等离子体电磁特性研究及应用
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摘要
本文通过两个工程应用实例——“等离子体对炮口电磁感应装定系统的附加磁效应”和“深空探测中航天器再入过程时黑障现象”对等离子体电磁特性进行了研究。
本文对小型高射炮在实弹环境下,炮口等离子体的产生机理及等离子体电离浓度进行了分析与计算,依据计算所得的等离子体中自由电子浓度分析了炮口由空气电离所产生的附加磁场的大小和规律及其对原磁场的影响。并针对性地设计了一套利用“重活塞压缩器”模拟实弹环境下等离子体的生成,用接触式等离子体诊断法——“微波共振探针测量法”测量模拟生成的等离子体中自由电子浓度的实验方案以验证理论分析的合理性。研究结果表明炮口等离子体产生的附加磁场改变了原工作磁场的磁力线分布,使原平行分布的磁力线变为螺线形分布,使电磁感应装定的灵敏度降低,这对于可靠性要求很高的炮口电磁感应装定系统来说,是十分不利的。
本文从对电磁波在等离子体中传播特性的研究出发,分析了深空探测中航天器再入过程时黑障现象的产生机理及航天器穿越大气层不同高度时,等离子体鞘套对不同工作频段电磁波能量的吸收衰减,并使用Matlab进行数值仿真。研究结果表明航天器再入到大气层特定高度时,由于等离子体鞘套对入射电磁波的衰减作用将必然导致黑障现象的出现,提高电磁波频率可有效减小黑障区域高度,但目前还未能有彻底消除黑障现象的方法。
This paper studies the electromagnetic properties of the plasma by the two examples—"The additional magnetic effect of plasma on muzzle electromagnetic induction setting system "and" The Blackout phenomenon of spacecraft re-entry procedure in deep space exploration".
The paper analyzes the produced principium of muzzle plasma and calculates the electron density of the plasma for the small anti-aircraft artilleries in the live environment. According to the calculated plasma concentration of free electrons, we analyze the intensity and the regularity of the additional magnetic field produced by the air ionization, and the additional magnetic effects to the original magnetic field. This paper designs a specific experiment, which uses "Heavy piston compressor" to imitate the plasma generation on the actual working conditions. A method called contact plasma diagnostic method—"Microwave resonator probe measurements" is used to measure free electron density of the plasma. The experiment is used to prove that the theoretical analysis is reasonable. The results show that the additional magnetic field produced by muzzle plasma changes the distribution of original magnetic field lines and makes the parallel magnetic field lines into spiral-shaped distribution, which reduces the sensitivity of the electromagnetic induction setting system and it is very unfavorable for high reliability of the electromagnetic induction setting system.
According to propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves in a plasma, this article analyses the mechanism of Blackout phenomenon by spacecraft re-entry procedure in the deep space exploration and the absorption attenuation of Plasma Sheath on different frequency electromagnetic wave when the spacecraft is crossing through the different height of atmosphere. The results show that the blackout phenomenon will be inevitable because of the attenuation effects of the Plasma Sheath when the spacecraft re-enters into the atmosphere at a specific height and increase the frequency of electromagnetic wave can effectively reduce the height of the Blackout region, but there hasn't a complete method to eliminate the Blackout phenomenon.
本文对小型高射炮在实弹环境下,炮口等离子体的产生机理及等离子体电离浓度进行了分析与计算,依据计算所得的等离子体中自由电子浓度分析了炮口由空气电离所产生的附加磁场的大小和规律及其对原磁场的影响。并针对性地设计了一套利用“重活塞压缩器”模拟实弹环境下等离子体的生成,用接触式等离子体诊断法——“微波共振探针测量法”测量模拟生成的等离子体中自由电子浓度的实验方案以验证理论分析的合理性。研究结果表明炮口等离子体产生的附加磁场改变了原工作磁场的磁力线分布,使原平行分布的磁力线变为螺线形分布,使电磁感应装定的灵敏度降低,这对于可靠性要求很高的炮口电磁感应装定系统来说,是十分不利的。
本文从对电磁波在等离子体中传播特性的研究出发,分析了深空探测中航天器再入过程时黑障现象的产生机理及航天器穿越大气层不同高度时,等离子体鞘套对不同工作频段电磁波能量的吸收衰减,并使用Matlab进行数值仿真。研究结果表明航天器再入到大气层特定高度时,由于等离子体鞘套对入射电磁波的衰减作用将必然导致黑障现象的出现,提高电磁波频率可有效减小黑障区域高度,但目前还未能有彻底消除黑障现象的方法。
This paper studies the electromagnetic properties of the plasma by the two examples—"The additional magnetic effect of plasma on muzzle electromagnetic induction setting system "and" The Blackout phenomenon of spacecraft re-entry procedure in deep space exploration".
The paper analyzes the produced principium of muzzle plasma and calculates the electron density of the plasma for the small anti-aircraft artilleries in the live environment. According to the calculated plasma concentration of free electrons, we analyze the intensity and the regularity of the additional magnetic field produced by the air ionization, and the additional magnetic effects to the original magnetic field. This paper designs a specific experiment, which uses "Heavy piston compressor" to imitate the plasma generation on the actual working conditions. A method called contact plasma diagnostic method—"Microwave resonator probe measurements" is used to measure free electron density of the plasma. The experiment is used to prove that the theoretical analysis is reasonable. The results show that the additional magnetic field produced by muzzle plasma changes the distribution of original magnetic field lines and makes the parallel magnetic field lines into spiral-shaped distribution, which reduces the sensitivity of the electromagnetic induction setting system and it is very unfavorable for high reliability of the electromagnetic induction setting system.
According to propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves in a plasma, this article analyses the mechanism of Blackout phenomenon by spacecraft re-entry procedure in the deep space exploration and the absorption attenuation of Plasma Sheath on different frequency electromagnetic wave when the spacecraft is crossing through the different height of atmosphere. The results show that the blackout phenomenon will be inevitable because of the attenuation effects of the Plasma Sheath when the spacecraft re-enters into the atmosphere at a specific height and increase the frequency of electromagnetic wave can effectively reduce the height of the Blackout region, but there hasn't a complete method to eliminate the Blackout phenomenon.
引文
[1]胡希伟.等离子体物理基础.[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2006
[2]赵梦熊.载人飞船空气动力学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2002
[3]金兹堡.电磁波在等离子体中的传播[M].北京：科学出版社,1978
[4]赖百坛.引信系统与平台信息交联协调性技术设计.“九五”国防预先研究重点项目研究报告,2000
[5]Oerlikon Contrives.AHEAD-an advanced new family of air-defence ammunition.7th International Exhibition of Police Civil and Military Security Equipment.1991
[6]徐茂格,席文君.近空间高超音速返回舱射频通信“黑障”研究[J].电讯技术,2009,49(10)：49-50
[7]Akey N D, Cross A E.Radio blackout alleclation and plasma diagnostic results from A25000 foot per second blunt-body reentry.NASA technical Note.NASA TN D-5615, 1970
[8]Rybak J P, Churchill R J.Progress in reentry communication.IEEE transacion on aerospace and electronic system.1971, AES-7(5):879-892
[9]Zboril F R.DRIFT_AC_Band telemetry system for polaris range tests.National space electronics symposium,1963
[10]F.F.陈.等离子体物理学导论[M].林光海译.北京：人民教育出版社,1980.
[11]马腾才,胡希伟,陈银华.等离子体物理原理[M].合肥：中国科技大学出版社,1988：1-2
[12]金佑民,樊友三.低温等离子体物理基础[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1983：2-3
[13](日)菅井秀郎.等离子体电子工程学[M].北京：科学出版社,2002
[14]许根慧等.等离子体技术与应用[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2006
[15](苏)B.E.戈兰特等.等离子体物理基础[M]北京：原子能出版社,1983
[16]GU Ji-hui, FENG Bo, WANG Zhi-xing, YUN Xiao-hua. Calculation and Measurement if Magnetic Field Distribution in a HF-NFC-System for Fast Moving Objects
[17]尤国钊,许厚谦,杨启仁.中间弹道学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2003
[18]徐立功,王刚.重活塞压缩器性能参数的数值解法[J].中国科学技术大学学报.1994,24(3)：278-281
[19]奥切洛,弗拉姆.等离子体诊断[M].郑少白,译.北京：电子工业出版社,1994.34-39
[20]曹金祥,徐宏亮等.微波共振探针在测量等离子体密度中的应用[J].电子学报,1995，23(6)：89-91
[21]顾继慧,是湘全.高速近距动态感应装置磁场分布的分析与仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2008，20(10)：2527-2528
[22]谢明勋等.再入遥测技术(下册)[M].国防工业出版社,1992,12-13
[23]曹金祥,赵红波,林毅君.微波探针法研究电弧风洞等离子体密度[J].电子学报,1996,24(9)：42
[24]谢处方,饶克谨.电磁场与电磁波(第4版)[M],北京：高等教育出版社,2006
[25]庄钊文,袁乃昌,刘少斌,莫锦军.等离子体隐身技术[M].北京,科学技术出版社,2005,45-46
[26]索科洛夫A A,罗斯库托夫,捷尔诺夫.量子力学原理及其应用[M].王组望,译.上海：上海科学技术出版社,1981
[27]Pauli泡利物理学讲义[M].洪铭熙,苑之方,译.北京：人民教育出版社,1982
[28]吴评,刘少斌.等离子体隐身技术的WKB方法[J].南昌大学学报(理科版),2006,30(4)：331-335
[29]莫锦军,刘少斌,袁乃昌.等离子体隐身机理研究[J].现代雷达,2002(24)：9-12
[30]中国人民解放军总装备部军事训练教材编辑工作委员会.再入物理[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2005,27
[31]袁敬闳,莫怀德.等离子体中的波[M].成都：电子科技大学出版社,1990
[32]刘少斌,袁乃昌,莫锦军.斜入射到非磁化等离子体的电磁波的吸收[J].系统工程与电子技术.2003,25(11)：1348.
[33]Vidmar R.J.Generation and properties of tenuous plasma bodies at atmospheric pressure. Annual Report,AFOSR Contract No F49620-85-K-0013 SRI International,1988
[34]Vidmar R J.On the use of atmospheric pressure plasma as electromagnetic reflectors and absorbers.IEEE Trans on Plasma Sci,1990,18(4):733-741
[35]DJ.Gregoire,J.Santoru and R.W.Schumaeher,Eleetromagnetic-wave ProPagation in unmagnetized Plasmas[R}.AD-A250710.1992
[36]杨华,时家明,凌永顺.电磁波在磁化等离子体上的反射特性研究[J].电波科学学报,2001,16(2)：196-199
[37]H.G.布克,冷等离子体波[M],北京,科学出版社,1985,19-22
[38]朱方,吕琼之.返回舱再入段雷达散射特性研究[J].现代雷达.2008,5(30)：14-16
[39]陈新华,杨森,李伟榕.火箭尾焰电磁特性参数对电磁波衰减特性影响研究[J].科学技术与工程.2009,9(5)：1194-1195.
[40]乐嘉陵.再入物理[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2005
[41]陈芳允.卫星测控手册[K].北京：科学出版社,1992,199-214
[42]胡红军,刘军,马明.雷达和USB在黑障区对返回舱捕获跟踪分析研究[J].载人航天,2006,3：49-51
[43]黄志澄.美国高超声速技术计划述评[J].863航天航空技术,2002(4)：1-13.
[44]王唯.关仰泽.关于黑障问题的探索[J].863航天技术通讯,1999(6)：32-37.
[45]刘嘉兴.发展Ka频段测控通信网的思考[J].电讯技术,2006，46(S7)：1-9.
[46]孙鉴,黄进武.空天飞机的测控通信技术[J].电讯技术,2007,47(1)：48-52.
[47]杨涓,何洪庆,毛根旺,唐金兰,应用于飞行器的等离子体隐身分析[J].现代防御技术,2002,30(3)：40-45
[2]赵梦熊.载人飞船空气动力学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2002
[3]金兹堡.电磁波在等离子体中的传播[M].北京：科学出版社,1978
[4]赖百坛.引信系统与平台信息交联协调性技术设计.“九五”国防预先研究重点项目研究报告,2000
[5]Oerlikon Contrives.AHEAD-an advanced new family of air-defence ammunition.7th International Exhibition of Police Civil and Military Security Equipment.1991
[6]徐茂格,席文君.近空间高超音速返回舱射频通信“黑障”研究[J].电讯技术,2009,49(10)：49-50
[7]Akey N D, Cross A E.Radio blackout alleclation and plasma diagnostic results from A25000 foot per second blunt-body reentry.NASA technical Note.NASA TN D-5615, 1970
[8]Rybak J P, Churchill R J.Progress in reentry communication.IEEE transacion on aerospace and electronic system.1971, AES-7(5):879-892
[9]Zboril F R.DRIFT_AC_Band telemetry system for polaris range tests.National space electronics symposium,1963
[10]F.F.陈.等离子体物理学导论[M].林光海译.北京：人民教育出版社,1980.
[11]马腾才,胡希伟,陈银华.等离子体物理原理[M].合肥：中国科技大学出版社,1988：1-2
[12]金佑民,樊友三.低温等离子体物理基础[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1983：2-3
[13](日)菅井秀郎.等离子体电子工程学[M].北京：科学出版社,2002
[14]许根慧等.等离子体技术与应用[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2006
[15](苏)B.E.戈兰特等.等离子体物理基础[M]北京：原子能出版社,1983
[16]GU Ji-hui, FENG Bo, WANG Zhi-xing, YUN Xiao-hua. Calculation and Measurement if Magnetic Field Distribution in a HF-NFC-System for Fast Moving Objects
[17]尤国钊,许厚谦,杨启仁.中间弹道学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2003
[18]徐立功,王刚.重活塞压缩器性能参数的数值解法[J].中国科学技术大学学报.1994,24(3)：278-281
[19]奥切洛,弗拉姆.等离子体诊断[M].郑少白,译.北京：电子工业出版社,1994.34-39
[20]曹金祥,徐宏亮等.微波共振探针在测量等离子体密度中的应用[J].电子学报,1995，23(6)：89-91
[21]顾继慧,是湘全.高速近距动态感应装置磁场分布的分析与仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2008，20(10)：2527-2528
[22]谢明勋等.再入遥测技术(下册)[M].国防工业出版社,1992,12-13
[23]曹金祥,赵红波,林毅君.微波探针法研究电弧风洞等离子体密度[J].电子学报,1996,24(9)：42
[24]谢处方,饶克谨.电磁场与电磁波(第4版)[M],北京：高等教育出版社,2006
[25]庄钊文,袁乃昌,刘少斌,莫锦军.等离子体隐身技术[M].北京,科学技术出版社,2005,45-46
[26]索科洛夫A A,罗斯库托夫,捷尔诺夫.量子力学原理及其应用[M].王组望,译.上海：上海科学技术出版社,1981
[27]Pauli泡利物理学讲义[M].洪铭熙,苑之方,译.北京：人民教育出版社,1982
[28]吴评,刘少斌.等离子体隐身技术的WKB方法[J].南昌大学学报(理科版),2006,30(4)：331-335
[29]莫锦军,刘少斌,袁乃昌.等离子体隐身机理研究[J].现代雷达,2002(24)：9-12
[30]中国人民解放军总装备部军事训练教材编辑工作委员会.再入物理[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2005,27
[31]袁敬闳,莫怀德.等离子体中的波[M].成都：电子科技大学出版社,1990
[32]刘少斌,袁乃昌,莫锦军.斜入射到非磁化等离子体的电磁波的吸收[J].系统工程与电子技术.2003,25(11)：1348.
[33]Vidmar R.J.Generation and properties of tenuous plasma bodies at atmospheric pressure. Annual Report,AFOSR Contract No F49620-85-K-0013 SRI International,1988
[34]Vidmar R J.On the use of atmospheric pressure plasma as electromagnetic reflectors and absorbers.IEEE Trans on Plasma Sci,1990,18(4):733-741
[35]DJ.Gregoire,J.Santoru and R.W.Schumaeher,Eleetromagnetic-wave ProPagation in unmagnetized Plasmas[R}.AD-A250710.1992
[36]杨华,时家明,凌永顺.电磁波在磁化等离子体上的反射特性研究[J].电波科学学报,2001,16(2)：196-199
[37]H.G.布克,冷等离子体波[M],北京,科学出版社,1985,19-22
[38]朱方,吕琼之.返回舱再入段雷达散射特性研究[J].现代雷达.2008,5(30)：14-16
[39]陈新华,杨森,李伟榕.火箭尾焰电磁特性参数对电磁波衰减特性影响研究[J].科学技术与工程.2009,9(5)：1194-1195.
[40]乐嘉陵.再入物理[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2005
[41]陈芳允.卫星测控手册[K].北京：科学出版社,1992,199-214
[42]胡红军,刘军,马明.雷达和USB在黑障区对返回舱捕获跟踪分析研究[J].载人航天,2006,3：49-51
[43]黄志澄.美国高超声速技术计划述评[J].863航天航空技术,2002(4)：1-13.
[44]王唯.关仰泽.关于黑障问题的探索[J].863航天技术通讯,1999(6)：32-37.
[45]刘嘉兴.发展Ka频段测控通信网的思考[J].电讯技术,2006，46(S7)：1-9.
[46]孙鉴,黄进武.空天飞机的测控通信技术[J].电讯技术,2007,47(1)：48-52.
[47]杨涓,何洪庆,毛根旺,唐金兰,应用于飞行器的等离子体隐身分析[J].现代防御技术,2002,30(3)：40-45