基于超分子化学作用的PVDF膜改性及其在处理低浓度含油废水中的应用研究
|
摘要
本文研究了基于超分子化学作用的多孔聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜的表面亲水改性及其在处理低浓度含油废水中的应用。
首先，提出了基于超分子化学作用的多孔PVDF膜表面亲水改性的机理。超分子化学作用是基于分子间的非共价键相互作用而形成的分子聚集体的化学，主要研究两个或多个分子通过分子之间的非共价键的弱相互作用，如氢键、范德华力、偶极／偶极相互作用、亲水／疏水相互作用及它们之间的协同作用而生成的分子聚集体的结构和功能。作为超分子化学中的一个分支，层状组装超薄膜的构筑和功能化一直是超分子科学研究中的热点，层状组装超薄膜的成膜推动力有静电力、氢键、配位键、电荷转移、范德华力、π-π相互作用、分子识别或上述几种作用力的协同。尽管上述都是弱相互作用力，强度不大，但这些弱相互作用力叠加的结果足可以维持所获得的组装体的稳定性。氢键的形成在超分子化学中有着重要的地位，许多超分子结构是通过氢键形成的。有研究结果表明，在不存在空间阻力、电荷转移、堆积相互作用等其它效应时，结合能同氢键数目线性相关。PVA的结构式中存在—OH，其中的氢原子具有较强的活性，而PVDF的结构中存在电负性很大，原子半径很小的氟原子，当具有较强的活性的氢原子遇到电负性很大的氟原子时，由于静电力的作用而形成氢键：F…H—O，而使PVDF的表面通过氢键作用而形成一层亲水的PVA复合层。
为了确保所形成的亲水层的稳定性，利用酸性条件下的醇醛交联反应，使PVA分子与戊二醛发生部分交联，在保证改性后膜的亲水性的前提下，可以使改性膜的表面层稳定存在，同时交联网状聚合物结构还可以改善改性膜的热稳定性和机械性能。
研究了影响膜改性效果的主要因素，以纯水通量和水接触角作为考核指标，确定了多孔PVDF膜表面亲水改性的最佳实验条件，所制得的改性膜表面具有较强的亲水性，改性膜的水接触角由原PVDF膜的117°减小到35°以下，在操作压力低于0.2MPa时，纯水通量由原PVDF膜的0增加到130L／m~2h以上(以杯式膜分离器死端方式测得)。改性膜的油截留率显著增大。与原PVDF膜比较，改性膜的热稳定性和机械稳定性都略有改善。
对制得的改性膜进行了表面分子结构表征。改性膜的表面—OH和—F共存，而且—OH以游离、分子间缔合和分子内缔合三种形式存在，其中缔合羟基大量存在于改性膜表面，说明存在基于氢键的分子间作用。通过比表面测定和扫描电镜观察，改性膜的孔径分布变窄，且膜的表面更趋于光滑。
用静态吸附法考察了改性膜对油滴的吸附性，膜对油分子的吸附属一级动力学吸附，且吸附过程的主要控制步骤是油分子在膜表面及膜孔内的扩散速度，因此，对膜做表面亲水改性，减小膜与油分子间的作用力是控制油分子在膜上吸附的有效途径。
In this dissertation, a research has been made on the surface hydrophilic modification of porous polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) membrane based on supramolecular chemistry process and its application in the treatment of low concentration oily wastewater.
First, the mechanism of surface hydrophilic modification of PVDF membrane based on supramolecular chemistry process has been presented. Supramolecular chemistry is the chemistry of ordered arrays of molecular units based on non-covalent weak interactions; it mainly studies the structure and function of the molecular assembly which are formed through the non-covalent bond weak interaction between two or among more molecules, such as hydrogen bond, van der waals force, dipole/dipole interaction, hydrophilic/hydrophobic interaction and their synergistic reaction. As a branch of supramolecular chemistry, the construction and function of the layer assembly of ultrathin membrane has been the hot issue to be studied. There are many kinds of impetuses to prepare ultrathin film by alternant sediment technique, such as electrostatic force, hydrogen bond, coordination bond, charge transfer, van der waals force, π-π interaction, molecular recognition or the synergistic reaction of several forces above. Though those all are weak interaction forces and the intensity is not strong, the total force is strong enough to preserve the stability of assembly system if these weak interactions are accumulated.
Taking the water contact angel and pure water flux as the performance indexes, the main influence factors on performance of modified membrane are researched, and the main experimental conditions of membrane modification are determined. After modification, the water contact angle is 35° and pure water flux are over 100Lm~(-2)h~(-1), which are improved greatly compared to the PVDF membrane, and the oil rejection ratio is increased dramatically. Moreover, the thermal stability and the mechanical stability of modified membrane is slightly increased.
In order to ensure the stability of surface layer, the partial cross-linking reaction happened between glutaraldehyde and PVA which was on PVDF membrane by hydrogen bond, which not only insure the hydrophilicity of PVDF membrane, but also improve the stability of modified membrane.
Taking advantage of Fourier transform infrared spectrum and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the researcher has conducted a contrastive research on the surface molecular structure of porous PVDF membrane before and after modification. Research results indicate that, though the C-F characteristic peak of the PVDF membrane still exists after
首先，提出了基于超分子化学作用的多孔PVDF膜表面亲水改性的机理。超分子化学作用是基于分子间的非共价键相互作用而形成的分子聚集体的化学，主要研究两个或多个分子通过分子之间的非共价键的弱相互作用，如氢键、范德华力、偶极／偶极相互作用、亲水／疏水相互作用及它们之间的协同作用而生成的分子聚集体的结构和功能。作为超分子化学中的一个分支，层状组装超薄膜的构筑和功能化一直是超分子科学研究中的热点，层状组装超薄膜的成膜推动力有静电力、氢键、配位键、电荷转移、范德华力、π-π相互作用、分子识别或上述几种作用力的协同。尽管上述都是弱相互作用力，强度不大，但这些弱相互作用力叠加的结果足可以维持所获得的组装体的稳定性。氢键的形成在超分子化学中有着重要的地位，许多超分子结构是通过氢键形成的。有研究结果表明，在不存在空间阻力、电荷转移、堆积相互作用等其它效应时，结合能同氢键数目线性相关。PVA的结构式中存在—OH，其中的氢原子具有较强的活性，而PVDF的结构中存在电负性很大，原子半径很小的氟原子，当具有较强的活性的氢原子遇到电负性很大的氟原子时，由于静电力的作用而形成氢键：F…H—O，而使PVDF的表面通过氢键作用而形成一层亲水的PVA复合层。
为了确保所形成的亲水层的稳定性，利用酸性条件下的醇醛交联反应，使PVA分子与戊二醛发生部分交联，在保证改性后膜的亲水性的前提下，可以使改性膜的表面层稳定存在，同时交联网状聚合物结构还可以改善改性膜的热稳定性和机械性能。
研究了影响膜改性效果的主要因素，以纯水通量和水接触角作为考核指标，确定了多孔PVDF膜表面亲水改性的最佳实验条件，所制得的改性膜表面具有较强的亲水性，改性膜的水接触角由原PVDF膜的117°减小到35°以下，在操作压力低于0.2MPa时，纯水通量由原PVDF膜的0增加到130L／m~2h以上(以杯式膜分离器死端方式测得)。改性膜的油截留率显著增大。与原PVDF膜比较，改性膜的热稳定性和机械稳定性都略有改善。
对制得的改性膜进行了表面分子结构表征。改性膜的表面—OH和—F共存，而且—OH以游离、分子间缔合和分子内缔合三种形式存在，其中缔合羟基大量存在于改性膜表面，说明存在基于氢键的分子间作用。通过比表面测定和扫描电镜观察，改性膜的孔径分布变窄，且膜的表面更趋于光滑。
用静态吸附法考察了改性膜对油滴的吸附性，膜对油分子的吸附属一级动力学吸附，且吸附过程的主要控制步骤是油分子在膜表面及膜孔内的扩散速度，因此，对膜做表面亲水改性，减小膜与油分子间的作用力是控制油分子在膜上吸附的有效途径。
In this dissertation, a research has been made on the surface hydrophilic modification of porous polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) membrane based on supramolecular chemistry process and its application in the treatment of low concentration oily wastewater.
First, the mechanism of surface hydrophilic modification of PVDF membrane based on supramolecular chemistry process has been presented. Supramolecular chemistry is the chemistry of ordered arrays of molecular units based on non-covalent weak interactions; it mainly studies the structure and function of the molecular assembly which are formed through the non-covalent bond weak interaction between two or among more molecules, such as hydrogen bond, van der waals force, dipole/dipole interaction, hydrophilic/hydrophobic interaction and their synergistic reaction. As a branch of supramolecular chemistry, the construction and function of the layer assembly of ultrathin membrane has been the hot issue to be studied. There are many kinds of impetuses to prepare ultrathin film by alternant sediment technique, such as electrostatic force, hydrogen bond, coordination bond, charge transfer, van der waals force, π-π interaction, molecular recognition or the synergistic reaction of several forces above. Though those all are weak interaction forces and the intensity is not strong, the total force is strong enough to preserve the stability of assembly system if these weak interactions are accumulated.
Taking the water contact angel and pure water flux as the performance indexes, the main influence factors on performance of modified membrane are researched, and the main experimental conditions of membrane modification are determined. After modification, the water contact angle is 35° and pure water flux are over 100Lm~(-2)h~(-1), which are improved greatly compared to the PVDF membrane, and the oil rejection ratio is increased dramatically. Moreover, the thermal stability and the mechanical stability of modified membrane is slightly increased.
In order to ensure the stability of surface layer, the partial cross-linking reaction happened between glutaraldehyde and PVA which was on PVDF membrane by hydrogen bond, which not only insure the hydrophilicity of PVDF membrane, but also improve the stability of modified membrane.
Taking advantage of Fourier transform infrared spectrum and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the researcher has conducted a contrastive research on the surface molecular structure of porous PVDF membrane before and after modification. Research results indicate that, though the C-F characteristic peak of the PVDF membrane still exists after
引文
1 国务院制定．国家中长期科学与技术发展规划纲要(2006～2020)．2006．3
2 戴军，袁惠新，俞建峰．膜技术在含油废水处理中的应用．膜科学与技术，2002，22(2)：59-64
3 唐燕辉，梁伟，柴章民．含油污水膜技术处理．精细石油化工，1998，12(2)：37-39
4 刘蓉，张大年．粗粒化法处理乳化食用油脂废水的研究．上海环境科学，2001，20(7)：331-335
5 任玉森．含油废水处理技术综述．节能环保技术，2003，7：9-12
6 Moulai Mostefa N., Tir M.. Coupling flocculation with electroflotation for waste oil/water emulsion treatment. Optimization of the operating conditions. Desalination, 2004, 161: 115-121
7 Jo & Manuel Benito, Guillermo Rios, Enrique Ortea, Eva Fernhdez, Angel Cambiella, Carmen Pazos, Jose Coca. Design and construction of a modular pilot plant for the treatment of oil-containing wastewaters. Desalination, 2002, 147: 5-10
8 Ochoa N. A., Masuelli M., Marchese J.. Effect of hydrophilicity on fouling of an emulsified oil wastewater with PVDF/PMMA membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 226: 203-211
9 Juan R. Portela, Lopez J., Nebot E., Mart'mez de la Ossa E.. Elimination of cutting oil wastes by promoted hydrothermal oxidation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2001 B88: 95-106
10 王湛．膜分离技术基础[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2000
11 徐铜文．膜化学与技术教程[M]．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，2003
12 张玉忠，郑领英，高从堦．液体分离膜技术及应用[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2004
13 孔祥言．高等渗流力学[M]．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1999
14 李海波，胡筱敏，罗茜．含油废水的膜处理技术．过滤与分离，2000，10(4)：10-14
15 张裕卿，丁健．Al_2O_3的添加对聚砜膜性能的影响．化学工程，2000，28(5)：42-47
16 焦剑，雷渭媛．高聚物结构、性能与测试[M]．第一版．北京：化学工业出版社，2003
17 潘艳秋，李红剑，王同华，任力勇．炭膜处理含油污水的实验研究．高校化学工程学报，2004，18(1)：13-16
18 Faibish R S, Cohen Y F. Fouling resisitant ceramic supported polymer membranes for ultrafiltration of oil-in-water microemulsuions. Journal of Membrane Science, 2001, 185: 129-143
19 Faibish R S, Cohen Y F. Fouling and rejection behavior of ceramic and polymer modified ceramic membranes for ultrafiltration of oil-in-water emulsions and micraemulsions. Colloids and Surface A, 2001, 191: 27-41
20 王枢，褚良银，陈文梅，顾雪林，李艳，王广金．有机／无机复合型抗污染油水分离膜研究．高校化学工程学报，2005，19(1)：11-16
21 Gerald Busca, Nidal Hilal, Brian P. Atkin. Optimization of washing cycle on ultrafiltration membranes used in treatment of metalworking fluids. Desalination, 2003, 156: 199-207
22 Carroll T., Booker N. A., Meier-Haaek J.. Polyelectrolyte-grafted mierofiltration membranes to control fouling by natural organic matter in drinking water. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 203: 3-13
23 Zhen-Mei Liu, Zhi-Kang Xu, Jian-Qin Wang. Surface modification of polypropylene micro filtration membranes by graft polymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone. European Polymer Journal, 2004, 40: 2077-2087
24 Ochoa N. A., Masuelli M.. Effect of hydrophilicity on fouling of an emulsified oil wastewater with PVDF/PMMA membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 226: 203-211
25 Gilron J., Belfer S.. Effects of surface modification on antifouling and erformance properties of reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination, 2001, 140: 167-179
26 Bottino A., Capannelli G., Monticelli O., Piaggio P.. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) with improved functionalization for membrane production. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000, 166: 23-29
27 Young Wang, Jae-Hong Kim, Kwang-Ho Choo, Yoon-Sik Lee , Chung-Hak Lee. Hydrophilic modification of polypropylene microfiltration membranes by ozone-induced graft polymerization. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000, 169: 269-276
28 Viatcheslav Freger, Jack Gilron, Sofia Belfer. TFC polyamide membranes modified by grafting of hydrophilic polymers: an FT-IR/AFM/TEM study. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 209: 283-292
29 Khayet M.. Membrane surface modification and characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. Applied Surface Science, 2004, 238:269-272
30 Peng Wang, Tan K. L. , Kang E. T., Neoh K.G.. Plasma-induced immobilization of poly(ethylene glycol) onto poly(vinylidene fluoride) microporous membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 195:103-114
31 李琳译．膜技术基本原理[M]．第二版．北京：清华大学出版社，1999
30 王枢．抗污染油水分离复合膜制备及分离性能研究．博士论文．四川大学．2004
32 Toraj Mohammadi, Afshin Pak, Mehrdad Karbassian. Effect of operating conditions on microfiltration of an oil-water emulsion by a kaolin membrane. Desalination, 2004, 168:201-205
33 Mohammadi T., Kazemimoghadam M,, Saadabadi M.. Modeling of membrane fouling and flux decline in reverse osmosis during separation of oil in water emulsions. Desalination, 2003, 157:369-375
34 Masahide Taniguchi, James E. Kilduff, Georges Belfort. Low fouling synthetic membranes by UV-assisted graff polymerization: monomer selection to mitigate fouling by natural organic matter. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 222:59-70
35 Masahide Taniguchi, Georges Belfort. Low protein fouling synthetic membranes by UV-assisted surface grafting modification: varying monomer type. Journal of Membrane Science, 2004, 231:147-157
36 Hilal N., Kochkodan V., Busca G., Kochkodan O., Atkin B. P.. Thin layer composite molecularly imprinted membranes for selective separation of cAMP. Separation and Purification Technology, 2003, 31:281-289
37 Sang Ho Ye, Junji Watanabe, Yasuhiko Iwasaki, Kazuhiko Ishihara. Situ modification on cellulose acetate hollow fiber membrane modified with phospholipid polymer for biomedical application. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 249:133-141
38 Huimin Ma, Christopher N. Bowman, Robert H. Davis. Membrane fouling reduction by backpulsing and surface modification. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000, 173:191-200
39 Dattatray S. Wavhal, Ellen R. Fisher. Hydrophilic modification of polyethersulfone membranes by low temperature plasma-induced graft polymerization. Desalination. 2005, 172: 189-205
40 Thomas D. G. Forced convection mass transfer in hyperfiltration membrane. Ind. & Eng. Chem. Fundam, 1973, 4:396-405
41 Siamak Najarian, Bellhouse B. J.. Residence time distribution studies in a simulated tubular affinity membrane separator. Chemical Engineering Journal, 1999, 75: 105-111
42 Murase T., Pradistsuwana C.. Dynamic Microfiltration of a dilute oil-in-water (O/W) emusion in a rotating cylindrical membrane filter. Kagaku Kogakn Roubunshu, 1996, 1:120-126
43 Kroner K. H., Nissinen V.. Dynamic filtration of microbial suspensions using an annular rotation filter. Journal of Membrane Science, 1985, 5:85-100
44 Petre Mikulasek, Petre Dolecek. Use of a rotating filter to enhance ceramic membrane filtration performance of latex dispersion. Separation Science & Technology, 1994, 15:1943-1956
45 Murase T., Ohn T.. The cake filtration for high resistant slurry by use of dynamic filter with rotating cylinder. Japan J. Water Pollution Research, 1988, 11:307
46 Murase T., Iritani E., Chidphong P.. Periodic dynamic filtration using a ceramic filter with a rotating cylinder. International Chemical Engineering, 1992, 2:352-359
47 Pedersen C J.. The Discovery of Crown Ethers (Noble Lecture). Angewandte Chemic International Edition.Engl., 1988, 27:1021-1027
48 Cram D J.. The Design of Molecular Hosts, Guests, and Their Complexes (Nobel Lecture). Angewandte Chemic International Edition.Engl, 1988, 27:1009-1020
49 Lehn J M.. Supramolecular Chemistry-Scope and Perspectives Molecules, Supermolecules, and Molecular Devices (Nobel Lecture). Angewandte Chemic International Edition.Eng., 1988, 27:89-112
50 Zhang X, Shen J C. Self-assembled ultrathin films: from layered nanoarchitectures to functional assemblies. Adv. Mater., 1999, 11:1139
51 Shen J C, Sun J Q, Zhang X. Polymeric nanostructured composite films. Pure Appl. Chem., 2000, 72:147
52 Lehn J M. Programmed chemical systems: multiple subprograms and multiple processing/expression of molecular information. Chemical Europe Journal, 2000, 6: 2097
53 徐筱杰．超分子建筑——从分子到材料．第一版．北京：科学技术文献出版社．2000：3
54 刘育，尤长城，张衡益．超分子化学——合成受体的分子识别和组装．第一版．天津：南开大学出版社，2001
55 Rabe J P, Buchholz S. Commensurability and mobility in two-dimensional molicular patternson graphite. Science, 1991,253:424
56 Caruso F, Caruso R A, Mohwald H. Nanoengineering of inorganic and hybrid hollow spheres by colloidal templating. Science, 1998, 282:1111-1114
57 Karthaus O, Maruyama N, Cieren X, Shimomura M, et al.. Water-assisted foemation of micrometer-sized honeycomb patterns of polymers. Langmuir, 2000, 16:6071
58 Srinvasarao M, Collings D, Philips A, et al.. Three-dimensionally orderes of air bubbles in a polymer film. Science, 2001, 292:79
59 Special issue on supmmolecular chemistry and self-assembly. Science, 2002, 295: 2395-2430
60 Special issue on supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly. PNAS, 2002, 78(9): 4755-5750
61 董建华．高分子科学近期发展趋势与若干前沿．高分子通报，2005，5：1-7
62 Cordas C M, Viana A S, Leupola S, et al. Self-assembled monolayer of an iron(Ⅲ) porphyrin disulphide derivative on gold. Electrochemistry Communications, 2003, 5(1): 36-41
63 Kim T H, Sohn B H. Photocatalytic thin films containing TiO_2 nanoparticles by the layer-by-layer self-assembling method. Applied Surface Science, 2002, 201(4): 109-144
64 侯士峰，李启广，刘忠范．末端硫醇化聚乙二醇分子自组装膜及复合膜的表面形态研究．北京大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，37(2)：145-148
65 李秀宏，谭智敏，黄兰等．金属纳米颗粒—聚电解质多层膜的X射线反射率研究．高等学校化学学报，2004，25(7)：1314-1317
66 Shi F, Dong B, Qiu D. Layer-by-layer self-assembly of reactive polyelectrolytes for robuet multilayer patterning. Advanced Materials, 2002, 14(11): 805-809
67 Zhang J, Bai L, Zhang K, et al. A novel method for the layer-by-layer assembly of metal nanoparticles transported by polymer microspheres. J Mater Chem, 2003, 13(3): 514-517
68 Russell V A, Evans C C, Li W. Nanoporous molecular sandwiches: pillared two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded networks with adjustable porosity. Science, 1997, 276:575-579
69 沈家骢．超分子层状结构——组装与功能．第一版．北京：科学出版社：2004
70 Netzer L, Sagiv J. A new approach to construction of artificial monolayer assemblies. J.Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105:674
71 Decher G. Fuzzy nanoassemblies: toward layered polymeric multicomposites. Science. 1991. 277 (7): 1232
72 Shneider H J. Frontiers in Superamolecular Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry[M]. VCH Publishers, 1991: 29
73 Wang LY, Wang ZQ, Zhang X, Shen JC, Chi LF. Fuchs H. A new approach for the fabrication of alternating multilayer film of poly(4-vinypyridine) and polyacrylic acid based on hydrogen bonding. Macromol. Rapid Commun., 1997, 18:509
74 Wang LY, Fu Y, Wang ZQ, Fan YG, Zhang X. Investigation into an alternating multilayer film of poly(4-vinypyridine) and polyacrylic acid based on hydrogen bonding. Langmuir, 1999, 15:1360
75 Chun Cao, Tai-Shung Chung, Ye Liu, Rong Wang, K.P. Pramoda. Chemical cross-linking modification of 6FDA-2, 6-DAT hollow fiber membranes for natural gas separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 216:257-268
76 顾惕人，朱步瑶，李外郎等编著．表面化学[M]．科学出版社，1999：240-245
77 包艳辉，朱宝库等．聚偏氟乙烯微孔膜的亲水化改性及功能化研究进展．功能高分子学报，2003，16(2)：269-274
78 Ochoa N A., Masuelli M.. Effect of hydrophilicity on fouling of an emulsified oil wastewater with PVDF/PMMA membranes Journal of Membrane Science. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 226:203-211
79 李健生，梁祎，王慧雅等．TiO_2／PVDF复合中空纤维膜的制备和表征．高分子学报．2004，5：709-712
80 Viatcheslav Freger, Jack Gilron. TFC polyamide membranes modified by grafting of hydrophilic polymers: an FT-IR/AFM/TEM study. Journal of Membrane Science. 2002, 209:283-292
81 Walls D J, Coburn J C. Journal of Polymer Science, 1992, 30(8): 887-897
82 Kristen R. Kull, Michelle L. Steen, Ellen R. Fisher. Surface modification with nitrogen-containing plasmas to produce hydrophilic, low-fouling membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 246:203-215
83 Momtaz M., Dewez J L., Marchand-Brynaert J.. Chemical reactivity assay and surface characterization of a poly(vinylidene fluoride) microfiltration membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 250:29-37
84 Khayet M.. Membrane surface modification and characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. Applied Surface Science, 2004, 238:269-272
85 Zhi-Ping Zhao, Ji-Ding Li, Dan-Xia Zhang, Cui-Xian Chen. Nanofiltration membrane prepared from polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration membrane by low-temperature plasma: Ⅰ. Graft of acrylic acid in gas. Journal of Membrane Science, 2004, 232:1-8
86 Dattatray S. Wavhal, Ellen R. Fisher. Modification of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes by CO_2 plasma treatment. Desalination, 2005, 172:189-205
87 国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会．水和废水分析监测方法[M]．第四版．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2002：489-496
88 徐铜文．膜化学与技术教程[M]．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，2003：39-40，55-56
89 林水水，关平平，周文敏．傅立叶变换红外光谱的应用[M]．第一版．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1991：501-505
90 谢晶曦，常俊标，王绪明．红外光谱在有机化学和药物化学中的应用[M]．第一版．北京：科学出版社，2001：372-390
91 周清．电子能谱学[M]．第一版．天津：南开大学出版社，1995
92 朱益．扫描电镜图像的形成和显微分析[M]．第一版．北京：北京大学出版社，1991
93 唐广军，孙本惠．聚偏氟乙烯膜的亲水性改性研究进展．化工进展，2004，23(5)：480-485
94 Ochoa N A., Masuelli M., Effect of hydrophilicity on fouling of an emulsified oil waste water with PVDF/PMMA membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 226:203-211
95 汪锰，王湛，李政雄．膜材料及制备[M]．北京，化学工业出版社，2003：31-32
96 焦剑，雷渭媛．高聚物结构、性能与测试[M]．第一版．北京：化学工业出版社，2003：63
97 夏笃祎，张肇熙．高聚物结构分析[M]．第一版．北京：化学工业出版社，1990
98 王建祺，吴文辉，冯大明．X光电子能谱[M]．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，1992：73-79
99 刘茉娥．膜分离技术[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，1998
100 王学松．膜分离技术其应用[M]．北京：科学技术出版社，1994
101 Higgins R J., Bishop B A., Goldsmith R L.. Reclamation of waste lubricating oil using ceramic membrane. The Proceeding of the Third International Conference on Inorganic Membranes. Worcester Massachusetts, 1994:447-463
102 徐铜文．膜化学与技术教程[M]．第一版．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，2003：251
103 Vrijenhoek E M, Hong S, Elimelech M. Influence of membrane surface properties on initial rate of colloid fouling of reverse osmosis and nanofitration membranes. Journal Membrane Science, 2001:115-128
104 Her N, Amy G, Jarustthirak C. Seasonal variation of nanofiltration fonlants: identification and control. Desalination, 2000, 167(3): 143-160
105 朱安娜，祝万鹏，张玉春．纳滤过程的污染问题及纳滤膜性能的影响因素．膜科学与技术，2003，23(1)：43-49
106 Trirmizi N P., Raghuraman B., Wiencek J.. Demulsification of water/oil/solid emulsions by hollow-fibre membranes. RICHE J, 1996, 42:512-518
107 Benito J M., Ebe S. l, Guitierrez B., Pazos C. and Coca J.. Ultrafiltration of a waste emulsified cutting oil using organic membrane. Water, Air andS oil Pollution, 2001, 128:181-195
108 张裕卿，丁健．Al_2O_3的添加对聚砜膜性能的影响．化学工程，2000，28(5)：42-44
109 樊文玲，陆晓峰．聚丙烯酸钠复合超滤膜研制初探．膜科学与技术，2005，25(1)：25-29
110 Ho Y S, Mckay G. Akinetic study of dye sorption by biosorbent waste product pith. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 1999, 25:171-193
111 Mamdouh, Mahmoud, Nassar. Intraparticle diffusion of basic red and basic yellow dye sonpalm fruit bunch. Water Science Technology, 1999, 7:133-139
112 顾惕人，朱步瑶，李外郎等编著．表面化学[M]．北京：科学出版社，1999：322-327
113 李琳译．膜技术基本原理[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1999
114 黄维菊，陈文梅，魏 星，等．具有旋转横流的管式膜微滤的渗透通量及环隙压力分布．化工学报，2003，54(5)：605-611
115 Wakeman R J. Electrically enhanced microfiltration of albumin suspensions. Food and Bioproducts processing: Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1998, C3:53-591
116 Czekaj Piotr, Mores Wendy, Davis Robert H, et al. Infrasonic pulsing for foulant removal in crossflow microfiltration. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000,84(2): 157-169
117 Scottk, mahmood A J, Jachuck R J, et al. Intensified membrane filtration with corrogatedmembranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000, 84(1): 1-16
118 Stopka J, Bugan S C, Broussous L, et al. Microfiltration of beer yeast suspensions through stamped ceramic membranes. Separation and Purification Technology, 2001, 10:535-543
119 杨柳，陈文梅，褚良银．旋转管式膜分离器环隙间速度和流线数值模拟．高 校化学工程学报，2000，14(6)：524-529
120 郭烈锦．两相与多相流动力学[M]．第一版．西安：西安交大出版社，2002
121 褚良银，陈文梅．旋转流分离理论[M]．北京：冶金工业出版社，2002
122 王乐夫译．R Rautenbach著．膜工艺——组件和装置设计基础．第一版．北京：化学工业出版社，1998
123 孔祥言．高等渗流力学[M]．第一版．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1999
124 G Targan. Mineral Processing[M]. Budapest, 1981
125 周先桃．高效水力旋流器[P]．四川大学．中国：CN2522174Y，2002
126 褚良银．高效节能水力旋流器[P]．四川大学．中国：CN2503994Y，2002
127 袁惠新．一种用于互不相溶液体混合物的分离装置[P]．无锡轻工业大学分离工程研究所．中国：CN147341C，2004
128 徐继润，罗栖．水力旋流器流场理柳M]．北京：科学出版社．1998
129 Wayne W. Hesse. Howard T. Marles. Hvdrocvclone[P]. US5965021.1999
130 吴秋林，许效红，吴照和．多孔亲水膜——油水分散体系界面现象研究．膜科学与技术，1995，15(3)：61-67
131 邱运仁，方惠会，熊日华．金属——改性PVA复合亲水分相膜处理乳化含油废水．膜科学与技术，2001，21(6)：16-20
132 Rushton A, Zhang G S. Rotary microporous filtration. Desalination, 1998, 70: 379-394
133 Reed Brian E, Lin Wei, et.al. Treatment of oily wastes using high-shear rotary ultrafiltration. Journal of Environmental Engneering, 1997, 123(12): 1234-1242
134 舒朝晖，陈文梅，褚良银．除油旋流器入口流量与基本性能的关系．化工机械．2003，30(3)：129-134
135 徐菡，李建明，陈文梅，沈亮．旋转管式微滤器中流体流动对过滤通量的影响．高校化学工程学报，2003，17(1)：25-30
136 Belfort G, Mikulasek P, Pimbley J M, Chung Y. Diagnosis of membrane fouling using a rotating annular filter. 1. Cell culture media. Journal of Membrane Science, 1993, 77(1): 1-23
137 Belfort G, Mikulasek P, Pimbley J M, et al. Diagnosis of membrane fouling using a rotating annular filter. 2. Dilute particle suspensions, of known particle size. Journal of Membrane Science, 1993, 77(1): 23-39
2 戴军，袁惠新，俞建峰．膜技术在含油废水处理中的应用．膜科学与技术，2002，22(2)：59-64
3 唐燕辉，梁伟，柴章民．含油污水膜技术处理．精细石油化工，1998，12(2)：37-39
4 刘蓉，张大年．粗粒化法处理乳化食用油脂废水的研究．上海环境科学，2001，20(7)：331-335
5 任玉森．含油废水处理技术综述．节能环保技术，2003，7：9-12
6 Moulai Mostefa N., Tir M.. Coupling flocculation with electroflotation for waste oil/water emulsion treatment. Optimization of the operating conditions. Desalination, 2004, 161: 115-121
7 Jo & Manuel Benito, Guillermo Rios, Enrique Ortea, Eva Fernhdez, Angel Cambiella, Carmen Pazos, Jose Coca. Design and construction of a modular pilot plant for the treatment of oil-containing wastewaters. Desalination, 2002, 147: 5-10
8 Ochoa N. A., Masuelli M., Marchese J.. Effect of hydrophilicity on fouling of an emulsified oil wastewater with PVDF/PMMA membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 226: 203-211
9 Juan R. Portela, Lopez J., Nebot E., Mart'mez de la Ossa E.. Elimination of cutting oil wastes by promoted hydrothermal oxidation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2001 B88: 95-106
10 王湛．膜分离技术基础[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2000
11 徐铜文．膜化学与技术教程[M]．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，2003
12 张玉忠，郑领英，高从堦．液体分离膜技术及应用[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2004
13 孔祥言．高等渗流力学[M]．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1999
14 李海波，胡筱敏，罗茜．含油废水的膜处理技术．过滤与分离，2000，10(4)：10-14
15 张裕卿，丁健．Al_2O_3的添加对聚砜膜性能的影响．化学工程，2000，28(5)：42-47
16 焦剑，雷渭媛．高聚物结构、性能与测试[M]．第一版．北京：化学工业出版社，2003
17 潘艳秋，李红剑，王同华，任力勇．炭膜处理含油污水的实验研究．高校化学工程学报，2004，18(1)：13-16
18 Faibish R S, Cohen Y F. Fouling resisitant ceramic supported polymer membranes for ultrafiltration of oil-in-water microemulsuions. Journal of Membrane Science, 2001, 185: 129-143
19 Faibish R S, Cohen Y F. Fouling and rejection behavior of ceramic and polymer modified ceramic membranes for ultrafiltration of oil-in-water emulsions and micraemulsions. Colloids and Surface A, 2001, 191: 27-41
20 王枢，褚良银，陈文梅，顾雪林，李艳，王广金．有机／无机复合型抗污染油水分离膜研究．高校化学工程学报，2005，19(1)：11-16
21 Gerald Busca, Nidal Hilal, Brian P. Atkin. Optimization of washing cycle on ultrafiltration membranes used in treatment of metalworking fluids. Desalination, 2003, 156: 199-207
22 Carroll T., Booker N. A., Meier-Haaek J.. Polyelectrolyte-grafted mierofiltration membranes to control fouling by natural organic matter in drinking water. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 203: 3-13
23 Zhen-Mei Liu, Zhi-Kang Xu, Jian-Qin Wang. Surface modification of polypropylene micro filtration membranes by graft polymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone. European Polymer Journal, 2004, 40: 2077-2087
24 Ochoa N. A., Masuelli M.. Effect of hydrophilicity on fouling of an emulsified oil wastewater with PVDF/PMMA membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 226: 203-211
25 Gilron J., Belfer S.. Effects of surface modification on antifouling and erformance properties of reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination, 2001, 140: 167-179
26 Bottino A., Capannelli G., Monticelli O., Piaggio P.. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) with improved functionalization for membrane production. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000, 166: 23-29
27 Young Wang, Jae-Hong Kim, Kwang-Ho Choo, Yoon-Sik Lee , Chung-Hak Lee. Hydrophilic modification of polypropylene microfiltration membranes by ozone-induced graft polymerization. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000, 169: 269-276
28 Viatcheslav Freger, Jack Gilron, Sofia Belfer. TFC polyamide membranes modified by grafting of hydrophilic polymers: an FT-IR/AFM/TEM study. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 209: 283-292
29 Khayet M.. Membrane surface modification and characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. Applied Surface Science, 2004, 238:269-272
30 Peng Wang, Tan K. L. , Kang E. T., Neoh K.G.. Plasma-induced immobilization of poly(ethylene glycol) onto poly(vinylidene fluoride) microporous membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 195:103-114
31 李琳译．膜技术基本原理[M]．第二版．北京：清华大学出版社，1999
30 王枢．抗污染油水分离复合膜制备及分离性能研究．博士论文．四川大学．2004
32 Toraj Mohammadi, Afshin Pak, Mehrdad Karbassian. Effect of operating conditions on microfiltration of an oil-water emulsion by a kaolin membrane. Desalination, 2004, 168:201-205
33 Mohammadi T., Kazemimoghadam M,, Saadabadi M.. Modeling of membrane fouling and flux decline in reverse osmosis during separation of oil in water emulsions. Desalination, 2003, 157:369-375
34 Masahide Taniguchi, James E. Kilduff, Georges Belfort. Low fouling synthetic membranes by UV-assisted graff polymerization: monomer selection to mitigate fouling by natural organic matter. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 222:59-70
35 Masahide Taniguchi, Georges Belfort. Low protein fouling synthetic membranes by UV-assisted surface grafting modification: varying monomer type. Journal of Membrane Science, 2004, 231:147-157
36 Hilal N., Kochkodan V., Busca G., Kochkodan O., Atkin B. P.. Thin layer composite molecularly imprinted membranes for selective separation of cAMP. Separation and Purification Technology, 2003, 31:281-289
37 Sang Ho Ye, Junji Watanabe, Yasuhiko Iwasaki, Kazuhiko Ishihara. Situ modification on cellulose acetate hollow fiber membrane modified with phospholipid polymer for biomedical application. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 249:133-141
38 Huimin Ma, Christopher N. Bowman, Robert H. Davis. Membrane fouling reduction by backpulsing and surface modification. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000, 173:191-200
39 Dattatray S. Wavhal, Ellen R. Fisher. Hydrophilic modification of polyethersulfone membranes by low temperature plasma-induced graft polymerization. Desalination. 2005, 172: 189-205
40 Thomas D. G. Forced convection mass transfer in hyperfiltration membrane. Ind. & Eng. Chem. Fundam, 1973, 4:396-405
41 Siamak Najarian, Bellhouse B. J.. Residence time distribution studies in a simulated tubular affinity membrane separator. Chemical Engineering Journal, 1999, 75: 105-111
42 Murase T., Pradistsuwana C.. Dynamic Microfiltration of a dilute oil-in-water (O/W) emusion in a rotating cylindrical membrane filter. Kagaku Kogakn Roubunshu, 1996, 1:120-126
43 Kroner K. H., Nissinen V.. Dynamic filtration of microbial suspensions using an annular rotation filter. Journal of Membrane Science, 1985, 5:85-100
44 Petre Mikulasek, Petre Dolecek. Use of a rotating filter to enhance ceramic membrane filtration performance of latex dispersion. Separation Science & Technology, 1994, 15:1943-1956
45 Murase T., Ohn T.. The cake filtration for high resistant slurry by use of dynamic filter with rotating cylinder. Japan J. Water Pollution Research, 1988, 11:307
46 Murase T., Iritani E., Chidphong P.. Periodic dynamic filtration using a ceramic filter with a rotating cylinder. International Chemical Engineering, 1992, 2:352-359
47 Pedersen C J.. The Discovery of Crown Ethers (Noble Lecture). Angewandte Chemic International Edition.Engl., 1988, 27:1021-1027
48 Cram D J.. The Design of Molecular Hosts, Guests, and Their Complexes (Nobel Lecture). Angewandte Chemic International Edition.Engl, 1988, 27:1009-1020
49 Lehn J M.. Supramolecular Chemistry-Scope and Perspectives Molecules, Supermolecules, and Molecular Devices (Nobel Lecture). Angewandte Chemic International Edition.Eng., 1988, 27:89-112
50 Zhang X, Shen J C. Self-assembled ultrathin films: from layered nanoarchitectures to functional assemblies. Adv. Mater., 1999, 11:1139
51 Shen J C, Sun J Q, Zhang X. Polymeric nanostructured composite films. Pure Appl. Chem., 2000, 72:147
52 Lehn J M. Programmed chemical systems: multiple subprograms and multiple processing/expression of molecular information. Chemical Europe Journal, 2000, 6: 2097
53 徐筱杰．超分子建筑——从分子到材料．第一版．北京：科学技术文献出版社．2000：3
54 刘育，尤长城，张衡益．超分子化学——合成受体的分子识别和组装．第一版．天津：南开大学出版社，2001
55 Rabe J P, Buchholz S. Commensurability and mobility in two-dimensional molicular patternson graphite. Science, 1991,253:424
56 Caruso F, Caruso R A, Mohwald H. Nanoengineering of inorganic and hybrid hollow spheres by colloidal templating. Science, 1998, 282:1111-1114
57 Karthaus O, Maruyama N, Cieren X, Shimomura M, et al.. Water-assisted foemation of micrometer-sized honeycomb patterns of polymers. Langmuir, 2000, 16:6071
58 Srinvasarao M, Collings D, Philips A, et al.. Three-dimensionally orderes of air bubbles in a polymer film. Science, 2001, 292:79
59 Special issue on supmmolecular chemistry and self-assembly. Science, 2002, 295: 2395-2430
60 Special issue on supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly. PNAS, 2002, 78(9): 4755-5750
61 董建华．高分子科学近期发展趋势与若干前沿．高分子通报，2005，5：1-7
62 Cordas C M, Viana A S, Leupola S, et al. Self-assembled monolayer of an iron(Ⅲ) porphyrin disulphide derivative on gold. Electrochemistry Communications, 2003, 5(1): 36-41
63 Kim T H, Sohn B H. Photocatalytic thin films containing TiO_2 nanoparticles by the layer-by-layer self-assembling method. Applied Surface Science, 2002, 201(4): 109-144
64 侯士峰，李启广，刘忠范．末端硫醇化聚乙二醇分子自组装膜及复合膜的表面形态研究．北京大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，37(2)：145-148
65 李秀宏，谭智敏，黄兰等．金属纳米颗粒—聚电解质多层膜的X射线反射率研究．高等学校化学学报，2004，25(7)：1314-1317
66 Shi F, Dong B, Qiu D. Layer-by-layer self-assembly of reactive polyelectrolytes for robuet multilayer patterning. Advanced Materials, 2002, 14(11): 805-809
67 Zhang J, Bai L, Zhang K, et al. A novel method for the layer-by-layer assembly of metal nanoparticles transported by polymer microspheres. J Mater Chem, 2003, 13(3): 514-517
68 Russell V A, Evans C C, Li W. Nanoporous molecular sandwiches: pillared two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded networks with adjustable porosity. Science, 1997, 276:575-579
69 沈家骢．超分子层状结构——组装与功能．第一版．北京：科学出版社：2004
70 Netzer L, Sagiv J. A new approach to construction of artificial monolayer assemblies. J.Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105:674
71 Decher G. Fuzzy nanoassemblies: toward layered polymeric multicomposites. Science. 1991. 277 (7): 1232
72 Shneider H J. Frontiers in Superamolecular Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry[M]. VCH Publishers, 1991: 29
73 Wang LY, Wang ZQ, Zhang X, Shen JC, Chi LF. Fuchs H. A new approach for the fabrication of alternating multilayer film of poly(4-vinypyridine) and polyacrylic acid based on hydrogen bonding. Macromol. Rapid Commun., 1997, 18:509
74 Wang LY, Fu Y, Wang ZQ, Fan YG, Zhang X. Investigation into an alternating multilayer film of poly(4-vinypyridine) and polyacrylic acid based on hydrogen bonding. Langmuir, 1999, 15:1360
75 Chun Cao, Tai-Shung Chung, Ye Liu, Rong Wang, K.P. Pramoda. Chemical cross-linking modification of 6FDA-2, 6-DAT hollow fiber membranes for natural gas separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 216:257-268
76 顾惕人，朱步瑶，李外郎等编著．表面化学[M]．科学出版社，1999：240-245
77 包艳辉，朱宝库等．聚偏氟乙烯微孔膜的亲水化改性及功能化研究进展．功能高分子学报，2003，16(2)：269-274
78 Ochoa N A., Masuelli M.. Effect of hydrophilicity on fouling of an emulsified oil wastewater with PVDF/PMMA membranes Journal of Membrane Science. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 226:203-211
79 李健生，梁祎，王慧雅等．TiO_2／PVDF复合中空纤维膜的制备和表征．高分子学报．2004，5：709-712
80 Viatcheslav Freger, Jack Gilron. TFC polyamide membranes modified by grafting of hydrophilic polymers: an FT-IR/AFM/TEM study. Journal of Membrane Science. 2002, 209:283-292
81 Walls D J, Coburn J C. Journal of Polymer Science, 1992, 30(8): 887-897
82 Kristen R. Kull, Michelle L. Steen, Ellen R. Fisher. Surface modification with nitrogen-containing plasmas to produce hydrophilic, low-fouling membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 246:203-215
83 Momtaz M., Dewez J L., Marchand-Brynaert J.. Chemical reactivity assay and surface characterization of a poly(vinylidene fluoride) microfiltration membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 250:29-37
84 Khayet M.. Membrane surface modification and characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. Applied Surface Science, 2004, 238:269-272
85 Zhi-Ping Zhao, Ji-Ding Li, Dan-Xia Zhang, Cui-Xian Chen. Nanofiltration membrane prepared from polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration membrane by low-temperature plasma: Ⅰ. Graft of acrylic acid in gas. Journal of Membrane Science, 2004, 232:1-8
86 Dattatray S. Wavhal, Ellen R. Fisher. Modification of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes by CO_2 plasma treatment. Desalination, 2005, 172:189-205
87 国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会．水和废水分析监测方法[M]．第四版．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2002：489-496
88 徐铜文．膜化学与技术教程[M]．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，2003：39-40，55-56
89 林水水，关平平，周文敏．傅立叶变换红外光谱的应用[M]．第一版．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1991：501-505
90 谢晶曦，常俊标，王绪明．红外光谱在有机化学和药物化学中的应用[M]．第一版．北京：科学出版社，2001：372-390
91 周清．电子能谱学[M]．第一版．天津：南开大学出版社，1995
92 朱益．扫描电镜图像的形成和显微分析[M]．第一版．北京：北京大学出版社，1991
93 唐广军，孙本惠．聚偏氟乙烯膜的亲水性改性研究进展．化工进展，2004，23(5)：480-485
94 Ochoa N A., Masuelli M., Effect of hydrophilicity on fouling of an emulsified oil waste water with PVDF/PMMA membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 226:203-211
95 汪锰，王湛，李政雄．膜材料及制备[M]．北京，化学工业出版社，2003：31-32
96 焦剑，雷渭媛．高聚物结构、性能与测试[M]．第一版．北京：化学工业出版社，2003：63
97 夏笃祎，张肇熙．高聚物结构分析[M]．第一版．北京：化学工业出版社，1990
98 王建祺，吴文辉，冯大明．X光电子能谱[M]．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，1992：73-79
99 刘茉娥．膜分离技术[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，1998
100 王学松．膜分离技术其应用[M]．北京：科学技术出版社，1994
101 Higgins R J., Bishop B A., Goldsmith R L.. Reclamation of waste lubricating oil using ceramic membrane. The Proceeding of the Third International Conference on Inorganic Membranes. Worcester Massachusetts, 1994:447-463
102 徐铜文．膜化学与技术教程[M]．第一版．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，2003：251
103 Vrijenhoek E M, Hong S, Elimelech M. Influence of membrane surface properties on initial rate of colloid fouling of reverse osmosis and nanofitration membranes. Journal Membrane Science, 2001:115-128
104 Her N, Amy G, Jarustthirak C. Seasonal variation of nanofiltration fonlants: identification and control. Desalination, 2000, 167(3): 143-160
105 朱安娜，祝万鹏，张玉春．纳滤过程的污染问题及纳滤膜性能的影响因素．膜科学与技术，2003，23(1)：43-49
106 Trirmizi N P., Raghuraman B., Wiencek J.. Demulsification of water/oil/solid emulsions by hollow-fibre membranes. RICHE J, 1996, 42:512-518
107 Benito J M., Ebe S. l, Guitierrez B., Pazos C. and Coca J.. Ultrafiltration of a waste emulsified cutting oil using organic membrane. Water, Air andS oil Pollution, 2001, 128:181-195
108 张裕卿，丁健．Al_2O_3的添加对聚砜膜性能的影响．化学工程，2000，28(5)：42-44
109 樊文玲，陆晓峰．聚丙烯酸钠复合超滤膜研制初探．膜科学与技术，2005，25(1)：25-29
110 Ho Y S, Mckay G. Akinetic study of dye sorption by biosorbent waste product pith. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 1999, 25:171-193
111 Mamdouh, Mahmoud, Nassar. Intraparticle diffusion of basic red and basic yellow dye sonpalm fruit bunch. Water Science Technology, 1999, 7:133-139
112 顾惕人，朱步瑶，李外郎等编著．表面化学[M]．北京：科学出版社，1999：322-327
113 李琳译．膜技术基本原理[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1999
114 黄维菊，陈文梅，魏 星，等．具有旋转横流的管式膜微滤的渗透通量及环隙压力分布．化工学报，2003，54(5)：605-611
115 Wakeman R J. Electrically enhanced microfiltration of albumin suspensions. Food and Bioproducts processing: Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1998, C3:53-591
116 Czekaj Piotr, Mores Wendy, Davis Robert H, et al. Infrasonic pulsing for foulant removal in crossflow microfiltration. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000,84(2): 157-169
117 Scottk, mahmood A J, Jachuck R J, et al. Intensified membrane filtration with corrogatedmembranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000, 84(1): 1-16
118 Stopka J, Bugan S C, Broussous L, et al. Microfiltration of beer yeast suspensions through stamped ceramic membranes. Separation and Purification Technology, 2001, 10:535-543
119 杨柳，陈文梅，褚良银．旋转管式膜分离器环隙间速度和流线数值模拟．高 校化学工程学报，2000，14(6)：524-529
120 郭烈锦．两相与多相流动力学[M]．第一版．西安：西安交大出版社，2002
121 褚良银，陈文梅．旋转流分离理论[M]．北京：冶金工业出版社，2002
122 王乐夫译．R Rautenbach著．膜工艺——组件和装置设计基础．第一版．北京：化学工业出版社，1998
123 孔祥言．高等渗流力学[M]．第一版．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1999
124 G Targan. Mineral Processing[M]. Budapest, 1981
125 周先桃．高效水力旋流器[P]．四川大学．中国：CN2522174Y，2002
126 褚良银．高效节能水力旋流器[P]．四川大学．中国：CN2503994Y，2002
127 袁惠新．一种用于互不相溶液体混合物的分离装置[P]．无锡轻工业大学分离工程研究所．中国：CN147341C，2004
128 徐继润，罗栖．水力旋流器流场理柳M]．北京：科学出版社．1998
129 Wayne W. Hesse. Howard T. Marles. Hvdrocvclone[P]. US5965021.1999
130 吴秋林，许效红，吴照和．多孔亲水膜——油水分散体系界面现象研究．膜科学与技术，1995，15(3)：61-67
131 邱运仁，方惠会，熊日华．金属——改性PVA复合亲水分相膜处理乳化含油废水．膜科学与技术，2001，21(6)：16-20
132 Rushton A, Zhang G S. Rotary microporous filtration. Desalination, 1998, 70: 379-394
133 Reed Brian E, Lin Wei, et.al. Treatment of oily wastes using high-shear rotary ultrafiltration. Journal of Environmental Engneering, 1997, 123(12): 1234-1242
134 舒朝晖，陈文梅，褚良银．除油旋流器入口流量与基本性能的关系．化工机械．2003，30(3)：129-134
135 徐菡，李建明，陈文梅，沈亮．旋转管式微滤器中流体流动对过滤通量的影响．高校化学工程学报，2003，17(1)：25-30
136 Belfort G, Mikulasek P, Pimbley J M, Chung Y. Diagnosis of membrane fouling using a rotating annular filter. 1. Cell culture media. Journal of Membrane Science, 1993, 77(1): 1-23
137 Belfort G, Mikulasek P, Pimbley J M, et al. Diagnosis of membrane fouling using a rotating annular filter. 2. Dilute particle suspensions, of known particle size. Journal of Membrane Science, 1993, 77(1): 23-39