海冰离心脱盐理论与实验研究
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摘要
本研究课题是“十一五”国家科技支撑计划课题资助项目,目的在研究海冰离心脱盐以及连续化生产。海冰盐度主要来自海水结冰时被包裹在内部的卤水盐胞,海冰离心脱盐正是依据此,将海冰破碎,使卤水暴露出来,进而通过离心机施加超重力,脱除卤水,淡化海冰。
本文总结了海冰的特性,通过理论分析得出海冰离心脱盐后盐度与时间的理论关系式为S(t)= PK1/t~(1/2),采用该式的计算结果与文献中的实验数据对比表明两者吻合较好。对海冰离心脱水的过滤过程和相变过程模拟得出,过滤主要在前0.12s完成;低温下海冰表面卤水易结冰。
通过实验确定了粒度、加入海水比例、温度等对海冰离心脱盐的影响。实验结果表明,淡化盐度随着粒径呈现先减小后增大的趋势,并且当颗粒在6-9mm左右达到最小;随着温度的升高,海冰离心脱盐效果变好;加入海水比例对海冰脱盐有相当大的影响,但受温度影响,当温度大于-2℃时,加海水十分有利于离心脱盐,且当水冰比例为60%达到最好;温度小于-6℃时,加海水后效果反而变差。
为了便于离心机进料,本文结合传统的搅拌器和推料器,设计了新型离心机进料搅拌设备,使其同时具备搅拌和推料功能,解决了物料进料堵料问题,降低了能耗。通过现场布置和设备连接,实现了海冰离心脱盐系统的连续化。经现场的工业化实验与计算,当前连续化海冰离心脱盐,盐度可降至1.0～1.5‰。
This research is a project funded by Key Projects in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program in the Eleventh Five-year Plan Period to study sea-ice desalination and its continuous production. The salinity of sea ice is mainly from brine salinity cell wrapped inside when sea ice is freezing and According to it, the methods of centrifugal separation of sea ice follows: break the ice so that salt brine is exposed, and then apply very large gravity by centrifuge, remove sea brine and dilution sea ice.
In this paper, the characteristics of sea ice are summarized. Through the theoretical analysis, a theoretical formula between salinity and time after centrifugal desalting of sea ice, S(t)= PK1/t~(1/2), is obtained. It shows good agreement to contrast the results of theoretical formula to the data in the literature. From the numerical simulation of the process of filtration and phase transition of centrifugal desalting of sea ice, the following conclusions were got: it is about 0.12s to cost in the process of filter, it is easy to freeze for the brine in the ice surface at low temperature.
Through the experimental, the effect of particle size, the ratio of seawater added, temperature and so on is determined. The experimental result shows that the diluted salinity shows the trend of increase to decrease with the particle size, and reach the minimum when the particles is about 6-9mm;the diluted results get better with increasing of temperature; the ratio of seawater added have a considerable influence on the diluted salinity, but affected by temperature: adding seawater is very beneficial for centrifugal desalting when the temperature is higher than -2℃; and the best ratio is 60% ,but it is worse when the temperature is less than -6℃.
In order to facilitate feeding for centrifuge, a new kind of equipment of feeding and mixing for it is designed which can stir and push at the same time and solve the material jam and save energy by combining traditional blender and push feeder. The continuous system of centrifugal desalting of sea ice is realized through the site layout and the equipment connections. From the experiment and calculation, the current salinity of continuous centrifugal desalting of sea ice can be reduced to 1.0~1.5‰.
本文总结了海冰的特性,通过理论分析得出海冰离心脱盐后盐度与时间的理论关系式为S(t)= PK1/t~(1/2),采用该式的计算结果与文献中的实验数据对比表明两者吻合较好。对海冰离心脱水的过滤过程和相变过程模拟得出,过滤主要在前0.12s完成;低温下海冰表面卤水易结冰。
通过实验确定了粒度、加入海水比例、温度等对海冰离心脱盐的影响。实验结果表明,淡化盐度随着粒径呈现先减小后增大的趋势,并且当颗粒在6-9mm左右达到最小;随着温度的升高,海冰离心脱盐效果变好;加入海水比例对海冰脱盐有相当大的影响,但受温度影响,当温度大于-2℃时,加海水十分有利于离心脱盐,且当水冰比例为60%达到最好;温度小于-6℃时,加海水后效果反而变差。
为了便于离心机进料,本文结合传统的搅拌器和推料器,设计了新型离心机进料搅拌设备,使其同时具备搅拌和推料功能,解决了物料进料堵料问题,降低了能耗。通过现场布置和设备连接,实现了海冰离心脱盐系统的连续化。经现场的工业化实验与计算,当前连续化海冰离心脱盐,盐度可降至1.0～1.5‰。
This research is a project funded by Key Projects in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program in the Eleventh Five-year Plan Period to study sea-ice desalination and its continuous production. The salinity of sea ice is mainly from brine salinity cell wrapped inside when sea ice is freezing and According to it, the methods of centrifugal separation of sea ice follows: break the ice so that salt brine is exposed, and then apply very large gravity by centrifuge, remove sea brine and dilution sea ice.
In this paper, the characteristics of sea ice are summarized. Through the theoretical analysis, a theoretical formula between salinity and time after centrifugal desalting of sea ice, S(t)= PK1/t~(1/2), is obtained. It shows good agreement to contrast the results of theoretical formula to the data in the literature. From the numerical simulation of the process of filtration and phase transition of centrifugal desalting of sea ice, the following conclusions were got: it is about 0.12s to cost in the process of filter, it is easy to freeze for the brine in the ice surface at low temperature.
Through the experimental, the effect of particle size, the ratio of seawater added, temperature and so on is determined. The experimental result shows that the diluted salinity shows the trend of increase to decrease with the particle size, and reach the minimum when the particles is about 6-9mm;the diluted results get better with increasing of temperature; the ratio of seawater added have a considerable influence on the diluted salinity, but affected by temperature: adding seawater is very beneficial for centrifugal desalting when the temperature is higher than -2℃; and the best ratio is 60% ,but it is worse when the temperature is less than -6℃.
In order to facilitate feeding for centrifuge, a new kind of equipment of feeding and mixing for it is designed which can stir and push at the same time and solve the material jam and save energy by combining traditional blender and push feeder. The continuous system of centrifugal desalting of sea ice is realized through the site layout and the equipment connections. From the experiment and calculation, the current salinity of continuous centrifugal desalting of sea ice can be reduced to 1.0~1.5‰.
引文
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[43]史培军,范一大,哈斯,利用AVHRR和MODIS数据测算海冰资源量—以渤海海冰资源测算为例[J],自然资源学报,2002,17(2):138～143
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[2]李献士,侯瑞山,丁欣,我国水资源现状与可持续利用对策研究[J],当代经济管理,2007,29(6):66～69
[3]邵青等,水处理及循环再利用技术[M],北京,化学工业出版社,2004:13
[4]杨钊,王明召,海水淡化原理及方法综述[J],化学教育,2008,(3):1～2
[5]赖利JP,斯基罗G,化学海洋学Vol1,刘光,邱贞华,陈文豪译,北京:海洋出版社,1982
[6]陈国华,佘敬曾,郭玲等,海水表面张力的研究[J],海洋与湖泊,1994,25(3):306～311
[7]王世昌,海水淡化工程[M],北京:化学工业出版社,2003:1～3
[8]简华,戴德敏,天津化工,2005,19(1):13
[9] United Nations Report.Natural Resources/Water Series No.14,p8,New York,1985
[10]宋荣杰,王月光,烟台发电厂循环冷却排污水的深度处理及其回用[J],工业水处理,2006-08,26(8):72
[11]科司,世界水资源现状[J],科技经济透视,2003(9):12～13
[12]徐克俊,引进美国日产3000吨多级闪蒸海水淡化装置及调试[J],水处理技术,1992,18(2):134～140
[13]谭永文,沈炎章,卢光荣等,嵊山500吨/日反渗透海水淡化示范工程[J],水处理技术,2000,26(1):1～6
[14]樊雄,张希建,山东长岛县反渗透海水淡化工程[J],水处理技术,2003,29(1):41～43
[15]谭永文,张希建,陈文松等,荣成万吨级反渗透海水淡化示范工程[J],水处理技术,2004,30(3):157～161
[16]刘金生,庞胜林,华能玉环电厂海水淡化工程设计概述[J],水处理技术,2005,31(11):73-83
[17]王仲颖,我国可再生能源发展现状、目标和政策[J],资源节约与环保,2007,23(4):16
[18]解利昕,李凭力,王世昌,海水淡化技术现状及各种淡化方法评述[J],化工进展,2003(10)
[19]冯广军,海水淡化——解决淡水资源短缺的有效方案[J],华北电力技术,2005,(3):42
[20]潘焰平,李青,海水淡化技术及其应用[J],华北电力技术,2003,(10),49-52
[21]解利昕,李凭力,王世昌,海水淡化技术现状及各种淡化方法的评述[J],化工进展,2003,22(10):1081～1084
[22]林斯青,海水和苦咸水淡化[J],水处理技术,2001,27(1):57～62
[23]王世昌,化工百科全书[M]第六卷海水淡化,北京:化学工业出版社,1994:665～697
[24]王世昌,海水淡化工程[M],北京:化学工业出版社,2003:1～3
[25]薛怀德,膜科学技术简要介绍[J],膜科学与技术,1990,10(2):66
[26]薛怀德,反渗透膜法简要介绍[J],膜科学与技术,1990,10(3):68
[27] Li Zhijun , Temperater , Salinity and Density Profiles in Liaodong Gulf.Abstracts of 6th International Symposium on Okhotsk Sea and Sea Ice,OkhotskSea and Cold Ocean Research Association,Mombetsu,Japan,1991:325～328
[28]高晓冲,海冰离心脱盐分离技术研究[D]天津:天津大学硕士学位论文,2008
[29]王俊鹤,李鸿瑞,周迪颐,海水淡化[M],北京:科学出版社,1978
[30] C.Y.Cheng,W.C.Cheng,M.D.Yang,The Vacuum Multiple Phase Transformation Process[J],Desalination,1987,67:139～153
[31]马佳,海冰淡化方法研究[D],天津:天津大学硕士学位论文,2006
[32] Jefferies M,Weeks W,SHAW R,et al,Structural characteristics of congelation and platel ice and their role in the development of Antarctic land fast sea ice[J],J.Glacial Res,1993,39(132):223～238
[33] Col D.,Shapior L.,Observation of brine drainage networks and microstructure of first-year sea ice[J],J Geophys Res.,1998,103(C10):21739～21750
[34] K.Medjiani,Numerical Simulation of the Formation of Brine Pockets during the Freezing of the NaCl-H2O Compound from above[J],Heat Mass Transfer,1996,23(7):917～928
[35]丁德文,工程海冰学概论[M],北京:海洋出版社,1999:25～51
[36]张升学,海冰输运技术及离心脱盐方法研究[D],天津:天津大学硕士学位论文,2008
[37]陈伟斌,徐学仁,周传光,离心转速对渤海灰白冰脱盐作用的实验研究[J],海洋学报,2004,26(1):25～32
[38]许映军,顾卫,陈伟斌等,重力法海冰固态自脱盐的姿态效应[J],海洋环境科学,2007,26(1):28～32
[39]徐学仁,陈伟斌,刘现明等,海冰淡化方法研究:浸泡脱盐法[J],资源科学,2003,25(3):33～36
[40]贾先斌,李里特,温旺,自然冷资源的开发利用[J],自然资源学报,1995,10(2):181～189
[41]孙湘平,姚静娴,中国沿岸海洋水文气象概况[M],北京:科学出版社,1981:63～70
[42]顾卫,史培军,刘扬等,渤海和黄海北部地区负积温资源的时空分布[J],自然资源学报,2002,17(2):168～173
[43]史培军,范一大,哈斯,利用AVHRR和MODIS数据测算海冰资源量—以渤海海冰资源测算为例[J],自然资源学报,2002,17(2):138～143
[44]杨国金,海冰工程学[M],北京:石油工业出版社,2000:266～268
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