超滤技术用于低渗油田清水注水处理的试验研究
摘要
油田注水是采油生产过程中最重要的工作之一,注水直接决定着油田的开发效果。但是大部分油田的注水处理工艺存在手动运行、管理不便、产水水质不达标和运行费用高等急需解决的问题。
以超滤的基本理论为指导,以采用现场调试、试验研究相结合为手段,以加大自动化运行、注水水质满足《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》(SY/T5329-94)中的A1类标准来确保油田的稳产高产为目的,在吉林油田黑98注水站进行了超滤技术用于低渗油田清水注水的试验研究。
结果表明:超滤工艺采用PLC控制系统,自动化程度高;在超滤工艺的最佳运行参数条件下运行且超滤产水中投加的除氧剂和缓蚀阻垢剂浓度分别为17.5mg/L和30mg/L时,工艺具有良好的处理效果,注入水pH、悬浮物、总铁、细菌、腐蚀率指标满足且优于《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》(SY/T5329-94)中的A1类标准。
The water-injection development is leading one of the current oil and gas explotation modes. In China,about 86.3% of the oil fields apply water- injection development. The water-injection development is the one of most important jobs in the production processes of the oil field explotation.It not only may effectively supplement and maintain reservoir pressure and oil field energy, but also improve the crude oil recovery ratio and guarantee oil field high and stable crude oil quatity. But at present the water-injection treatment technologies of the majority of oil fields have many urget and solved problems:manual operation, management inconvenience, the effluent water not reaching the standards of the water quality and high operating costing,and so on.
In the view of the above existent questions,based on the amount of literature and references,and the analysis on related basic data, taking the elementary theory of ultrafiltration as the instruction, taking the scene deb- ugging, the experimental study and technology and economy comparison as the methods, taking the effluent water quality satisfying the A1 standard of the"Clastic rock oil deposit to pour water quality recommendation indexes and analysismethod" (SY/T5329-94) as the purpose, this paper conducts the experimental study of using the ultrafiltration(UF) technology treating rins- ing water-injection for low permeability oil field in the black 98 water- injection station affiliated the Jilin oil field. This study spends four months on the experimental study in the scene, and is divided into three stages to carry on, that is to say, the stage of the UF debugging and trying to operate, the stage of process operation analysis stage, the stage of removing disolved oxygen and the corrosion and scale inhibitation. In this experiment the used UF membrane is the hollow UF membrane,and its material is the new PVC alloy. Compared with the other materials, this membrane has the character- istics of it much more bearing pollution, the pH value scope being 2～13, it removing the fungus well, it operating in low pressure,it producing more efflucent water, and its design applying the intercrossing current, and so on.
In the stage of the UF debugging and trying to operation, the apparatus realizes the manual control and the automatic control for the operating condition through the PLC system. This PLC system decreases the work load, and enhances the operation reliability, and prevents the membrane damage by the misoperation, carries on the wash by the different ways or the way of these uniting ways at random,and lengthen the membrane life, and so on. When the UF apparatus is debugging, this study analyzes the reasons for membrane flux reducing gradually under the manual control pattern by the theory, for the membrane undertaking the instantaneous bigger membrane pressuure under the automatic pattern, and for analyzing the pressure turnover of influent and effluent water, and proposes corresponding solutions.
In the stage of process operation analysis, this paper carries on the study from the two aspects being the choice of the best process parameters and the comparison of the water quality of the two process. Based on the success in the debugging and trying to operate, and under the condition of ensuring the membrane modules have the reasonable energy consumption, the higher membrane flux, the better effluent quality, the longer service life, this paper is in order to definites the best operation parameters. Through the data analysis, the paper definites the best operation parameters: the best influent pressure is 0.06MPa; The best wash way is way four,namely back air-water→backwash→bottomb ackwash→bottom air-water backwash→bottom backwash→back air-water backwash→front air-water frontwash; the best wash time is 60s,and wash time of six stages in the fourth way is equally 10s; the best wash cycle is 90min. Then, the paper studies that how the water temperature influences the membrane flux, and it discoveres when the temperature rises, the membrane flux increases nearly with the linear relations; the two empirical relationship is J=0.5108t+31.74; the relativity is R2=0.9714. Finally, the comparison and the analysis of the effluent quality of the UF process and the fine filteration process at present is done. The results indicate: the UF process has good treatment performance effect under the condition of the best operation parameters, the effluent water indexes that include pH, SS, total Fe, bacteria satisfying A1 standard, but the following measurements are needed in order to remove the dissolved oxygen; the fine filteration process has poor processing effect, the water indexes which include pH, SS, DO, bacteria do not satisfy A1 standard, but total Fe index satisfies the standard.
In the stage of removing disolved oxygen and corrosion and scale inhabitation, in order to make DO in the effluent water of the UF procsss satisfy the water-injection demand, the removing oxygen experiment are done,the used deoxidizer being the sodium sulfite in the water-injection station. Sodium sulfite represent the inorganic reducing agent.It has the characteristics of fast oxygen removal speed, high oxygen removal rate,still having oxygen removal ability in low temperature,stable performance, low investment, security, simple operation. The results indicate:when the sugge- stedly added sodium sulfite density is 17.5mg/L, the DO value in the water is lower than its standard value 0.5mg/L, and this desity is 17% smaller than the density of the fine filteration; before the deoxidizer is added in the UF effluent water, there is no need to adjust the acid or andalkali. For avoiding oil field equipment’s corrosion and thescaling,and also in order to solve the higher corrosion and scale inhabitation desity(78mg/L)which is added in the present fine filtration process’s effluent water in the black 98 water- injection station, the corrosion and scale inhabitation experiment about the UF effluent water is done, and the used corrosion and scale inhibitor is combination,and its type is IMC-50-H.The results indicate: the best corros- ion and scale inhabitation desity is 30mg/L, now corrosion rate being lower than the standard value 0.076mm/a, and this desity is 61.5% smaller than the density of the fine filteration.
According to the economic level of our country and the current situation of the oil field development,UF process is one of the new processes which have competitive ability and are sutiable to our national conditions. This UF process has the very good economic efficiency, environmental benefit and the social efficiency, and will be able to have the broad promoted application in the future. This study might provide the reliable technical support for the UF development in the future.
以超滤的基本理论为指导,以采用现场调试、试验研究相结合为手段,以加大自动化运行、注水水质满足《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》(SY/T5329-94)中的A1类标准来确保油田的稳产高产为目的,在吉林油田黑98注水站进行了超滤技术用于低渗油田清水注水的试验研究。
结果表明:超滤工艺采用PLC控制系统,自动化程度高;在超滤工艺的最佳运行参数条件下运行且超滤产水中投加的除氧剂和缓蚀阻垢剂浓度分别为17.5mg/L和30mg/L时,工艺具有良好的处理效果,注入水pH、悬浮物、总铁、细菌、腐蚀率指标满足且优于《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》(SY/T5329-94)中的A1类标准。
The water-injection development is leading one of the current oil and gas explotation modes. In China,about 86.3% of the oil fields apply water- injection development. The water-injection development is the one of most important jobs in the production processes of the oil field explotation.It not only may effectively supplement and maintain reservoir pressure and oil field energy, but also improve the crude oil recovery ratio and guarantee oil field high and stable crude oil quatity. But at present the water-injection treatment technologies of the majority of oil fields have many urget and solved problems:manual operation, management inconvenience, the effluent water not reaching the standards of the water quality and high operating costing,and so on.
In the view of the above existent questions,based on the amount of literature and references,and the analysis on related basic data, taking the elementary theory of ultrafiltration as the instruction, taking the scene deb- ugging, the experimental study and technology and economy comparison as the methods, taking the effluent water quality satisfying the A1 standard of the"Clastic rock oil deposit to pour water quality recommendation indexes and analysismethod" (SY/T5329-94) as the purpose, this paper conducts the experimental study of using the ultrafiltration(UF) technology treating rins- ing water-injection for low permeability oil field in the black 98 water- injection station affiliated the Jilin oil field. This study spends four months on the experimental study in the scene, and is divided into three stages to carry on, that is to say, the stage of the UF debugging and trying to operate, the stage of process operation analysis stage, the stage of removing disolved oxygen and the corrosion and scale inhibitation. In this experiment the used UF membrane is the hollow UF membrane,and its material is the new PVC alloy. Compared with the other materials, this membrane has the character- istics of it much more bearing pollution, the pH value scope being 2～13, it removing the fungus well, it operating in low pressure,it producing more efflucent water, and its design applying the intercrossing current, and so on.
In the stage of the UF debugging and trying to operation, the apparatus realizes the manual control and the automatic control for the operating condition through the PLC system. This PLC system decreases the work load, and enhances the operation reliability, and prevents the membrane damage by the misoperation, carries on the wash by the different ways or the way of these uniting ways at random,and lengthen the membrane life, and so on. When the UF apparatus is debugging, this study analyzes the reasons for membrane flux reducing gradually under the manual control pattern by the theory, for the membrane undertaking the instantaneous bigger membrane pressuure under the automatic pattern, and for analyzing the pressure turnover of influent and effluent water, and proposes corresponding solutions.
In the stage of process operation analysis, this paper carries on the study from the two aspects being the choice of the best process parameters and the comparison of the water quality of the two process. Based on the success in the debugging and trying to operate, and under the condition of ensuring the membrane modules have the reasonable energy consumption, the higher membrane flux, the better effluent quality, the longer service life, this paper is in order to definites the best operation parameters. Through the data analysis, the paper definites the best operation parameters: the best influent pressure is 0.06MPa; The best wash way is way four,namely back air-water→backwash→bottomb ackwash→bottom air-water backwash→bottom backwash→back air-water backwash→front air-water frontwash; the best wash time is 60s,and wash time of six stages in the fourth way is equally 10s; the best wash cycle is 90min. Then, the paper studies that how the water temperature influences the membrane flux, and it discoveres when the temperature rises, the membrane flux increases nearly with the linear relations; the two empirical relationship is J=0.5108t+31.74; the relativity is R2=0.9714. Finally, the comparison and the analysis of the effluent quality of the UF process and the fine filteration process at present is done. The results indicate: the UF process has good treatment performance effect under the condition of the best operation parameters, the effluent water indexes that include pH, SS, total Fe, bacteria satisfying A1 standard, but the following measurements are needed in order to remove the dissolved oxygen; the fine filteration process has poor processing effect, the water indexes which include pH, SS, DO, bacteria do not satisfy A1 standard, but total Fe index satisfies the standard.
In the stage of removing disolved oxygen and corrosion and scale inhabitation, in order to make DO in the effluent water of the UF procsss satisfy the water-injection demand, the removing oxygen experiment are done,the used deoxidizer being the sodium sulfite in the water-injection station. Sodium sulfite represent the inorganic reducing agent.It has the characteristics of fast oxygen removal speed, high oxygen removal rate,still having oxygen removal ability in low temperature,stable performance, low investment, security, simple operation. The results indicate:when the sugge- stedly added sodium sulfite density is 17.5mg/L, the DO value in the water is lower than its standard value 0.5mg/L, and this desity is 17% smaller than the density of the fine filteration; before the deoxidizer is added in the UF effluent water, there is no need to adjust the acid or andalkali. For avoiding oil field equipment’s corrosion and thescaling,and also in order to solve the higher corrosion and scale inhabitation desity(78mg/L)which is added in the present fine filtration process’s effluent water in the black 98 water- injection station, the corrosion and scale inhabitation experiment about the UF effluent water is done, and the used corrosion and scale inhibitor is combination,and its type is IMC-50-H.The results indicate: the best corros- ion and scale inhabitation desity is 30mg/L, now corrosion rate being lower than the standard value 0.076mm/a, and this desity is 61.5% smaller than the density of the fine filteration.
According to the economic level of our country and the current situation of the oil field development,UF process is one of the new processes which have competitive ability and are sutiable to our national conditions. This UF process has the very good economic efficiency, environmental benefit and the social efficiency, and will be able to have the broad promoted application in the future. This study might provide the reliable technical support for the UF development in the future.
引文
[1] 林孟雄 ,陈坤 ,王兵,等 .鄯善采油厂油田回注水水质劣化原因及对策[J].工业安全与环保 ,2006,32(10):31～ 34.
[2] 李 虞 庚 ,苗 乘 武 .李 油 田地 面 工 程设 计 [M].北 京 :石 油 工业 出 版 社 ,1994:270～ 372
[3] 栾 希 炜 , 曹 会 哲 , 丁 慧 . 低 渗 透 油 田 注 水 精 细 处 理 技 术 [J]. 给 水 排水,2002,28(6):40～43.
[4] 万 仁薄 ,罗英俊 .采油技术 手册 (第 二 分 册 )[M].北 京 :石 油 工 业 出 版社,1991:40～41.
[5] 梁立军 ,陈大年 ,蒋可觐 ,等 .大庆油田回注水过滤净化的研究 [J].膜科学与技术,1998,18(2):22～24.
[6] 赵眉飞 ,满瑞林 .超滤膜分离研究 [J].贵州化工 ,2004,29(4):3～ 7.
[7] 张英 ,李航宇 ,施阳 .超滤膜在工业循环冷却排污水回用中的应用 [J].工业水处理,2003,23(1):27～29.
[8] 叶婴齐 .工业用水处理技术 [M].上海科学普及出版社, 1995:206～207.
[9] 王 洪 生 .国 外 膜 技 术 进 展 及 其 在 水 处 理 总 的 应 用 [J].膜 科 学 与 技术,1999:1(4):35～38.
[10] 李晓波 .膜分离技术及其在废水处理中的应用 [J].河北科技 ,2005,22 (4):207～ 211.
[11] Cartwright P.The role of membrane technology in water purification applications[J].Filtration Sep,1997,34(6):546～567.
[12] J G Jacangelo,E M Aicta,K E Carns,et al.Low pressure membrane filtrationfor removing giardia and microbial indications [J].AWWA,1991,86(9):97~ 106.
[13] 苏 保 卫 , 王 越 . 海 水 淡 化 的 膜 预 处 理 技 术 研 究 进 展 [J]. 中 国 给 水 排水,2003,19(8):65～69.
[14] 王世昌人类需要海水淡化技术[J].国际学术动态.1997,(1):13～14.
[15] 张英,李航宇,施阳.超滤膜在工业循环冷却排污水回用中的应用[J].工业水处理,2003,23(1):27～29.
[16] In-Soung Chang,Su-Na Kim.Wastewater treatment using membrane ane filtration effect of biosolids concentration of cake resistance[J]. Process Biochemistrystry 2005(40):1307～1314.
[17] Tae-Hyun Bae,Tae-Moon Tak.Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on fouling mitiga- tion of ultrafiltration membranes for activated sludge filtration[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2005 (249): 1～8.
[18] Tae-Hyun Bae.Interpretation of fouling characteristics of ultrafiltraion mem- branes during the filtration of membrane bioreactor mixed liquor[J].Journal of Membrane,2004(214):45～48.
[19] Cheng-Fang Lin,Tze-Yao Lin,Oliver J.Effects of humic substance characteristics on UF performance[J].Wat.Res,2000,34(4):1097～1106.
[20] Glucina K,Laine J M,Bourlier L D.Assessment of filtration mode for the ultrafiltration membrane process[J].Water supply,1999,17(1): 257 ～263.
[21] 殷峻,陈英旭.膜生物反应器中的膜污染问题[J].环境污染治理技术 与设备 2001,2(3):61～68.
[22] G F Grozes,J GJacangelo,C Anselme,ea tl.Impact of ultrafiltration operating conditions on membrane irreversible fouling[J].Membr Sci,1997,(124):63～76.
[23] 方大酉.两相流动力学[M].北京:国防科技出版社,1998:98～103.
[24] 李 存 芝 , 李 琳 , 郭 祀 远 , 等 . 超 滤 膜 改 性 技 术 及 其 应 用 [J]. 广 东 化工,2003,5(3):61～64.
[25] 李 云 琴 , 李 玉 林 . 超 滤 技 术 在 废 水 处 理 中 的 应 用 [J]. 油 气 田 环 境保,2000,12(2):11～13.
[26] 张玉中,郑领英 ,高从锴.液体分离膜技术及其应用 [M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003:73～93.
[27] R.劳顿巴赫 ,R.阿尔布雷希特 .膜分离方法-超滤和反渗透 [M].化学工业出版社,1991:109～181.
[28] 吕经烈 .中空纤维膜技术及应用 [J].海洋技术 2002,21(4):73～ 76.
[29] T Carroll.The fouling of microfiltration membranes by NOM after coagulation treatment[J].Wall Res,2000,34(11):2861～2868.
[30] Yiantsios S G,Karabelas AJ.The effect of colloid stability on membrane fouling[J].Desalination,1998,118(3):143～152.
[31] 张国俊 ,刘宗洲 .膜过程中超滤污染机制的研究及防治技术进展 [J].膜科学与技术,2001,21(4):39～45.
[32] 李琳 .膜技术基本原理 [M].北京 :清华大学出版社 ,1999:291～ 293.
[33] 王农村 ,张振家 ,姜义行 .PVC 合金超滤膜在油田采出水回用中的应用研究[J].环境科学与技术,2006,29(8):86～87.
[34] 王铮 ,李新民 ,孙玉江 ,等 .超滤装置的微电脑气动隔膜阀自控系统[J].中国给水排水 ,2000,16(8):28～ 29.
[35] 施 卫 平 ,庄 文 军 .超 滤 装 置 调 试 及 运 行 出 现 的 问 题 分 析 [J].华 中 电力,2004,4(17):49～49.
[36] 孟凤明 ,靖大为 .超滤膜元件运行性能分析 [J].天津城市建设学院学报,2004, 10(3):186～189.
[37] J H Roorda,J H J M.Understanding membrane fouling in ultrafiltr- ation of WWTP-effluent[J].Water Science and technology,2000,41(10-11): 345～353.
[38] 刘力 ,杨玉香 ,刘宇光大豆蛋白 废 水 超 滤 中 水 力 冲 洗 技 术 研究 [J].哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,20(5):556～559.
[39] 王 磊 , 福 士 宪 一 . 运 行 条 件 对 超 滤 膜 污 染 的 影 响 [J]. 中 国 给 水 排水,2001,17(10):1～4.
[40] Judd S,Jefferson B.Membranes for industrial wasterwater recovery and reuse [J].Elsevier,2003:34～38.
[41] Decarolisj,Hongs.Fouling behavior of a pilot scale insideout hollow fiber UF membrane during dead-end filtration of tertiary wastewater [J].Journal of membrane science,2001,191:165-178.
[42] Graff J H,Kramer J F,Pluim J.Experiments on membrane filtration of effluent at wastewater treatment plants in the Netherlands[J].Water Sci Tech,1999:39 (5):203～210.
[43] Hillis P.Membrane technology in water and wastewater treatment[J].The royal society of chemistry,2000(36):1098～1011.
[44] 翟建文 ,徐平 .钢铁废水超滤工艺优化现场试验研究 [J].膜科学与技术,2006,26(3):7 0～73.
[45] 刘贯一.利用聚丙烯(PP)中空纤维膜去除水中溶解氧的试验[J].河北理工学院学报,2001,23(3):51～55.
[46] 张学文,张永兴,李丹岩.油田注水除氧技术与真空旋流水除氧装置[J].石油钻采工艺,2001.23(5):74～77.
[47] 王锦,王晓昌.超滤法净化污水及在线清洗对膜污染的影响[J].中国给水排水,2003,19(8):54～55.
[48] 鲁逸人,赵林,谭欣,宋正孝,等.新型杀菌剂处理油田回注水实验研究[J].长安大学(建筑与环境科学版),2004,12(4):65～67.
[49] 刘运新.几种常用的锅炉给水除氧方法分析[J].天津航海,2006,(2):19～20.
[50] 白 寒 军 , 何 浩 . 锅 炉 系 统 的 氧 腐 蚀 和 除 氧 方 法 [J]. 内 蒙 古 科 技 与 经济,2006,(22):111～113.
[51] 李鹤林 .石油管工程 .北京 :石油工业出版社 [M],1999:66.
[2] 李 虞 庚 ,苗 乘 武 .李 油 田地 面 工 程设 计 [M].北 京 :石 油 工业 出 版 社 ,1994:270～ 372
[3] 栾 希 炜 , 曹 会 哲 , 丁 慧 . 低 渗 透 油 田 注 水 精 细 处 理 技 术 [J]. 给 水 排水,2002,28(6):40～43.
[4] 万 仁薄 ,罗英俊 .采油技术 手册 (第 二 分 册 )[M].北 京 :石 油 工 业 出 版社,1991:40～41.
[5] 梁立军 ,陈大年 ,蒋可觐 ,等 .大庆油田回注水过滤净化的研究 [J].膜科学与技术,1998,18(2):22～24.
[6] 赵眉飞 ,满瑞林 .超滤膜分离研究 [J].贵州化工 ,2004,29(4):3～ 7.
[7] 张英 ,李航宇 ,施阳 .超滤膜在工业循环冷却排污水回用中的应用 [J].工业水处理,2003,23(1):27～29.
[8] 叶婴齐 .工业用水处理技术 [M].上海科学普及出版社, 1995:206～207.
[9] 王 洪 生 .国 外 膜 技 术 进 展 及 其 在 水 处 理 总 的 应 用 [J].膜 科 学 与 技术,1999:1(4):35～38.
[10] 李晓波 .膜分离技术及其在废水处理中的应用 [J].河北科技 ,2005,22 (4):207～ 211.
[11] Cartwright P.The role of membrane technology in water purification applications[J].Filtration Sep,1997,34(6):546～567.
[12] J G Jacangelo,E M Aicta,K E Carns,et al.Low pressure membrane filtrationfor removing giardia and microbial indications [J].AWWA,1991,86(9):97~ 106.
[13] 苏 保 卫 , 王 越 . 海 水 淡 化 的 膜 预 处 理 技 术 研 究 进 展 [J]. 中 国 给 水 排水,2003,19(8):65～69.
[14] 王世昌人类需要海水淡化技术[J].国际学术动态.1997,(1):13～14.
[15] 张英,李航宇,施阳.超滤膜在工业循环冷却排污水回用中的应用[J].工业水处理,2003,23(1):27～29.
[16] In-Soung Chang,Su-Na Kim.Wastewater treatment using membrane ane filtration effect of biosolids concentration of cake resistance[J]. Process Biochemistrystry 2005(40):1307～1314.
[17] Tae-Hyun Bae,Tae-Moon Tak.Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on fouling mitiga- tion of ultrafiltration membranes for activated sludge filtration[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2005 (249): 1～8.
[18] Tae-Hyun Bae.Interpretation of fouling characteristics of ultrafiltraion mem- branes during the filtration of membrane bioreactor mixed liquor[J].Journal of Membrane,2004(214):45～48.
[19] Cheng-Fang Lin,Tze-Yao Lin,Oliver J.Effects of humic substance characteristics on UF performance[J].Wat.Res,2000,34(4):1097～1106.
[20] Glucina K,Laine J M,Bourlier L D.Assessment of filtration mode for the ultrafiltration membrane process[J].Water supply,1999,17(1): 257 ～263.
[21] 殷峻,陈英旭.膜生物反应器中的膜污染问题[J].环境污染治理技术 与设备 2001,2(3):61～68.
[22] G F Grozes,J GJacangelo,C Anselme,ea tl.Impact of ultrafiltration operating conditions on membrane irreversible fouling[J].Membr Sci,1997,(124):63～76.
[23] 方大酉.两相流动力学[M].北京:国防科技出版社,1998:98～103.
[24] 李 存 芝 , 李 琳 , 郭 祀 远 , 等 . 超 滤 膜 改 性 技 术 及 其 应 用 [J]. 广 东 化工,2003,5(3):61～64.
[25] 李 云 琴 , 李 玉 林 . 超 滤 技 术 在 废 水 处 理 中 的 应 用 [J]. 油 气 田 环 境保,2000,12(2):11～13.
[26] 张玉中,郑领英 ,高从锴.液体分离膜技术及其应用 [M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003:73～93.
[27] R.劳顿巴赫 ,R.阿尔布雷希特 .膜分离方法-超滤和反渗透 [M].化学工业出版社,1991:109～181.
[28] 吕经烈 .中空纤维膜技术及应用 [J].海洋技术 2002,21(4):73～ 76.
[29] T Carroll.The fouling of microfiltration membranes by NOM after coagulation treatment[J].Wall Res,2000,34(11):2861～2868.
[30] Yiantsios S G,Karabelas AJ.The effect of colloid stability on membrane fouling[J].Desalination,1998,118(3):143～152.
[31] 张国俊 ,刘宗洲 .膜过程中超滤污染机制的研究及防治技术进展 [J].膜科学与技术,2001,21(4):39～45.
[32] 李琳 .膜技术基本原理 [M].北京 :清华大学出版社 ,1999:291～ 293.
[33] 王农村 ,张振家 ,姜义行 .PVC 合金超滤膜在油田采出水回用中的应用研究[J].环境科学与技术,2006,29(8):86～87.
[34] 王铮 ,李新民 ,孙玉江 ,等 .超滤装置的微电脑气动隔膜阀自控系统[J].中国给水排水 ,2000,16(8):28～ 29.
[35] 施 卫 平 ,庄 文 军 .超 滤 装 置 调 试 及 运 行 出 现 的 问 题 分 析 [J].华 中 电力,2004,4(17):49～49.
[36] 孟凤明 ,靖大为 .超滤膜元件运行性能分析 [J].天津城市建设学院学报,2004, 10(3):186～189.
[37] J H Roorda,J H J M.Understanding membrane fouling in ultrafiltr- ation of WWTP-effluent[J].Water Science and technology,2000,41(10-11): 345～353.
[38] 刘力 ,杨玉香 ,刘宇光大豆蛋白 废 水 超 滤 中 水 力 冲 洗 技 术 研究 [J].哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,20(5):556～559.
[39] 王 磊 , 福 士 宪 一 . 运 行 条 件 对 超 滤 膜 污 染 的 影 响 [J]. 中 国 给 水 排水,2001,17(10):1～4.
[40] Judd S,Jefferson B.Membranes for industrial wasterwater recovery and reuse [J].Elsevier,2003:34～38.
[41] Decarolisj,Hongs.Fouling behavior of a pilot scale insideout hollow fiber UF membrane during dead-end filtration of tertiary wastewater [J].Journal of membrane science,2001,191:165-178.
[42] Graff J H,Kramer J F,Pluim J.Experiments on membrane filtration of effluent at wastewater treatment plants in the Netherlands[J].Water Sci Tech,1999:39 (5):203～210.
[43] Hillis P.Membrane technology in water and wastewater treatment[J].The royal society of chemistry,2000(36):1098～1011.
[44] 翟建文 ,徐平 .钢铁废水超滤工艺优化现场试验研究 [J].膜科学与技术,2006,26(3):7 0～73.
[45] 刘贯一.利用聚丙烯(PP)中空纤维膜去除水中溶解氧的试验[J].河北理工学院学报,2001,23(3):51～55.
[46] 张学文,张永兴,李丹岩.油田注水除氧技术与真空旋流水除氧装置[J].石油钻采工艺,2001.23(5):74～77.
[47] 王锦,王晓昌.超滤法净化污水及在线清洗对膜污染的影响[J].中国给水排水,2003,19(8):54～55.
[48] 鲁逸人,赵林,谭欣,宋正孝,等.新型杀菌剂处理油田回注水实验研究[J].长安大学(建筑与环境科学版),2004,12(4):65～67.
[49] 刘运新.几种常用的锅炉给水除氧方法分析[J].天津航海,2006,(2):19～20.
[50] 白 寒 军 , 何 浩 . 锅 炉 系 统 的 氧 腐 蚀 和 除 氧 方 法 [J]. 内 蒙 古 科 技 与 经济,2006,(22):111～113.
[51] 李鹤林 .石油管工程 .北京 :石油工业出版社 [M],1999:66.