复合式消声器声学特性的分析方法和实验研究
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摘要
发动机的进排气噪声是车辆的主要噪声源之一，对进排气噪声的有效控制对于改善整车噪声控制水平具有重要的影响。消声器是降低进排气噪声的主要装置之一，随着发动机技术的不断发展，发动机进排气噪声在不同工况下覆盖从低频到高频的整个频段，并且受到空间和重量等因素的限制，单一类型的简单消声器已经不能使车辆进排气噪声控制在合理的水平。高性能复合式消声器的设计、开发和应用已经成为提高进排气噪声控制水平和改善整车NVH性能的主要方向。本文以复合式消声器为研究对象，针对复合式消声器声学特性的分析方法进行了系统的研究。
复合式消声器通常由管道将不同类型的基本消声结构连接成多个腔体的复杂消声结构，复合式消声器的设计首先需要确定基本消声结构的声学特性。本文从基本消声结构出发，采用理论计算、数值仿真和实验测试相结合的研究方法，对基本消声结构的声学特性及分析方法进行详尽的研究。在此基础上，对不同类型复合式消声器的声学特性进行分析，总结复合式消声器声学性能分析和设计步骤，为复合式消声器的设计和开发提供参考。本文的研究工作包括以下内容。
基于声学理论，研究抗性消声器声学性能的分析方法，以抗性消声器常用的扩张式消声器为对象，利用传递矩阵法、一维平面波理论和二维解析法对消声器的声学特性进行分析，并与三维有限元分析结果相比较，总结了分析方法的计算精度。阐述了三维有限元法的基本理论，以某客车排气消声器为例，通过实体建模、网格划分、材料属性和边界条件的设定和选择传递损失的计算方法，建立消声器数值仿真的计算流程。利用三维解析法和有限元法计算多入口多出口消声器的声学性能，分析进出口管道相对角度、偏置距离、进出口管道数量及穿孔管等消声器结构参数对消声器声学性能的影响，总结消声器的改进措施，改善了多入口多出口消声器的消声性能。
以多穿孔管/板阻性消声器为研究对象，讨论了阻性消声器的分析方法。将吸声材料看做具有复声速和复密度的流体，推导了包含吸声材料声学参数和穿孔管/板声阻抗的阻性消声器声传播模型，阐述阻性消声器传递损失的计算过程。对消声器及穿孔管/板的结构参数（消声器长度、穿孔管的厚度、孔径和穿孔率）和吸声材料对阻性消声器声学性能的影响进行系统的研究。进一步分析了横流阻性消声器和通过流阻性消声器的声学特性，通过对三种阻性消声器的对比分析，总结出三种阻性消声器的特点及适用场合。
基于集中参数法、一维解析法和二维解析法及有限元法预测了共振消声器的消声性能，讨论各种方法对共振消声器共振频率预测结果的精度。采用两种连接管末端修正公式提高了集中参数法和一维解析法的预测精度。讨论了连接管内插长度的变化对共振消声器传递损失和共振频率的影响。研究共振腔内部填充吸声材料的声学特性的变化，分析了吸声材料的填充方式与吸声材料的属性对共振消声器传递损失和共振频率的影响。针对共振消声器消声频带窄、消声频率单一的缺点，提出了串联式和并联式多腔共振消声器的概念，探讨共振腔结构参数的变化和不同腔体之间的耦合作用对多腔共振消声器传递损失和共振频率的影响规律。
设计和搭建了消声器传递损失和插入损失实验台架，研究消声器的实验测量方法。应用两负载法在阻抗管上测量和计算了消声器的传递损失，验证了本文所采用的分析方法预测消声器声学性能的有效性和准确性。在发动机台架上对三种复合式消声器的传递损失和压力损失进行测试，通过对实验结果的分析对比，对复合式消声器的综合性能做出评价，为消声器的改进设计提供参考。
探讨不同复合式消声器结构和组合方式对声学性能的影响，提出了消声器内部设置不同穿孔管/板参数或吸声材料的复合式结构，分析了混合阻抗式消声器的声学特性。提出了可调谐式多腔串并联共振消声结构与调节方式。根据本文采用的消声器分析方法和结论，总结了复合式消声器的分析流程，为复合式消声器的设计提供参考和思路。
The primary noise source of automotive is intake and exhaust noise. The noise level ofautomotives will be controlled significantly by taking effective noise control measures of intake andexhaust system. Muffler is one of the main devices to reduce intake and exhaust noise of engine.With the development of engine technology, the noise characteristic changes from low frequency tohigh frequency at different working conditions. Space and weight restrictions on automotive canmake it difficult to attenuate inanke and exhaust noise to a desirable level only using simple types ofmuffler. Hybrid muffler with high performances can offer the opportunity to achieve good exhaustnoise attenuation. Consequently, Mehods for calculating and designing hybrid muffler are studied inthis dissertation.
Hybrid mufflers commonly have multiple chambers and different types of muffler connected toeach other by ducts. Thus, the design of hybrid muffler requires understanding of acousticcharacteristics of individual basic acoustic elements. In present study, the investigation of acousticbehavior of hybrid muffler is carried out theoretically, computationally and experimentally. First,acoustic performances of basic elements are explored in detail. Acoustic behavior of different typesof hybrid muffler is then discussed. Finnaly the common approaches for desiging hybrid muffler areconcluded for reference.The detailed work in this dissertation can be summarized as follows.
The acoustic behavior of reactive mufflers is detailed discussed. The acoustic performance ofexpantion chamber is predictied by transfer matrix method, one-dimentional and two-dimentionalanalytical methods and the three-dimentional finite element method (FEM). A bus muffler ismodeled as an example and important aspects of modeling process for designer are discussed likesolid modeling, grid meshing, material properties and boundary condition setting, the methods forpredictiong transmission loss and so on. Three-dimensional analytical approaches are developed topredict the transmission loss of multi-inlet and multi-outlet muffer. The effect of the azimuthalangles, the offset distance, the quantity of inet and outlet and structural parameters of perforated tubeon acoustic performance of muffler is discussed. The improvement measures are taken to enhancethe overall performance of muffler. All disscutions above will be proved useful to the design ofhybrid muffler.
The methods for prediction of acoustic characteristic of dissipative muffler are investigated.The sound absorbing material like fibrous material in muffler is treated as the fluid with complexsound speed and complex density. The relation between fiber acoustic properties and the perforationimpedance and sound proparation in muffler are developed for predictions of transmission loss ofdissipative muffler. The effect of length of muffler, thickness, hole diameter and porosity ofperforated tube and plate and acoustical properties of fibrous material on acoustic performance of dissipative muffler are then discussed. The acoustic performance of cross flow disspative mufflerand pass through flow dissipative muffler are analyzed. The sound attuention performance of threetypes of dissipative muffler is compared and the shortcomings and advantages are concluded.
The acoustic behavior of Helmholtz resonator is investigated based on lumped parameter theory,one-dimentional and two-dimentional analytical method and FEM. The results obtained byapproaches mentioned above are compared with experimental result to check the validity of thesemethods. The predictions from lumped parameter theory and one-dimentional analytical methodafter end corrections are then compared with two-dimentional analytical result to check the accuracy.The impact of extended neck on resonant frequency and transmission loss of Helmholtz resonatorare discussed. Acoustic performance of Helmholtz resonator with absorbing material and is theninvestigated. The effect of filling positon and acoustic property of absorbing material ontransmission loss is examined. Since Helmholtz resonator is only suitable for narrow band noisecontrol, the serial and parallel multiple chamber Helmholtz resonators are proposed to extend itsapplication to broader band noise control. The effect of varying structural parameters and interactionbetween resonators on acoustic characteristic of Helmholtz resonators is investigated.
In order to check the efficiency and validity on acoustic performance of muffler predicted byapproaches employed in this dissertation and make evaluation of overall performance of hybridmuffler, the experiment setup is built to measure the transmission loss and insertation loss of muffler.Transsmission loss of various protypes of muffler is measured on impedance tube by applingtwo-load method. Three hybrid mufflers are connected to engine experiment setup. Inesrtion lossand back pressure of mufflers are then measured to evaluate the overall performance of mufflers.The results obtained from the experiments can provide information for improvement design ofmuffler.
Based on the theory and methods ultilized in presnt study, acoustic characteristic of variousmodels of hybrid muffler are investigated. The acoustic performance of mixed impedance hyrbridmuffler which consists of various perforated tubes and plates or various fibrous materials withdifferent property are studied. The acoustic attenuation characteristic of hybrid Helmholtz resonatorincorparoated serial and parallel Helmholtz resonators are explored. The analysis procedure amddesign approach for hybrid muffler is concluded. The concepts and conclusions may provideguidance for pratical hybrid muffler design.
复合式消声器通常由管道将不同类型的基本消声结构连接成多个腔体的复杂消声结构，复合式消声器的设计首先需要确定基本消声结构的声学特性。本文从基本消声结构出发，采用理论计算、数值仿真和实验测试相结合的研究方法，对基本消声结构的声学特性及分析方法进行详尽的研究。在此基础上，对不同类型复合式消声器的声学特性进行分析，总结复合式消声器声学性能分析和设计步骤，为复合式消声器的设计和开发提供参考。本文的研究工作包括以下内容。
基于声学理论，研究抗性消声器声学性能的分析方法，以抗性消声器常用的扩张式消声器为对象，利用传递矩阵法、一维平面波理论和二维解析法对消声器的声学特性进行分析，并与三维有限元分析结果相比较，总结了分析方法的计算精度。阐述了三维有限元法的基本理论，以某客车排气消声器为例，通过实体建模、网格划分、材料属性和边界条件的设定和选择传递损失的计算方法，建立消声器数值仿真的计算流程。利用三维解析法和有限元法计算多入口多出口消声器的声学性能，分析进出口管道相对角度、偏置距离、进出口管道数量及穿孔管等消声器结构参数对消声器声学性能的影响，总结消声器的改进措施，改善了多入口多出口消声器的消声性能。
以多穿孔管/板阻性消声器为研究对象，讨论了阻性消声器的分析方法。将吸声材料看做具有复声速和复密度的流体，推导了包含吸声材料声学参数和穿孔管/板声阻抗的阻性消声器声传播模型，阐述阻性消声器传递损失的计算过程。对消声器及穿孔管/板的结构参数（消声器长度、穿孔管的厚度、孔径和穿孔率）和吸声材料对阻性消声器声学性能的影响进行系统的研究。进一步分析了横流阻性消声器和通过流阻性消声器的声学特性，通过对三种阻性消声器的对比分析，总结出三种阻性消声器的特点及适用场合。
基于集中参数法、一维解析法和二维解析法及有限元法预测了共振消声器的消声性能，讨论各种方法对共振消声器共振频率预测结果的精度。采用两种连接管末端修正公式提高了集中参数法和一维解析法的预测精度。讨论了连接管内插长度的变化对共振消声器传递损失和共振频率的影响。研究共振腔内部填充吸声材料的声学特性的变化，分析了吸声材料的填充方式与吸声材料的属性对共振消声器传递损失和共振频率的影响。针对共振消声器消声频带窄、消声频率单一的缺点，提出了串联式和并联式多腔共振消声器的概念，探讨共振腔结构参数的变化和不同腔体之间的耦合作用对多腔共振消声器传递损失和共振频率的影响规律。
设计和搭建了消声器传递损失和插入损失实验台架，研究消声器的实验测量方法。应用两负载法在阻抗管上测量和计算了消声器的传递损失，验证了本文所采用的分析方法预测消声器声学性能的有效性和准确性。在发动机台架上对三种复合式消声器的传递损失和压力损失进行测试，通过对实验结果的分析对比，对复合式消声器的综合性能做出评价，为消声器的改进设计提供参考。
探讨不同复合式消声器结构和组合方式对声学性能的影响，提出了消声器内部设置不同穿孔管/板参数或吸声材料的复合式结构，分析了混合阻抗式消声器的声学特性。提出了可调谐式多腔串并联共振消声结构与调节方式。根据本文采用的消声器分析方法和结论，总结了复合式消声器的分析流程，为复合式消声器的设计提供参考和思路。
The primary noise source of automotive is intake and exhaust noise. The noise level ofautomotives will be controlled significantly by taking effective noise control measures of intake andexhaust system. Muffler is one of the main devices to reduce intake and exhaust noise of engine.With the development of engine technology, the noise characteristic changes from low frequency tohigh frequency at different working conditions. Space and weight restrictions on automotive canmake it difficult to attenuate inanke and exhaust noise to a desirable level only using simple types ofmuffler. Hybrid muffler with high performances can offer the opportunity to achieve good exhaustnoise attenuation. Consequently, Mehods for calculating and designing hybrid muffler are studied inthis dissertation.
Hybrid mufflers commonly have multiple chambers and different types of muffler connected toeach other by ducts. Thus, the design of hybrid muffler requires understanding of acousticcharacteristics of individual basic acoustic elements. In present study, the investigation of acousticbehavior of hybrid muffler is carried out theoretically, computationally and experimentally. First,acoustic performances of basic elements are explored in detail. Acoustic behavior of different typesof hybrid muffler is then discussed. Finnaly the common approaches for desiging hybrid muffler areconcluded for reference.The detailed work in this dissertation can be summarized as follows.
The acoustic behavior of reactive mufflers is detailed discussed. The acoustic performance ofexpantion chamber is predictied by transfer matrix method, one-dimentional and two-dimentionalanalytical methods and the three-dimentional finite element method (FEM). A bus muffler ismodeled as an example and important aspects of modeling process for designer are discussed likesolid modeling, grid meshing, material properties and boundary condition setting, the methods forpredictiong transmission loss and so on. Three-dimensional analytical approaches are developed topredict the transmission loss of multi-inlet and multi-outlet muffer. The effect of the azimuthalangles, the offset distance, the quantity of inet and outlet and structural parameters of perforated tubeon acoustic performance of muffler is discussed. The improvement measures are taken to enhancethe overall performance of muffler. All disscutions above will be proved useful to the design ofhybrid muffler.
The methods for prediction of acoustic characteristic of dissipative muffler are investigated.The sound absorbing material like fibrous material in muffler is treated as the fluid with complexsound speed and complex density. The relation between fiber acoustic properties and the perforationimpedance and sound proparation in muffler are developed for predictions of transmission loss ofdissipative muffler. The effect of length of muffler, thickness, hole diameter and porosity ofperforated tube and plate and acoustical properties of fibrous material on acoustic performance of dissipative muffler are then discussed. The acoustic performance of cross flow disspative mufflerand pass through flow dissipative muffler are analyzed. The sound attuention performance of threetypes of dissipative muffler is compared and the shortcomings and advantages are concluded.
The acoustic behavior of Helmholtz resonator is investigated based on lumped parameter theory,one-dimentional and two-dimentional analytical method and FEM. The results obtained byapproaches mentioned above are compared with experimental result to check the validity of thesemethods. The predictions from lumped parameter theory and one-dimentional analytical methodafter end corrections are then compared with two-dimentional analytical result to check the accuracy.The impact of extended neck on resonant frequency and transmission loss of Helmholtz resonatorare discussed. Acoustic performance of Helmholtz resonator with absorbing material and is theninvestigated. The effect of filling positon and acoustic property of absorbing material ontransmission loss is examined. Since Helmholtz resonator is only suitable for narrow band noisecontrol, the serial and parallel multiple chamber Helmholtz resonators are proposed to extend itsapplication to broader band noise control. The effect of varying structural parameters and interactionbetween resonators on acoustic characteristic of Helmholtz resonators is investigated.
In order to check the efficiency and validity on acoustic performance of muffler predicted byapproaches employed in this dissertation and make evaluation of overall performance of hybridmuffler, the experiment setup is built to measure the transmission loss and insertation loss of muffler.Transsmission loss of various protypes of muffler is measured on impedance tube by applingtwo-load method. Three hybrid mufflers are connected to engine experiment setup. Inesrtion lossand back pressure of mufflers are then measured to evaluate the overall performance of mufflers.The results obtained from the experiments can provide information for improvement design ofmuffler.
Based on the theory and methods ultilized in presnt study, acoustic characteristic of variousmodels of hybrid muffler are investigated. The acoustic performance of mixed impedance hyrbridmuffler which consists of various perforated tubes and plates or various fibrous materials withdifferent property are studied. The acoustic attenuation characteristic of hybrid Helmholtz resonatorincorparoated serial and parallel Helmholtz resonators are explored. The analysis procedure amddesign approach for hybrid muffler is concluded. The concepts and conclusions may provideguidance for pratical hybrid muffler design.
引文
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