“黑障”测控传输体制研究
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摘要
“黑障”是人类继克服了“音障”、“热障”之后在高速飞行研究中所面临的又一关键难题,同时也是人类在发展航天事业过程中遇到的障碍之一。航天器再入大气层过程中与其周围空气激烈摩擦而产生的等离子体对射频电磁波的幅相效应将造成通信中断“黑障”。自上世纪60年代初以来,为了减轻甚至消除再入等离子体鞘套所产生的“黑障”对通信的影响,人类一直在苦苦探寻着,希望通过理论研究以全面了解“黑障”区的电磁特性,以确保地面站与航天器之间的通信无阻。为此,国内外业内专家在理论研究、数值仿真、室内实验及飞行试验等方面开展了大量工作,并取得了一些进展。
本论文通过对再入过程中航天飞行器在不同射频工作频段、处于不同再入高度时的“黑障”特性分析及“黑障”区不同调制解调系统信息传输误码率的计算和比较,从中对比出各调制体制的优劣,并分析了目前消除“黑障”效应措施的工程可行性,为载人航天飞行器的测控系统应用奠定理论和工程基础。
本文首先对“黑障”区电磁特性及电磁波在“黑障”区的传播特性进行理论分析、公式推导和仿真计算,然后根据数字通信原理建立“黑障”区等离子体环境下信道仿真模型,据此模型获取2ASK、2FSK和2PSK三种调制体制分别在相干、非相干解调方式下误码率的计算流程图,继而推导出各自误码率的计算公式,并计算各波段射频电磁波在不同高度时各种调制解调系统的误码率,由此对比各种调制体制的优劣。最后分析总结现行各种减轻“黑障”的方法和措施以比较各自的工程可行性和有效性。
"Blackout", one of the barriers faced by human being in the development space industry, is another key problem after overcoming "sound barrier ", "thermal barrier" in high-speed flight research. The plasma is generated when the spacecraft rubs against the surrounding air intensely in reentry atmosphere process, and the amplitude and phase effects of the plasma on radio frequency electromagnetic wave will result in the interrupt of communication -" blackout ".Researchers from the late 1950's begin seeking for the effective approaches to reduce the problem of interruption during the reentry communication. It is hoped through the theoretical study to fully understand the electromagnetic properties of the "Blackout" area to ensure the smooth communication between the ground station and the spacecraft. Therefore, experts home and abroad have conducted a great deal of studies and made great progress in the theoretical research, numerical simulation, indoor experiment and the flight test.
This paper analyzes the characteristics of the "Blackout" emerged when the spacecraft of the different speeds, of the different frequency bands and of different reentry height, and computes and makes a comparison to the information transmission bit error rate between the different modulation and demodulation systems,then compares the advantages and disadvantages of the three modulation systems. Finally it proposes the feasible engineering measures to eliminate the "Blackout", and that helps to build a solid theoretical and practical foundation to the application of the manned space flight communication-system.
First of all, this paper refers to the electromagnetic characteristics of the "Blackout", and studies on the theoretical analysis, formula deduction and simulation calculation of the spreading characteristics of electromagnetic wave in "Blackout" Area. And then, based on the principles of digital communication, a channel simulation model is established in a "Blackout" plasma environment. The bit error rate calculation flow charts of the three modulation systems namely 2ASK,2FSK and 2PSK are made in coherent and incoherent demodulation mode, then deduces the respective bit error rate calculation formula, and calculated the band RF electromagnetic wave at different height of various modulation and demodulation system bit error rate, whereby the analysis summed up the advantages and disadvantages of the three modulation systems. Finally, this paper analyzes the feasibility and effectiveness of the various approaches and measures to reduce the "Blackout".
本论文通过对再入过程中航天飞行器在不同射频工作频段、处于不同再入高度时的“黑障”特性分析及“黑障”区不同调制解调系统信息传输误码率的计算和比较,从中对比出各调制体制的优劣,并分析了目前消除“黑障”效应措施的工程可行性,为载人航天飞行器的测控系统应用奠定理论和工程基础。
本文首先对“黑障”区电磁特性及电磁波在“黑障”区的传播特性进行理论分析、公式推导和仿真计算,然后根据数字通信原理建立“黑障”区等离子体环境下信道仿真模型,据此模型获取2ASK、2FSK和2PSK三种调制体制分别在相干、非相干解调方式下误码率的计算流程图,继而推导出各自误码率的计算公式,并计算各波段射频电磁波在不同高度时各种调制解调系统的误码率,由此对比各种调制体制的优劣。最后分析总结现行各种减轻“黑障”的方法和措施以比较各自的工程可行性和有效性。
"Blackout", one of the barriers faced by human being in the development space industry, is another key problem after overcoming "sound barrier ", "thermal barrier" in high-speed flight research. The plasma is generated when the spacecraft rubs against the surrounding air intensely in reentry atmosphere process, and the amplitude and phase effects of the plasma on radio frequency electromagnetic wave will result in the interrupt of communication -" blackout ".Researchers from the late 1950's begin seeking for the effective approaches to reduce the problem of interruption during the reentry communication. It is hoped through the theoretical study to fully understand the electromagnetic properties of the "Blackout" area to ensure the smooth communication between the ground station and the spacecraft. Therefore, experts home and abroad have conducted a great deal of studies and made great progress in the theoretical research, numerical simulation, indoor experiment and the flight test.
This paper analyzes the characteristics of the "Blackout" emerged when the spacecraft of the different speeds, of the different frequency bands and of different reentry height, and computes and makes a comparison to the information transmission bit error rate between the different modulation and demodulation systems,then compares the advantages and disadvantages of the three modulation systems. Finally it proposes the feasible engineering measures to eliminate the "Blackout", and that helps to build a solid theoretical and practical foundation to the application of the manned space flight communication-system.
First of all, this paper refers to the electromagnetic characteristics of the "Blackout", and studies on the theoretical analysis, formula deduction and simulation calculation of the spreading characteristics of electromagnetic wave in "Blackout" Area. And then, based on the principles of digital communication, a channel simulation model is established in a "Blackout" plasma environment. The bit error rate calculation flow charts of the three modulation systems namely 2ASK,2FSK and 2PSK are made in coherent and incoherent demodulation mode, then deduces the respective bit error rate calculation formula, and calculated the band RF electromagnetic wave at different height of various modulation and demodulation system bit error rate, whereby the analysis summed up the advantages and disadvantages of the three modulation systems. Finally, this paper analyzes the feasibility and effectiveness of the various approaches and measures to reduce the "Blackout".
引文
[1]王唯,关仰泽.关于“黑障”问题的探索[J].863航天技术通讯.1999(6)：32
[2]马兆国,高正平,饶克谨.导弹再入过程中电磁波传输的研究[J].战术导弹控制技术2005(3)：89～93参考：黑障的形成与等离子体中
[3]张鲁民等.载人飞船返回舱空气动力学.[M].国防工业出版社,2002,182-188
[4]孙嘉陵.一种减轻再入通信中断现象的烧蚀防护材料[J].中国航天.1983(3)
[5]李凡.国外减缓再入通信中断的技术途径[J].导弹与航天运载技术.1981
[6]法朋亭.电磁波在强碰撞弱电离等离子体中的衰减[D].大连理工大学硕士论文.2008
[7]钟双英,刘松.一种高效计算各向异性磁化等离子体的时域有限差分算法[J].计算物理.2009(26)：415～420
[8]孙鉴,黄进武.空天飞机的测控通信技术[J].电视技术.2007.2,(47)
[9]曾明,柳军,瞿章华.载人飞船等离子体鞘电子密度分布的数值计算[J].国防科技大学学报.2001.Vol.23 No.1
[10]赵青,刘述章,童洪辉.等离子体技术及应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2009
[11]金兹堡.电磁波在等离子体中的传播[M].北京：科学出版社,1978：321.
[12]陈芳允.卫星测控手册[M].北京：科学出版社,1992
[13]赵汉元.飞行器再入动力学和制导[M].北京：国防科技大学出版社.1997
[14]中国人民解放军重装备部军事训练教材编辑工作委员会.航天器[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2006
[15]JAMES P. RYB AK R J, CHURCHILL. Progress in reentry communications [J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1971, AES-7(5):879-894.
[16]谢铭勋.再入遥测技术(下册)[M].北京：国防工业出版社.1992.
[17]徐茂格,席文君.近空间高超音速飞行器射频通信“黑障”研究[J].电讯技术,2009,49(10)：49-50
[18]F. H. MITCHELL, JR. Communication-System Blackout During Reentry of Large Vehicles[J]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, Vol.55, No.5 1967
[19]谢处方,饶克谨.电磁场与电磁波[M].北京：高等教育出版社.2006
[20]孙爱萍,李丽琼,邱孝明,董玉英.电磁波与非磁化等离子体的相互作用[J].核聚变与等离子体物理.2002(3)：
[21]陆建萍.电磁波在等离子体中的吸收衰减[D].北京理工大学硕士论文.2004
[22]柳锐锋,付海波,陈诚.非磁化等离子体与电磁波的作用[J].现代防御技术. 2006(34)：81-85
[23]Gregolre D J, Santoru J, Schumacher R W. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Unmagnetized Plasmas [J]. AD-A250 710,1992.
[24]詹康生,胡萍,刘少斌.自由电子密度对等离子体隐身的影响[J].石河子大学学报.2005(23)：405～410
[25]Laroussi M,Roth J R.Numerical Calculation of the Reflection,Absorption,and Transmission of Microwaves by a Nonuniform Plasma Slab[J].IEEETrans Plasma Sci,1993,2(4):366.
[26]Vidmar R J.On the use of atmospheric pressure plasma as electromagnetic reflectors and absorbers[J].IEEETransactions on Plas Sci,1990,18(4):733.
[27]Robert M. Manning Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.Analysis of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in a Magnetized Re-Entry Plasma Sheath Via the Kinetic Equation[J]. NASA/TM-2009-216096. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
[28]Priyanka Garg, Abhishek Kumar Dodiyal, Reducing RF Blackout during Re-Entry of the Reusable Launch Vehicle[J]. IEEEAC paper#1668 Version 3 2009
[29]Richard A. Hartunian, Gordon E. Stewart, Thomas J. Curtiss, Stephen D. Fergason, and Robert W. Seibold. Implications and Mitigation of Radio Frequency Blackout during Reentry of Reusable Launch Vehicles[J]. AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference and Exhibit. AIAA 2007-6633
[30]胡红军,刘军,马明.雷达与USB在“黑障”区对返回舱捕获跟踪分析研究[J].测控与通信.2006(3)
[31]樊昌信,张浦栩,徐炳祥,吴成柯.通信原理[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2007
[32]谢铭勋.再入遥测技术(上册)[M].北京：国防工业出版社.1992.
[33]夏商银,张受信,穆鸿飞.航天测控系统[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2002
[34]中国人民解放军重装备部军事训练教材编辑工作委员会.无线电遥测遥控(下册)[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2001
[35]邬润辉,刘佳琪,孟刚,任爱民.等离子体对通讯信号特征改变机理[J].导弹与航天运载技术.2010 No.3
[36]Paul W.Huber and Theo Sims. Research Approaches to The Problem of Reentry Communications Blackout[J]. N66-29449.
[37]柴霖.临近空间飞行器测控与信息传输系统频段选择[J].宇航学报,2008 No.4
[38]王柏懿.再入通讯技术的化学减轻技术[J].宇航学报.1983
[39]Paul B.Gooderum, Dennis M. Busbnell. Atomization, drop size, and penetration for cross-stream water injection at high-altitude reentry conditions with application to the RAM C-Ⅰ and C-Ⅲ flights[J]. NASA Technical Note.
[40]檀雷.等离子体电磁特性研究及应用[D].南京理工大学硕士论文.2009
[41]MICHAEL G. DUNN. Comparison between predicted an measured blackout boundaries for earth entry of APOLLO[J]. AI ZI87-A-17.
[42]毛康侯.克服再入体通讯中断的新方法[J].系统与工程技术.1986(3)
[43]吴承康,王柏懿.横向磁场对电离非平衡高速气流的作用[J].力学学报.1982(3)
[44]Andrei B, Petrin.Transmission of Microwaves through Magnetoactive Plasma[J]. IEEE Transaction on Plasma Science Vol.29, No.3 2001
[45]Alexander S.Chernyshev. Effect of an Applied Magnetic Field on Blunt Body Plasma Flow[J].44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. AIAA 2006-1002
[46]刘铁军,郑建平.磁窗的一种理论模型[J].宇航学报.1988(1)
[47]刘铁军,方振民.再入通讯中断与天线超导磁窗[J].1991全国微波会议论文集.1991
[48]孙凤举,邱爱慈,曾江涛,陈玉兰,尹佳辉.带外加磁场的微秒级等离子体断路开关[J].高压电器.2002(3)
[49]杨书林,肖明.加电场减少等离子鞘套电子密度方案探讨[J].《国防科技大学学报》.1983.
[50]Lrvin Pollin.Control of Elecron Density Distribution On Hypersonic Vehices [J].AD-743183,US Army Materriel Command Harry Diamond Laboratories 1972.
[2]马兆国,高正平,饶克谨.导弹再入过程中电磁波传输的研究[J].战术导弹控制技术2005(3)：89～93参考：黑障的形成与等离子体中
[3]张鲁民等.载人飞船返回舱空气动力学.[M].国防工业出版社,2002,182-188
[4]孙嘉陵.一种减轻再入通信中断现象的烧蚀防护材料[J].中国航天.1983(3)
[5]李凡.国外减缓再入通信中断的技术途径[J].导弹与航天运载技术.1981
[6]法朋亭.电磁波在强碰撞弱电离等离子体中的衰减[D].大连理工大学硕士论文.2008
[7]钟双英,刘松.一种高效计算各向异性磁化等离子体的时域有限差分算法[J].计算物理.2009(26)：415～420
[8]孙鉴,黄进武.空天飞机的测控通信技术[J].电视技术.2007.2,(47)
[9]曾明,柳军,瞿章华.载人飞船等离子体鞘电子密度分布的数值计算[J].国防科技大学学报.2001.Vol.23 No.1
[10]赵青,刘述章,童洪辉.等离子体技术及应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2009
[11]金兹堡.电磁波在等离子体中的传播[M].北京：科学出版社,1978：321.
[12]陈芳允.卫星测控手册[M].北京：科学出版社,1992
[13]赵汉元.飞行器再入动力学和制导[M].北京：国防科技大学出版社.1997
[14]中国人民解放军重装备部军事训练教材编辑工作委员会.航天器[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2006
[15]JAMES P. RYB AK R J, CHURCHILL. Progress in reentry communications [J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1971, AES-7(5):879-894.
[16]谢铭勋.再入遥测技术(下册)[M].北京：国防工业出版社.1992.
[17]徐茂格,席文君.近空间高超音速飞行器射频通信“黑障”研究[J].电讯技术,2009,49(10)：49-50
[18]F. H. MITCHELL, JR. Communication-System Blackout During Reentry of Large Vehicles[J]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, Vol.55, No.5 1967
[19]谢处方,饶克谨.电磁场与电磁波[M].北京：高等教育出版社.2006
[20]孙爱萍,李丽琼,邱孝明,董玉英.电磁波与非磁化等离子体的相互作用[J].核聚变与等离子体物理.2002(3)：
[21]陆建萍.电磁波在等离子体中的吸收衰减[D].北京理工大学硕士论文.2004
[22]柳锐锋,付海波,陈诚.非磁化等离子体与电磁波的作用[J].现代防御技术. 2006(34)：81-85
[23]Gregolre D J, Santoru J, Schumacher R W. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Unmagnetized Plasmas [J]. AD-A250 710,1992.
[24]詹康生,胡萍,刘少斌.自由电子密度对等离子体隐身的影响[J].石河子大学学报.2005(23)：405～410
[25]Laroussi M,Roth J R.Numerical Calculation of the Reflection,Absorption,and Transmission of Microwaves by a Nonuniform Plasma Slab[J].IEEETrans Plasma Sci,1993,2(4):366.
[26]Vidmar R J.On the use of atmospheric pressure plasma as electromagnetic reflectors and absorbers[J].IEEETransactions on Plas Sci,1990,18(4):733.
[27]Robert M. Manning Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.Analysis of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in a Magnetized Re-Entry Plasma Sheath Via the Kinetic Equation[J]. NASA/TM-2009-216096. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
[28]Priyanka Garg, Abhishek Kumar Dodiyal, Reducing RF Blackout during Re-Entry of the Reusable Launch Vehicle[J]. IEEEAC paper#1668 Version 3 2009
[29]Richard A. Hartunian, Gordon E. Stewart, Thomas J. Curtiss, Stephen D. Fergason, and Robert W. Seibold. Implications and Mitigation of Radio Frequency Blackout during Reentry of Reusable Launch Vehicles[J]. AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference and Exhibit. AIAA 2007-6633
[30]胡红军,刘军,马明.雷达与USB在“黑障”区对返回舱捕获跟踪分析研究[J].测控与通信.2006(3)
[31]樊昌信,张浦栩,徐炳祥,吴成柯.通信原理[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2007
[32]谢铭勋.再入遥测技术(上册)[M].北京：国防工业出版社.1992.
[33]夏商银,张受信,穆鸿飞.航天测控系统[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2002
[34]中国人民解放军重装备部军事训练教材编辑工作委员会.无线电遥测遥控(下册)[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2001
[35]邬润辉,刘佳琪,孟刚,任爱民.等离子体对通讯信号特征改变机理[J].导弹与航天运载技术.2010 No.3
[36]Paul W.Huber and Theo Sims. Research Approaches to The Problem of Reentry Communications Blackout[J]. N66-29449.
[37]柴霖.临近空间飞行器测控与信息传输系统频段选择[J].宇航学报,2008 No.4
[38]王柏懿.再入通讯技术的化学减轻技术[J].宇航学报.1983
[39]Paul B.Gooderum, Dennis M. Busbnell. Atomization, drop size, and penetration for cross-stream water injection at high-altitude reentry conditions with application to the RAM C-Ⅰ and C-Ⅲ flights[J]. NASA Technical Note.
[40]檀雷.等离子体电磁特性研究及应用[D].南京理工大学硕士论文.2009
[41]MICHAEL G. DUNN. Comparison between predicted an measured blackout boundaries for earth entry of APOLLO[J]. AI ZI87-A-17.
[42]毛康侯.克服再入体通讯中断的新方法[J].系统与工程技术.1986(3)
[43]吴承康,王柏懿.横向磁场对电离非平衡高速气流的作用[J].力学学报.1982(3)
[44]Andrei B, Petrin.Transmission of Microwaves through Magnetoactive Plasma[J]. IEEE Transaction on Plasma Science Vol.29, No.3 2001
[45]Alexander S.Chernyshev. Effect of an Applied Magnetic Field on Blunt Body Plasma Flow[J].44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. AIAA 2006-1002
[46]刘铁军,郑建平.磁窗的一种理论模型[J].宇航学报.1988(1)
[47]刘铁军,方振民.再入通讯中断与天线超导磁窗[J].1991全国微波会议论文集.1991
[48]孙凤举,邱爱慈,曾江涛,陈玉兰,尹佳辉.带外加磁场的微秒级等离子体断路开关[J].高压电器.2002(3)
[49]杨书林,肖明.加电场减少等离子鞘套电子密度方案探讨[J].《国防科技大学学报》.1983.
[50]Lrvin Pollin.Control of Elecron Density Distribution On Hypersonic Vehices [J].AD-743183,US Army Materriel Command Harry Diamond Laboratories 1972.