乡村景观特征评估与规划
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摘要
2003年,我国提出“统筹城乡发展”。2008年起允许农民流转土地承包经营权,标志着城乡统筹进入了实质性的阶段。以城乡统筹规划为先导,我国乡村迎来空间和功能的巨变。城乡统筹发展的举措——农业的现代化(规模化、园区化、专业化)、乡村的城市化和休闲化,导致了景观风貌的同质化和地域特色丧失等问题。
     我国乡村文化景观具有高度异质性、自然性和人工调控性。乡村景观不应仅仅被看作是乡村发展的结果,而应被看作一种能推动社会发展的资源,在传统景观风貌的传承与乡村的社会经济发展之间应建立一种共赢的发展模式。乡村发展应该做到综合发展,即在促进乡村经济优化、宜居宜游、生态保护的同时,维护和创造具备地域和文化特色的乡村景观。为了达到这个目标,需要用景观概念引导乡村建设,综合在城乡统筹过程中所出现的现代农业、第三产业、农民聚居方式的发展,共同谋划地区未来的景观愿景。
     论文在分析了发达国家的城乡关系和景观特点后,提出我国乡村宜构建基于地域文化景观特色的多功能乡村景观,使乡村成为区域的绿肺、传统文明的教室和生活休闲的乐土。论文建议使用新兴的景观特征评估工具,建立“乡村景观特征评估——乡村景观政策分类——乡村景观要素分类——乡村景观规划内容”的结构框架。然后,以主体功能区规划提供的乡村功能分类为基础,提出三类乡村景观政策——适用于乡村文化景观的景观保护、适用于功能性乡村景观的景观优化和适用于城市边缘区的景观创新政策。而乡村景观的异质性、自然性和人工调控性可根据具体乡村地域的功能要求来得到不同程度的实现。最后,利用论文所提出的乡村景观规划的内容框架,对不同的景观政策分类提出未来农业景观与绿道景观的愿景,并综合与景观相关的领域,如农业的土地产权、土地整理、农业经营主体、农业发展模式、农业技术、旅游业的特色与布局,提出了相应的发展指导。
     论文主要在以下三个方面有所创新:一,使用新兴的景观特征评估工具,建立景观规划框架;二,结合我国主体功能区规划,提出我国乡村景观分类发展的策略;三是提出乡村景观规划的规划内容——分别对乡村的景观要素和行为体系进行规划设计,必须对这两项措施双管齐下,才能有效地改善乡村景观。
In the year of2003, the Chinese central government initiated a series of policies toforge “Integrated Urban-rural Development”. In2008, a new policy document wasissued to allow the circulation of rural land contracted management right. It allows thetransfer of the right to households within and beyond the rural community via a validprocedure. This represents a major step taken for Integrated Urban-rural Development.Since then, many regions’ urban-rural planning has led to big changes in layout andfunctionality of their rural space. The modernization of agriculture, the urbanization andrecreational transition of the rural area, result in homogenization and loss of regionallandscape characters in many rural areas.
     Chinese rural landscape has main characters of high heterogeneity, naturalness andstrong human influence. Rather than being regarded as merely a consequence of ruraldevelopment, rural landscape should be a drive to promote rural development. Awin-win development model between traditional landscape inheritance and socialeconomic development can be established. The goal is to promote Integrated RuralDevelopment, so the rural area is economically optimized, suitable for living and fortourism, protected environmentally, and features landscapes with strong regionalcharacter and cultural heritage. To achieve Integrated Rural Development, ruraldevelopment needs to be guided by landscape planning, combining the strategies todevelop modern agriculture, rural tourism and rural settlement.
     After discussing some developed countries’ rural area functionality and landscapecharacters, the dissertation points out that the rural area in China should complement theurban functionality, play the role of the regional green lung, the classroom fortraditional culture and heritage, and recreational center. And its landscapes should bemultifunctional and based on regional characters. To achieve this goal, a landscapeplanning framework of “landscape character assessment-landscape policy zoning-landscape element classification-landscape planning content” can be established. Thisdissertation proposes three landscape policy zones-landscape protection zone of ruralcultural landscape, landscape improvement zone of major agricultural production area,and Landscape creation zone of urban fringe. During the process of Urban-ruralIntegration Development, the characteristics of high heterogeneity, naturalness andstrong human influence should be realized in various degrees. Finally the dissertationdiscusses each landscape policy zone’s landscape elements, which can be categorized into agricultural landscape and natural landscape elements, gives according suggestionsto policies of Land ownership, Land contracted management right, major body ofagriculture production, agriculture development pattern, agriculture technology, andcharacteristics deployment of rural tourism.
     This dissertation is innovative in three aspects:1.It uses the newly evolved“landscape character assessment” tool to establish the landscape planning framework.2.By analysising the functionality of China’s development priority zones, it classifiesChina’s rural area to three landscape policy zones.3. A successful rural planning shouldincorporate the planning of landscape elements, and various rural activities as well.
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