阶段绿色木霉侵染原因及防治的研究[J].中国林副特产,2004,(2).48-52.
[68]杜敏.食用菌常见杂菌的危害及防治[J].生产加工,1999：19-23.
[69]赵宏彬,暴纪春.袋栽香菇的污染成因及防治仁[J].中国林副特产,1999,48(1)：38-39.
[70]陈天泰,马福义.食用菌绿霉病综合防治技术[J].食用菌,2004(5)：44-45.
[71]詹友学.食用菌木霉的生物防治初步研究[D].福建农林大学：福建农林大学,2010.
[72]严培兰,王曰英,孙华瑜.黑木耳抗霉育种早期鉴定方法初探[J].食用菌,1992,(4).7-11.
[73]董昌金.木霉侵染对香菇菌丝两种同工酶影响[J].食用菌,2004,(1).13-16.
[74]王镭,谭琦,邹萍,等.不同蘑菇菌株对有害疣孢霉抗病力测定初报[J].食用菌,1992,(5).29-32.
[75]蒋冬花.杀真菌剂对香菇,等食用真菌及污染霉菌菌丝生长的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2001,(3).55-58.
[76]温志强,林太礼,廖朝阳.三种杀菌剂对木霉菌及食用菌的毒力测定[J].福建农业大学学报,2001,(1).43-47.
[77]康业斌,成玉梅,郭秀璞,等.多菌灵对绿色木霉的毒力测定[J].食用菌学报,1998,(2).23-27.
[78]姜成,庞俊成,王泽生.盼牟施和多菌灵对霉菌和食用菌抑制作用的比较[J].浙江食用菌,1994,(3).41-44.
[79]朱将伟.平菇生产中应用防霉菌农药对平菇菌丝生长的影响[J].中国植保导(7).29-33.
[80]韩留福,侯桂森,刘金妹,等.防治绿色木霉污染香菇菌袋的方法--注射二氯异氰尿酸钠溶液法[J].中国食用菌,2006,(1).36-40.
[81]李满意.香菇病虫害防治及其废弃物综合利用研究[D].河北大学：河北大学,2008.
[1]徐方旭,刘诗扬,贺海升,等.食用菌栽培中有效抗霉药物的筛选[J].河南农业科学,2010,(4).47-50.
[82]江英成.香菇杂菌绿色木霉室内抑制试验初探[J].河北林果研究,2001,(1).34-38.
[83]冀宏,秦艳梅,陈文杰.食用菌栽培病虫害清洁防治技术[J].北方园艺,2007,(12).126-127.
[84]李宝聚,阚琳娜,徐凯,等.食用菌生产中主要竞争性病害的种类及其防控技术[J].中国蔬 菜,2005,(12).64-67.
[85]宋冬灵,曾宪贤,吕杰,等.金针菇遗传育种研究进展[J].种子,2007,(5).42-45.
[86]王波,鲜灵,甘丙成.金针菇标准化生产技术.金盾出版社[M].北京,2008(第1版)：65-66.
[87]饶火火,卢建坤.温控条件下金针菇软腐病的防治试验[J].中国食用菌,2009,(5).53-57.
[881唐高霞.食用菌褐腐病及防治[J].食用菌,2001,(1).15-18.
[89]林金盛,宋金佛,李辉平,等.金针菇工厂化袋栽几种常见病虫害的预防[J1.浙江食用菌2010,(3).26-29.
[90]刘志军,陈文杰,张晓芳.白色金针菇生产中主要病害发生诱因及控制[J].食用菌,2008,(3).39-43.
[91]黄喜桂,李丹丹,林文良.抗菇类真菌病害药物的筛选[J].中国食用菌,1997,(4).21-25.
[92]张佑望.金星消毒液对木霉的防效试验[J].食用菌,1995,(1).71-73.
[93]徐学忠,张莉芬,杨翠花,等.4种杀菌剂对金针菇菌丝及绿色木霉生长的影响[J].西南农业学报,2010,(6).28-32.
[94]王升厚,董文秀.克菌对金针菇病害抗杀药效的评价[J].食用菌,2008,(5).45-48.
[95]徐耀波.平菇和香菇代料栽培过程中的污染真菌研究[D].四川农业大学：四川农业大学,2003.
[96]方中达.植病研究方法[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1998,110-154.
[97]李雪玲,刘慧,张天宇.三株木霉生防菌的生物学特性研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,(1).56-59.
[98]姚占芳,马向东,吴云汉.香菇品种抗霉力的测定[J].中国食用菌,1994,(4).47-50.
[2]吴晓金.食用菌栽培相关木霉的调查和分析[J].福建农林大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[3]吴小平.食用菌木霉的鉴定、致病机理及防治研究[D].福建农林大学：福建农林大学,2008.
[4]文成敬,陶家凤,陈文瑞.中国西南地区木霉属分类研究[J].真菌学报,1993,(2).26-33.
[5]曾华兰.哈茨木霉T23及其防病作用研究[D].四川农业大学,2005.
[6]章初龙,徐同.木霉属分类研究进展[J].云南农业大学学报,2000,(3).75-79.
[7]Abott E V.Taxanomic studies on soil Fungi [J].1926,121-124.
[8]Gilman JC (1957) A mamual of soil Fungi.2nd edition.Ames Lowa.133-140.
[9]Webster J. Culture studies on Hypocrea and Trichoderma.Ⅰ.Comparison of the perFect states of
H.gelatinosa,H.rufa and H. sp. [J]. Trans.Br.Mycol.Soc,1964,47:75-96.
[10]Rifai M A, J Webster. Culture studies on Hypocrea and Trichoderma Ⅱ.H.aureo-viridis and H.rufa F.sterilisF.nov. [J]. Trans.Br.Mycol.Soc,1966,49:289296.43-47.
[11]Webster J,M A Rifai. Culture studies on Hypocrea and Trichoderma Ⅳ.H.piluliFera sp.nov [J].Trans.Br.Mycol. Soc,1966,49:289-296.
[12]Rifai M, A.J Webster. A revision of the genus Trichoderma [J]. Mycol.Pap,1969,116.1-56.
[13]Bissett J. A revision of the genus Trichoderma:Ⅰ.Section Longibrachiatum. new section [J].Can. J.Bot.1984,62:924-931.
[14]Bissett J. A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Ⅱ.InFrageneric classiFication [J].Can. J. Bot.1991. 69:2357-2372.
[15]Bissett J. A revision of the genus Trichoderma.Ⅲ.Section Pachybasium [J].Can. J.Bot.1991, 69:2373-2417.
[16]Bissett J. A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Ⅳ.Additional notes on section Longibrachiatum [J].Can. J.Bot.1991,69:2418-2420.
[17]Bissett J.Trichoderma atroviride [J]. Can. J. Bot.1992,70:639-641.
[18]Gams W, J Bissett. Trichoderma and Gliocladium [J].1999.231-237.
[19]Bhardwaj S S.In vitro antagonism of myeoflora against Selerotinia sclerotiorum causing stask rot of cauliFlower[J].Plant disease reseach,1992,7(1):66-68.
[20]张德强,黄镇亚,张志毅.绿色木霉纤维素酶AS3.3032固态发酵的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2001,(2).82-86.
[21]王芊.木霉菌在生物防治上的应用及拮抗机制[J].黑龙江农业科学,2001,(1).44-48.
[22]王波,谢芝芳,姜邻,等.10个杏鲍菇菌株生产性能评价[J].吉林农业大学学报,2005,(4).66-70.
[23陶刚,刘杏忠,王革,等.木霉几丁质酶对烟草赤星病菌的作用[J].中国生物防治,2004,(4).58-62.
[24]隋聪颖.产脂肪酶木霉的分离筛选鉴定及酶学性质研究[D].东北农业大学：东北农业大学,2008.
[25]王和平,范文斌,张七斤,等.里氏木霉RutC～30p～甘露聚糖酶的制备与纯化方法的研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,(3).58-62.
[26]汪天虹,MerjaPenttil,高培基.瑞氏木霉木糖代谢关键酶基因在不同碳源条件下的表达[J].微生物学报,1999,(6).73-77.
[27]唐治玉,熊善柏.木霉p-1,3-葡聚糖酶的分离纯化[J].生物技术,2006,(4).25-29.
[28]陆登俊,肖凯军,郭祀远,等.康氏木霉木聚糖酶的分离纯化及特性[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006,(3).13-19.
[29]陈玉惠,周利,李永和,等.茶藨生柱锈重寄生木霉分生孢子萌发的生物学特性[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,(5).45-50.
[30]张丽荣,康萍芝,杜玉宁,等.紫外线诱变拮抗木霉产生对百菌清抗药性菌株的研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010,(31).
[31]贾丙志.多功能木霉对纤维素和农药的降解特性研究[D].山东师范大学：山东师范大学,2010.
[32]陈捷,Gary G.HARMAN,AlFio COMIS,程根武,等.哈茨木霉菌(Trichoderma harzianum)和终极腐霉菌(Pythium ultimum)对玉米蛋白质组的影响(Ⅰ)(英文)[J].植物病理学报,2004,(4).
[33]李超,苏君伟,于希臣.基于化学处理及生物发酵的食用菌糠饲料化方法探讨[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2008,(4).22-25.
[34]杨力凡.深绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride生物菌肥的研制及对油菜菌核病、根肿病的生物防治[D].四川农业大学：四川农业大学,2010.
[35]朱平,赵鸿莲,朱慧欣,等.3种丝状真菌的原生质体制备条件、耐药性和DNA转化之研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,1998,(S1).43-48.
[36]江洁,杜连祥,路福平,等.基因工程菌里氏木霉染色体DNA的提取方法[J].生物技术,2004,(2).36-40.
[37]EduardoP.D,RamiroO.B,CarutM,etc.Water deFicit as a driver or the mutualistic relationship between the Fungus Trichoderma harzianum and two wheat genotypes[J).Applied and environmental microbiology,2008,74(5):1412-1417.
[38]Sehmoll M,FranChiL,Christian P,etc.A PAS/LOV Domain Protein of Hypocrea jecorFna(Anamorph Trichoderma reesei),Modulates Cellulase Gene Transeription in Response to Light[J].Eukaryotic Cell,2005,4(12):1998-2007.
[39]Geysens S,Pakula T,Uusitalo J,etc. Cloning and Characterization of the Glueosidase Ⅱ Alpha Subunit Gene of Trichoderma reesei:a FrameshiFt Mutation Results in the Aberrant Glycosylation Profile of the HyPercel lulolytic Strain Rut-C30[J).Applied and environmental microbiology,2005,71 (6):2910-2924.
[40]El～Sayed M,EI-Morsy.Cunninghamella echinula a new biosorbent of metal ions From polluted water in Egyvt [J].Mycologia,2004,96(6),1183-1189.
[41]Monika K J,Bissett J,ZaFari D,etc.Genetieally closely related but phenotypically divergent Trichoderma species cause green mold disease in Oyster mushroom Farms world wide[J] Applied and environmental microbiology,2007,73(22):7415-7426.
[42]薛宝娣,李娟,陈永萱.木霉(TR25)对病原真菌的拮抗机制和防病效果研究[J].南京农业大学学报,1995,18(1)：31-35.
[43]Harman G E.Myths and Dogmas of Biocontrol～changes in perceptions berived From Reserch on Trichoderma harzianum T-22[J].Plant Disease,2000,84(4):377-393.
[44]唐永庆,许艳丽,张红骥,等.木霉制剂的生防应用研究及发展前景[J].黑龙江农业科学,2008,(1).56-59.
[45]王占斌,黄哲,祝长龙.木霉拮抗菌在植物病害生物防治上的应用[J].防护林科技,2007,(4).23-28.
[46]于晓丹,李刚,张彩霞,等.木霉生防机制的研究进展[J].杂粮作物,2004,(6).53-58.
[47]Howeli,C.R.Cotton seedling preemergence damping-off mcited by Rhizopus oryzae and Pythium spp. And its biological control with Trichoderma spp.[J] Phytopatholohy,2002,92:177-180.
[48]蒋芳.纤维素酶产生菌的分离鉴定、系统发育分析及发酵条件与酶学性质研究[D].四川大学：四川大学,2006.
[49]张继泉,王瑞明,孙玉英,等.里氏木霉生产纤维素酶的研究进展[J].饲料工业,2003,(1).67-71.
[50]胡奎娟,吴克,潘仁瑞,等.固态混合发酵提高木聚糖酶和纤维素酶活力的研究[51].菌物学报,2007,(2).21-25.
[52]葛文中,李楠.绿色木霉应用的研究进展[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2005,(2).13-15.
[53]Monreal J,Reese ET.Thechitinase of Serrati marcescens[J]. CanJMicrobiol,1969,(15):689-696.
[54]胡仕凤,高必达,陈捷.木霉几丁质酶及其基因的研究进展[J].中国生物防治,2008,(4).48-52.
[55]王慧中,赵培洁.多效有机菌肥的研制及其特性研究[J].江西农业学报,999,(3).29-34.
[56]刘玲,连芙菲,刘长江.康宁木霉和白腐真菌原生质体融合子生物学特性的研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2007,(2).52-55.
[57]彭增明,曹学文,曹湛才,等.国内外食用菌业发展综述[J].上海蔬菜,2008,(1).22-23.
[58]姚发兴,董昌金.食用菌常见病害及预防[J].安徽农业科学,2005,(12).34-36.
[59]吕作舟.食用菌栽培学.高,等教育出版社[M].北京,2006(第一版)：372-373.
[60]李宝聚,阐琳娜,徐凯,等.食用菌生产中主要竞争性病害的种类及其防控技术[J].中国蔬菜,2005(12)：61-62.
[61]张兴华.噻菌灵防治香菇菌砖绿色木霉[J].食用菌,1991,(1).43-46.
[62]陈贵省.草菇杂菌污染的综合防治[J].植保技术与推广,2003,23(1)：16-17.
[63]暴增海,马桂珍.不同鸡腿蘑品种对霉菌抗耐能力的测定与分析[J].中国食用菌学报,2002,21(2)：12-13.
[64]张财先.金针菇栽培中的杂菌污染及防治[J].微生物学杂志,1997,(1).26-29.
[65]Park Myung Soo,Bae Kyung Sook,Yu Seung Hun.韩国平菇菇床上流行的木霉分离物的形态学和分子生物学分析(英文)[J].华中农业大学学报,2004,(1).34-38.
[66]邵凌云,师迎春,国立耘.北京地区食用菌上木霉污染菌的种类鉴定[J].食用菌学报,2008,(1).21-24.
[67]陈晓东.代料栽培黑木耳田间管理阶段绿色木霉侵染原因及防治的研究[J].中国林副特产,2004,(2).48-52.
[68]杜敏.食用菌常见杂菌的危害及防治[J].生产加工,1999：19-23.
[69]赵宏彬,暴纪春.袋栽香菇的污染成因及防治仁[J].中国林副特产,1999,48(1)：38-39.
[70]陈天泰,马福义.食用菌绿霉病综合防治技术[J].食用菌,2004(5)：44-45.
[71]詹友学.食用菌木霉的生物防治初步研究[D].福建农林大学：福建农林大学,2010.
[72]严培兰,王曰英,孙华瑜.黑木耳抗霉育种早期鉴定方法初探[J].食用菌,1992,(4).7-11.
[73]董昌金.木霉侵染对香菇菌丝两种同工酶影响[J].食用菌,2004,(1).13-16.
[74]王镭,谭琦,邹萍,等.不同蘑菇菌株对有害疣孢霉抗病力测定初报[J].食用菌,1992,(5).29-32.
[75]蒋冬花.杀真菌剂对香菇,等食用真菌及污染霉菌菌丝生长的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2001,(3).55-58.
[76]温志强,林太礼,廖朝阳.三种杀菌剂对木霉菌及食用菌的毒力测定[J].福建农业大学学报,2001,(1).43-47.
[77]康业斌,成玉梅,郭秀璞,等.多菌灵对绿色木霉的毒力测定[J].食用菌学报,1998,(2).23-27.
[78]姜成,庞俊成,王泽生.盼牟施和多菌灵对霉菌和食用菌抑制作用的比较[J].浙江食用菌,1994,(3).41-44.
[79]朱将伟.平菇生产中应用防霉菌农药对平菇菌丝生长的影响[J].中国植保导(7).29-33.
[80]韩留福,侯桂森,刘金妹,等.防治绿色木霉污染香菇菌袋的方法--注射二氯异氰尿酸钠溶液法[J].中国食用菌,2006,(1).36-40.
[81]李满意.香菇病虫害防治及其废弃物综合利用研究[D].河北大学：河北大学,2008.
[1]徐方旭,刘诗扬,贺海升,等.食用菌栽培中有效抗霉药物的筛选[J].河南农业科学,2010,(4).47-50.
[82]江英成.香菇杂菌绿色木霉室内抑制试验初探[J].河北林果研究,2001,(1).34-38.
[83]冀宏,秦艳梅,陈文杰.食用菌栽培病虫害清洁防治技术[J].北方园艺,2007,(12).126-127.
[84]李宝聚,阚琳娜,徐凯,等.食用菌生产中主要竞争性病害的种类及其防控技术[J].中国蔬 菜,2005,(12).64-67.
[85]宋冬灵,曾宪贤,吕杰,等.金针菇遗传育种研究进展[J].种子,2007,(5).42-45.
[86]王波,鲜灵,甘丙成.金针菇标准化生产技术.金盾出版社[M].北京,2008(第1版)：65-66.
[87]饶火火,卢建坤.温控条件下金针菇软腐病的防治试验[J].中国食用菌,2009,(5).53-57.
[881唐高霞.食用菌褐腐病及防治[J].食用菌,2001,(1).15-18.
[89]林金盛,宋金佛,李辉平,等.金针菇工厂化袋栽几种常见病虫害的预防[J1.浙江食用菌2010,(3).26-29.
[90]刘志军,陈文杰,张晓芳.白色金针菇生产中主要病害发生诱因及控制[J].食用菌,2008,(3).39-43.
[91]黄喜桂,李丹丹,林文良.抗菇类真菌病害药物的筛选[J].中国食用菌,1997,(4).21-25.
[92]张佑望.金星消毒液对木霉的防效试验[J].食用菌,1995,(1).71-73.
[93]徐学忠,张莉芬,杨翠花,等.4种杀菌剂对金针菇菌丝及绿色木霉生长的影响[J].西南农业学报,2010,(6).28-32.
[94]王升厚,董文秀.克菌对金针菇病害抗杀药效的评价[J].食用菌,2008,(5).45-48.
[95]徐耀波.平菇和香菇代料栽培过程中的污染真菌研究[D].四川农业大学：四川农业大学,2003.
[96]方中达.植病研究方法[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1998,110-154.
[97]李雪玲,刘慧,张天宇.三株木霉生防菌的生物学特性研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,(1).56-59.
[98]姚占芳,马向东,吴云汉.香菇品种抗霉力的测定[J].中国食用菌,1994,(4).47-50.