基于循环平稳特性的低截获概率信号的截获技术研究
|
摘要
目前低截获概率(LPI)技术发展迅速，并在雷达和通信中获得广泛应用，为对抗这些技术带来的检测和估计问题，需要研究低截获概率信号检测和估计的新方法。本文主要对两种主要低截获概率信号(相位编码信号和线性调频信号)进行了研究和探讨，基于两种信号都具有循环平稳性，将循环平稳理论应用于信号的检测和参数估计，通过深入研究提出了一些有效的检测和估计方法。
针对相位编码信号的检测，提出了基于单循环检测器的有限多循环检测器，可在没有编码序列、初相、编码序列初始时间等信息的情况下，取得理想的检测效果。基于相位编码信号循环谱的幅度和相位特性，提出了二阶循环平稳参数估计方法，可庄没有任何参数信息情况下，实现载频、码片时宽、幅度、初相、编码序列初始时间等参数的估计，估计方法计算量少，易于实现，且有良好的估计精度。
通过研究提出了两种线性调频信号的检测方法—基于循环自相关函数包络的检测方法和基于循环自相关函数的相关函数包络的检测方法，两种方法均可实现信号的盲检测，有良好的检测性能，文中还分析了加性噪声及存在乘性和加性噪声情况下两种检测方法的性能，推导出了输出信噪比公式。针对加性噪声情况及存在乘性噪声的情况，提出了线性调频信号参数的循环平稳估计方法，解决了零均值乘性噪声的信号参数估计问题，并采用一阶扰动分析方法，对两种噪声情况下的估计性能进行了分析，推导出了各参数的估计误差方差公式。
此外，通过仿真实验对各种循环平稳检测和估计方法的性能进行了评估，验证了理论分析结果的正确。
The techniques of Low Probability of Intercept (LPT) are developing rapidly, and are used widely in Radar and Communication. In order to counteract the LPI techniques, there is necessary to research the new methods of detection and estimation of LPI signals. In the dissertation, phase-coded signals and chirp signals are studied. Because the two signals have cyclic features, the cyclostationary theory has been applied in the detection and estimation of both signals. Some novel methods of detection and estimation are proposed after intensive investigation.
Based on the single cycle detector, the finite cycle detector is proposed for the detection of phase-coded signals. The finite cycle detector has a good performance under unknown the spreading code sequence, initial phase, spreading code timing epoch. Based on the amplitude and phase of two-order cyclic spectrum of phase-code signals, a novel cyclic spectrum estimation approach is proposed to estimate the carrier frequency, chip width, amplitude, initial phase, timing epoch of spreading code under no parameter information. This approach is computationally efficient, and is easy to be implemented, and it shows a good estimation accuracy over analysis.
Two detection methods of chirp signals are presented in the dissertation: the cyclic autocorrelation detection method and the correlation detection method of cyclic autocorrelation function. It is shown that the two methods both have an excellent performance of blind detection. The performance analyses of the two detection methods are both carried out for additive noise or multiplicative noise, and the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) expressions of the two methods are also derived. The cyclic estimation approaches of chirp signals in additive nose or multiplicative noise are proposed, it presents a way for the parameters estimation of zero mean amplitude chirp signals. The estimation performances in the additive noise or multiplicative noise are analyzed by the first order perturbation analysis method, and the error variance expressions of the parameters estimation under large samples are derived.
Moreover, a large amount of computer simulations have been carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods. Results of simulations confirm the analysis results in this dissertation, which proves the feasibilities of those methods further.
针对相位编码信号的检测，提出了基于单循环检测器的有限多循环检测器，可在没有编码序列、初相、编码序列初始时间等信息的情况下，取得理想的检测效果。基于相位编码信号循环谱的幅度和相位特性，提出了二阶循环平稳参数估计方法，可庄没有任何参数信息情况下，实现载频、码片时宽、幅度、初相、编码序列初始时间等参数的估计，估计方法计算量少，易于实现，且有良好的估计精度。
通过研究提出了两种线性调频信号的检测方法—基于循环自相关函数包络的检测方法和基于循环自相关函数的相关函数包络的检测方法，两种方法均可实现信号的盲检测，有良好的检测性能，文中还分析了加性噪声及存在乘性和加性噪声情况下两种检测方法的性能，推导出了输出信噪比公式。针对加性噪声情况及存在乘性噪声的情况，提出了线性调频信号参数的循环平稳估计方法，解决了零均值乘性噪声的信号参数估计问题，并采用一阶扰动分析方法，对两种噪声情况下的估计性能进行了分析，推导出了各参数的估计误差方差公式。
此外，通过仿真实验对各种循环平稳检测和估计方法的性能进行了评估，验证了理论分析结果的正确。
The techniques of Low Probability of Intercept (LPT) are developing rapidly, and are used widely in Radar and Communication. In order to counteract the LPI techniques, there is necessary to research the new methods of detection and estimation of LPI signals. In the dissertation, phase-coded signals and chirp signals are studied. Because the two signals have cyclic features, the cyclostationary theory has been applied in the detection and estimation of both signals. Some novel methods of detection and estimation are proposed after intensive investigation.
Based on the single cycle detector, the finite cycle detector is proposed for the detection of phase-coded signals. The finite cycle detector has a good performance under unknown the spreading code sequence, initial phase, spreading code timing epoch. Based on the amplitude and phase of two-order cyclic spectrum of phase-code signals, a novel cyclic spectrum estimation approach is proposed to estimate the carrier frequency, chip width, amplitude, initial phase, timing epoch of spreading code under no parameter information. This approach is computationally efficient, and is easy to be implemented, and it shows a good estimation accuracy over analysis.
Two detection methods of chirp signals are presented in the dissertation: the cyclic autocorrelation detection method and the correlation detection method of cyclic autocorrelation function. It is shown that the two methods both have an excellent performance of blind detection. The performance analyses of the two detection methods are both carried out for additive noise or multiplicative noise, and the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) expressions of the two methods are also derived. The cyclic estimation approaches of chirp signals in additive nose or multiplicative noise are proposed, it presents a way for the parameters estimation of zero mean amplitude chirp signals. The estimation performances in the additive noise or multiplicative noise are analyzed by the first order perturbation analysis method, and the error variance expressions of the parameters estimation under large samples are derived.
Moreover, a large amount of computer simulations have been carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods. Results of simulations confirm the analysis results in this dissertation, which proves the feasibilities of those methods further.
引文
[1] R.G. Siefker, "Low probability of intercept radar", IEEE Radar 85, pp. 346-349
[2] J.R. Forest, "Technique for low probability of intercept radar", MSAT. 83, pp. 496-500
[3] R.A. Dillard, "Detectability of Spread-Spectrum Signals", IEEE Trans. On AES, vol. AES-15, July 1979
[4] "An LPI Radar Model for ECCM evaluation", CIE Radar 86
[5] R.A. Dillard and G.M. Dillard, Detectability of Spread-Spectrum Signals, Artech House: Norwood, MA, 1989
[6] G. Schrick, R.G. Wiley, "Interception of LPI radar signal", IEEE Radar 90
[7] 产运华，低截获概率雷达及其关键技术，现代电子，No．4，1997
[8] 葛建军，低截获概率雷达系统实现及其性能，现代电子，No．3，1998
[9] 曲长文，低截获概率雷达浅说，火控雷达技术，第27卷，1998年6月
[10] 张雅婷，低截获概率雷达概述，火控雷达技术，第27卷，1998年6月
[11] George Stimson, "Low Probability of Intercept (LPI)", Introduction to AIRBORNE RADAR, pp. 525, 1998
[12] R.A. Dillard, "Detectability of Spread-Spectrum Signals", IEEE Trans. On AES, vol. AES-15, July 1979
[13] R.A. Dillard and G.M. Dillard, Detectability of Spread-Spectrum Signals, Artech House: Norwood, MA, 1989
[14] H.F. Engler and D.H. Howard, "A compendium of analytic models for coherent and non-coherent receivers", AFWAL-TR-85-1118,Georgia Tech Research Institute, Sep. 1985
[15] D.J. Torrieri, Principle of Secure Communication Systems, Artech House Norwood, MA, 1992
[16] J.D. Edell, "Wideband, Non-coherent, Frequency-Hopped Waveforms and their Hybrids in Low Probability of Intercept Communications", NRL Report 8025, Naval Research Laboratory, 8 Nov. 1976
[17] D.L.Nicholson, Spread Spectrum Signal Design: LPE and AJ Systems, Computer Science Press: Rockville, MD, 1988
[18] J.D. Bruce and K.D. Snow, "Final Technical Report TEAL WING Program", Probe Systems Report PSI-ER327, Probe Systems, Inc. ,Sunnyvale, Calif., Oct. 1974
[19] K.Y. Park, "Performance Evaluation of Energy Detectors", IEEE Trans. On AES, vol. AES-14. March 1978
[20] H. Urkowitz, "Energy Detection of Unknown Deterministic Signals", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 55, pp. 523-531, Apr. 1967
[21] M. Abramowitz and I.E. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, U.S. Department of Commerce, June 1964
[22] H. Urkowitz, "Closed-Form Expressions for Noncoherent Radar Integration Gain and Collapsing Loss", IEEE Trans. AES, vol. AES-9, Sep. 1973
[23] C.D. Chung, "Generalized likelihood-Ratio detection of multiple-hop frequency-hopping signals", IEE Proc. Com., Vol. 141, Iss: 2, pp. 70-78, Apr. 1994
[24] C.D. Chung, A. Polydoros, "Detection and hop-rate estimation of random FH signals via
autocorrelation technique", IEEE MILCOM-91, Vol. I, pp. 345-349, Nov. 1991
[25] C.D. Chung, and A. Polydoros, "Parameter estimation of random FH signals using autocorrelation techniques", IEEE Trans. Com., Vol. 43, No.2, pp. 1097-1106, Feb. 1995
[26] R.A. Dillard, G.M. Dillard, "Likelihood-ratio detection of frequency-hopped signals", IEEE Trans. AES, Vol. 32, pp. 543-553, 1996
[27] B.K. Levitt, A. Polydorus, and M.K. Simon, "Optimum Detection of Slow Frequency-Hopped Signals", IEEE Trans. Com., Vol. 42, No: 2/3/4 , Feb./Mar/Apr. 1994
[28] L.W.Nemsick and E. Geraniotis, "Adaptive multichannel detection of frequency-hopping signals", IEEE Trans. On Com., Vol. 40, No: 9, pp. 1502-1511 , Sep. 1992
[29] M.K. Simon, J.K. Omura, R.A. Scholtz, and B. K. Levit, Spread Spectrum Communications, Vol. III, pt. 5,ch4, 1985
[30] F. Amoroso, Proc. MILCOM 1982, Bedford, MA, pp. 19． 4-1-19． 4-5, Oct 1982
[31] R.O. Schmidt, "Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation", Proc. RADC Spectrum Estimation Workshop, Oct. 3-5, 1979
[32] P. Flandrin, "Time-Frequency Receivers For Locally Optimum Detection", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. ICASSP88: 2725-2728 (1988)
[33] S. Kay and G. F. Boudreaux-Bartels, "On the Optimality of the Wigner Distribution for Detection", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics. Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP85: 27． 2． 1-27． 2． 4(1985)
[34] S. Barbarossa, "Analysis of multicomponent of LFM signals by a combined Wigner-Hough transform", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 43, NO. 6, pp. 1511-1515, June 1995
[35] S. Barbarossa and V Petrone, "Analysis of polynomial-phase signals by the integrated generalized ambiguity function", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 45． No. 2, Feb. 1997
[36] P. Flandrin, "Time-Frequency Receivers For Locally Optimum Detection", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics. Speech, and Signal Processing. ICASSP88: 2725-2728, 1988
[37] M. Roessgen and B. Boashash, "Time-frequency peak filtering applied to FSK signals", Proc. Of IEEE-SP International Symp. On Time-frequency and Time-Scale Analysis, Philadelphia, Oct. 1994
[38] T.C. Farrel and G. Prescott, "Low probability of intercept signal detection receiver using quadrature mirror filter bank trees", Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics. speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP, Part 3 (of 6) p. 1558-1561, 1996
[39] T.C. Farrel and G. Prescott , "Nine-tile algorithm for LPI signal detection using QMF filter bank trees", Proceedings of the 1996 15th Annual Military Communications conference, MILCOM 96, Part 3 (of 3) , p. 974-978
[40] M. Medley, G.J. Saulnier, P. Das, " Radiometric detection of direct-sequence spread spectrum signals with interference excision using the wavelet transform". SUPERCOMM/ICC '94, Conference Record, vol.3, pp. 1648-1652, 1994
[41] I. Daubechies. "Orthonormal Bases of Compactly Supported Wavelets". Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. XLI: 909-996 (1988)
[42] C. Herley, J. Kovacevic, K. Ramchandran and M. Vetterli. IEEE Trans. On Signal Processing , vol. 41, No: 12, pp. 3341-3359, Dec. 1993
[43] M. Vetterli and C.Herley, "Wavelets and Filter Banks: Theory and Design" , IEEE Trans. On Signal Processing, vol. 40, No: 9 pp. 2207-2232, Sep. 1992
[44] N. H.S. Khalil, "Wavelet analysis of instantaneous correlations with application to frequency hopped signals", NTIS, No: AD-A341953, Sep. 1997
[45] J.S. Wight, "Study of the interception of LPI radar", NTIS No : MIC-96-03768/HM, 1993
[46] 蒋春山,“小波相关法在直扩信号检测中的应用”,通信对抗,1997年第四期
[47] 蒋春山,“用小波分析法估计DS/CDMA信号参数的一种方法”,通信对抗,1996年第四期
[48] W.A. Gardner, Introduction to Random Processes with Applications to Signals and Systems, New York: Macmillan, 1985
[49] W.A. Gardner , "Measurement of spectral correlation", IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech, Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-34, pp. 1111-1123, Oct. 1986
[50] W.A. Gardner, "The role of spectral correlation in design and performance analysis of synchronize", IEEE Trans. Com., Vol. COM-34, pp1089-1095, Nov. 1986
[51] W.A. Gardner, Statistical Spectral Analysis : A Nonprobabilistic Theory , Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987
[52] W.A. Gardner, "The spectral correlation theory of cyclostationary time-series", Signal Processing , Vol.11, pp. 13-36,1986
[53] W.A. Gardner, "Spectral correlation of modulated signals, Part I-Analog modulation", IEEE Trans. Commun. Vol. COM-35, pp. 584-594, June 1987
[54] W.A. Gardner, W.A. Brown ,and C.K. Chen, "Spectral correlation of modulated signals. Part II-Digital modulation", IEEE Trans. Commun. Vol. COM-35, pp. 595-601, June 1987
[55] W.A. Gardner, "Signal interception: A unifying theoretical framework for feature detection". IEEE Trans. Commun. Vol. 36, No.8, pp. 897-906, August 1988
[56] W.A. Gardner , "Structural characterization of locally optimum detectors in terms of locally optimum estimators and correlators", IEEE trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-28, pp. 924-932, Nov. 1982
[57] W.A.Gardner and C.M. Spooner, "Signal interception : Performance advantages of cyclic-feature detectors", IEEE Trans. Com. Vol. 40, No. 1, Jan. 1992
[58] L.Izzo, L.Paura, and M. Tanda, "Signal interception in non-Gaussian noise",IEEE Trans. Com. Vol. 40, No. 6, June. 1992
[59] G. Gelli, L. Izzo, and L. Paura, "Cyclostationarity-based signal detection and source location in non-Gaussian noise", IEEE Trans. Com. Vol. 44, No. 3, March. 1996
[60] W.A. Gardner, and C.M. Spooner, "Detection and source location of weak cyclostationary signals: Simplifications of the maximum-likelihood receiver", IEEE Trans. Com. Vol. 41, No. 6, June. 1993
[61] W.A. Gardner and C.K. Chen, "Signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation for passive location of manmade radio source in highly corruptive environments. Part I: theory and method". IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 40, pp. 1168-1184, May. 1992
[62] W.A. Gardner and C.K. Chen. "Signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation for passive location of manmade radio source in highly corruptive environments, Part II: algorithms and performance", IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 40, pp. 1185-1197, May. 1992
[63] N. Brousseau and J.W.A. Salt, "Real-Time Analysis of a Spread Spectrum Environment with an Optoelectronic Cyclic Cross Correlation : Proof-of-Concept Experiments", NTIS: No: AD-A303463, Oct. 1995
[64] V.M. Ristic, Development of an acousto-optic correlator for the detection of LPI signals. MIC-97-04849/HDM, 1996
[65] A.M. Gillman, Non Co-Operative Detection of LPI/LPD Signals Via Cyclic Spectral Analysis, ADA361720/XAB, March 1999
[66] 崔滔，魏本涛，“频域谱相关自适应滤波的LPI信号可检测性与密集信号分选能力研究”，电子对抗，1997年第2期
[67] M.A. Wickert and R.L. Turcotte, "Rate-line detection using higher-order spectra", MILCOM'92, C31, Vol. 3, pp. 1221-1225, 1992
[68] K.M. Hock, "Narrowband weak signal detection by higher order spectrum", IEEE Trans. SP, pp. 874-879, April 1996
[69] G.R. Wilson and K. Bangh, "Non parametric detection of class of cyclo-stationary signals in stationary colored non-Ganssian noise using non-stationary higher-order spectrum", SSAP. 1992, IEEE sixth workshop, pp. 202-205, 1992
[70] J.R. Fonollosa and C.L. Nikias, "Analysis of QAM signals using higher-order spectra based time-frequency distributions", IEEE Signal Processing Workshop on Higher-Order Statistics, pp. 225-229, South Lake Tahoe, CA, 1993
[71] T. Ostman and S. Parkwall, "An improved MUSIC algorithm for estimation of time delays in asynchronous DS-CDMA system", IEEE Trans. Comm., Vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 1628, 1999
[72] Wu Wei-Chiang, Chen Kwang-cheng, "Root-MUSIC based joint identification and timing estimation of asynchronous CDMA system over Rayleigh fading channel", IEICE trans, on fundamentals of electronic comm. and computer sciences, Vol. 81, no. 8, pp. 1550, 1998
[73] 高勇，肖先赐，“谱相关理论用于去除测向交叉定位中的虚假定位“，系统工程与电子技术，1998年第5期
[74] 高勇，肖先赐，“存在干扰信号时对低截获概率信号的测向”，电子科技大学学报，第27卷第3期，1998年6月
[75] S. Hakin and L. Xiaobo, "Detection of signals in chaos", Proceeding of IEEE, Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 94-122, 1995
[76] 郭双冰，肖先赐，“几种跳频码的混沌动力学特性及预测分析”，系统工程与电子技术，2000年12月
[77] 张家树，郭双冰，肖先赐，“捷变频雷达的自适应非线性滤波预测对抗”，第八届电子战新概念新理论新技术学术年会，155-165，2000年
[78] 张家树，郭双冰，肖先赐，“混沌扩频码序列的二阶Volterra自适应预测研究”，第七届电子战新概念新理论新技术学术年会，151-156，1999年
[79] J.S. Wight, "Study of the interception of LPI radar'", NTIS No: MIC-96-03768/HM, 1993
[80] K.W. Forsythe, P. Monticciolo, J.R. Sklar. "Spatial adaptive filtering for LPI signal detection", Proceeding of the 1994 Tactical Comm. Cont:-Proceedings, Vol. 1,507p, 1994
[81] 王永良，彭应宁，《空时自适应信号处理》，清华大学出版社，2000年9月
[82] M.K. Tsatsanis, G.B. Giannakis, "Blind estimation of direct spectrum signals in multipath", IEEE Trans. SP, Vol. 45, pp. 1241-1252, May 1997
[83] T.C. Farrell and S. Chakrabarti, "A Potential Use for Artificial Neural Networks in the Detection of Frequency Hopped Low Probabiliw of Intercept Signals", IEEE Wichita Conference on Communications, Networking and Signal Processing: 25-30, Apr. 1994
[84] 黄春琳，邱玲，沈振康，“数字调制信号的神经网络识别方法”，国防科大学报，第21卷，1999年第2期
[85] 黄春琳，周一宇，沈振康，“模拟调制信号的神经网络识别方法”，电子对抗，1998年第3期
[86] 孟建，“一种用于多载频信号的包络分析方法”，第八届电子战新概念新理论新技术学术年会，265-270，2000年
[87] A. Polydoros and C.L. Weber, "Detection performance consideration for direct-sequence and time-hopping LPI waveform", IEEE J. on Selected Areas of Comm., SAC-3, pp. 727-744, Sep. 1985
[88] H.C. Horing, "Probability of frequency hopping signals by use of a scanning receiver", Frequenz, Vol.52, no. 7-8, pp. 134-140, 1998, Germany
[89] H.C. Horing, "Probability of intercept for frequency hop signals using search receivers (Ⅰ)", News from Rohdn and Schwarz, Vol. 38, no. 160, pp. 26-29, 1998, Germanny
[90] H.C. Horing, "Probability of intercept for frequency hop signals using search receivers (Ⅱ)", News from Rohdn and Schwarz, Vol. 39, no. 161, pp. 29-31, 1999, Germanny
[91] U. Cheng, M.K. Simon, A. Polydoros, B.K. Levitt, "Statistical models for evaluating the performance of noncoherent slow frequency-hopped M-FSK intercept receivers", IEEE Trans. Com., Vol. 43, no. 2-4, pp. 1703-1712, 1995
[92] 黄春琳，赵峰伟，周一宇，“多进制数字调相信号的次优识别方法”，通信对抗，1-5，1998年第二期
[93] 保铮，“雷达信号的长时间累积”，第七届电子战新概念新理论新技术学术年会，9-15，1999
[94] 黄春琳，姜文利，周一宇，“低截获概率信号的截获技术”，第七届电子战新概念新理论新技术学术年会，122-127，1999
[95] C.G. Sykes, R.C. Saull, U. Cranfield, R. Mil. Coll. of Sci., Shrivenham, UK, "The use of polarisation coherency in the detection of radar signals", Polarisation in Radar, IEE Colloquium on, pp.10/1-10/6, 1996
[96] B. Levitt, M. Simon, A. Polydoros, U. cheng, "Partial-band of frequency-hopped signals", GLOBECOM'93, IEEE, Vol. 4, pp. 70-76, 1993
[97] 张贤达，保铮，《非平稳信号分析与处理》，国防工业出版社，1999年7月
[98] 黄春琳，姜文利，周一宇，“LPI雷达信号的谱相关检测方法分析”，国防科大学报，录用待发
[99] W.A. Brown and H.H. Loomis Jr, "Digital Implementation of Spectral Correlation Analyzers", IEEE Trans. SP Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 703-720, Feb. 1993
[100] Da Costa E L , "Detection and Identification of Cyclostationary Signals", March. 1996 (AD-A311555)
[101] W.A. Gardner, Cyclostationary in communications and signal processing. New York: IEEE, 1994
[102] J. Goerlich, D. Bruckner, A. Richter, "Signals analysis using spectral correlation measurement", IMTC/98 Conference Proceeding, Vol. 2, pp. 1313-1318, 1998.
[103] K. Grace, W.A. Gardner, "Search-efficient methods of detection of cyclostationary signals", IEEE Trans. S. P., Vol. 44, No. 5, May 1996
[104] N.J. Carter, "Implementation of Cyclic Spectral Analysis Methods", Monterey CA: Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 1992 (AD-A261715)
[105] Goerlich, J., Bruckner, D., Richter, A., "Signals analysis using spectral correlation measurement", IMTC/98 Conference Proceeding, P. 1313-1318, Vol. 2, 1998
[106] C.M. Spooner, "Performance evaluation of detectors for cyclostationary signals", M.S. thesis, Dep.Dep. Eng. Comput. Sci,, Univ. California, Davis. June 1988
[107] S.C. Rezeanu, R.E. Ziemer, M.A. Wickert, "Joint maximum-likelihood parameter estimation for
burst DS spread-spectrum transmission", IEEE trans. Com. Vol. 45, No.2, pp.227-238, Feb. 1997
[108] F. Gini, G.B. Giannakis, "Frequency offset and timing estimation in slowly varing fading channels: a cyclostationary approach", IEEE trans. Com., vol. 46, pp. 400-411, Mar. 1998
[109] C. Carlemalm, A. Logothetis, "Blind signal detection and parameter estimation for an asynchronous CDMA system with time-varying number of transmission paths", Statistical Signal and Array Processing, 1998, Proceedings Ninth IEEE S.P., pp.296-299
[110] F. Mazzenga, F. Vatalaro, "Parameter estimation in CDMA multiuser detection using cyclostationary statistics", Electronics Letters, Italy, pp. 179-181, Feb. 1996
[111] V.B. Manimoham, W.J. Fitzgerald, "Blind frequency offset and delay estimation of linearly modulated signals using second order cyclic statistics", Acoustics, Speech and Signal Proceeding, 1998, Proceeding of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on, vol. 4, pp.2337-2340, 1998
[112] E. Serpedin, G.B. Giannakis, A. Chevieuil, P. Loubaton, "Blind joint estimation of carrier frequency offset and channel using non-redundant periodic modulation procedures", Statistical Signal and Array Processing, 1998, Proceedings Ninth IEEE SP. Workshop on, pp. 288-291, 1998
[113] A.D. Whalen, Detection of Signals in Noise, Academic Press New York and London, 1971
[114] E.J. Kelly, I.S. Reed, and W.L. Root, "The detection of radar echoes in noise, Part I", Journal of the Society of Industrial Applied Mathematics, vol. 8． pp. 309-341, June 1960
[115] E.J. Kelly, I.S. Reed, and W.L. Root, "The detection of radar echoes in noise, Part II", Journal of the Society of Industrial Applied Mathematics, vol. 8, pp. 481-507, Sept. 1960
[116] P. Bello, "Joint estimation of delay, Doppler and Doppler rate", IRE trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 6, pp. 330-341, June 1960
[117] T.J. Abatzoglou, "Fast maximum likelihood joint estimation of frequency and frequency rate", IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 22, pp. 708-715． Nov. 1986
[118] R. Kumaresan and S. Verma, "On estimation the parameters of chirp signals using rank reduction techniques", in Proc. 21~(st) Asilomar Conf. Signals, Syst, Comput. Pacific Grove, CA, pp. 555-558, 1987
[119] S. Peleg and B. Porat, "Linear FM signal parameter estimation from discrete-time observations". IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 26, pp. 607-615, July 1991
[120] S. Peleg and B. Porat, "Estimation and classification of signals with polynomial phase", IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 37, pp. 422-430, Mar. 1991
[121] S. Shamsunder and G.B. Giannakis, "Detection and estimation of chirp signals in non-Gaussian noise", in Proc. 27~(th) Asilomar Conf. Signals, Syst, Comput, Pacific Grove, CA, pp. 1191-1195, Nov. 1993
[122] P.M. Djuric, and S.M. Kay, "Parameter estimation of chirp signals", IEEE trans. ASSP, vol. 38, pp. 2118-2126, Sept. 1995
[123] F. Gini, M. Montanari, and L. Verrazzani, "Estimation of chirp radar signals in compound-Gaussian clutter: a cyclostationary approach", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 48, No. 4． April 2000
[124] R. Hippenstiel, M.P. Fargues, I. Moraitakis, C. Williams. "Detection and parameter estimation of chirped radar signals", AD A372 866, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, 1999
[125] R. Liang and K. Arun, "Parameter estimation for superimposed chirp signals", Proc. Internat. Conf. Acoust, Speech Signal Processing, San Francisco, March 1992
[126] S. Shamsunder, G.B. Giannakis and B. Friedlander, "Estimating random amplitude polynomial
phase signals: a cyclostationary approach", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 492-504, Feb. 1995
[127] S. Barbarossa, "detection and estimation of the instantaneous frequency of polynomial-phase signals by multilinear time-frequency representations", in Proc. IEEE-SP Workshop Higher Order Statistics, pp. 330-341, June 1993
[128] S. Peleg and B. Friedlander, "A technique for estimating the parameter of multiple polynomial phase signals", in Proc. Workshop Time Frequency Time Scale Analysis, pp. 119-122, Oct. 1992
[129] G.T. Zhou, "Random amplitude and polynomial phase modeling of non-stationary processing using higher-order and cyclic statistic", Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Elec. Eng., Univ. Virginia, Charlottesville, Jan. 1995
[130] G.T. Zhou and A. Swami, "performance analysis for a class of amplitude modulated polynomial phase signals", in Proc. Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, Detroit, MI, pp. 1593-1596, May 1995
[131] G.T. Zhou, G.B. Giannakis, and A. Swami, "On polynomial phase signals with time-vary amplitudes", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 44, pp. 848-861, April 1996
[132] G.B. Giannakis and G.T. Zhou, "Harmonics in multiplicative and additive noise: Parameter estimation using cyclic statistics", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 43, pp. 2217-2221, Sept. 1995
[133] G.T. Zhou and G.B. Giannakis, "Harmonics in multiplicative and additive noise: Performance analysis of cyclic estimators", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 43, pp. 1445-1460, June 1995
[134] B. Besson and F. Castanie, "On estimating the frequency of a sinusoid in auto-regressive noise", Signal Processing, vol. 30, pp. 65-83, 1993
[135] D. Rife and R. Boorstyn, "Single tone parameter estimation from discrete-time observations", IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-20, pp. 591-598, 1974
[136] A. M. Walker, "On the estimation of a harmonic component in a time series with stationary independent residuals", Biometrika, vol. 58, pp. 21-36, 1971
[137] F. Gini, M. Luise, and R. Reggiannini, "Cramer-Rao bounds for parameter estimation of fading radiotransmission channels", IEEE Trans. Commu., vol. 46, pp. 1390-1398, Oct. 1998
[138] I. Reuven and H. Messer, "A Barankin-type lower bound on the estimation error of a hybrid parameter vector", IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 43, pp. 1084-1093, May 1997
[139] A. Swami. "Cramer-Rao bounds for deterministic signals in additive and multiplicative noise", Signal Processing, vol. 53, pp. 231-244, 1996
[140] J.M. Francos and B. Fredlander, "Bounds for estimation of multicomponent signals with random amplitude and deterministic phase", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 43, pp. 1161-1172, May 1995
[141] L.T. McWhorter and L.L. Scharf, "Cramer-Rao bounds for deterministic modal analysis", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 1847-1866, May 1993
[142] S. Peleg and B. Porat, "The CRLB for signals with constant amplitude and polynomial phase". IEEE Trans. SP, pp. 749-752, March 1991
[143] A.V. Dandawate, "On consistent and asymptotically normal sample estimators for cyclic moments and cumulants", in Proc. ICASSP, Min-neapolis, MN, vol. 4, pp. 504-507, April 1993
[144] R.F. Dwyer, "Fourth-order spectra of Gaussian amplitude modulated sinusoids", Journal Acoust. Soc. Amer, vol. 90, pp. 918-926, 1991
[145] F. Gini and G.B. Giannakis, "Frequency offset and symbol timing recovery in flat-fading channels: A cyclostationary approach", IEEE Trans. Commu. vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 400-411, March 1998
[146] E Gini, "A cumulant-based adaptive technique for coherent radar detection in a mixture of K-distributed clutter and Gaussian disturbance", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1507-1519, June 1997
[147] R.S. Roberts, W.A. Brown H.H. Loomis Jr., "Computationally efficient algorithms for cyclic spectral analysis", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 38, April 1991
[148] R.S. Roberts and H.H. Loomis Jr., "parallel computation structures for a class of cyclic spectral analysis algorithms", Journal of VLSI Signal Processing, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 25, 1995
[149] D.R. Brillinger, Time Series: Data Analysis and Theory, San Francisco, CA: Holden-Day, 1981
[150] James T. Bao-Yen, Digital Microwave receives Theory and Concept, Artech House, Inc., 1992
[151] James T. Bao-Yen, Digital Techniques for Wideband Receivers, Artech House, Inc., 1995
[152] 孙仲康，周一宇，何黎星，《单多基地有源无源定位技术》，国防工业出版社，1996年5月
[153] 周一宇，徐晖，安玮，《电子战原理与技术》，国防工业出版社，1999年
[154] 韩培尧，《雷达对抗干扰技术》，西北电讯工程学院，国防工业出版社，1980年1月
[155] 《雷达系统》，西北电讯工程学院，国防工业出版社，1980年12月
[156] 林象平，《雷达对抗原理》，西北电讯工程学院出版社，1982年
[157] 李承恕，赵荣黎，《扩展频谱通信》，人民邮电出版社，1996年5月
[158] 沈允春，《扩谱技术》，国防工业出版社，1995年7月
[159] 张贤达，《时间序列分析—高阶统计量方法》，清华大学出版社，1996年6月
[160] A.J. Viterbi, CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication, Wesley Publishing Company, 1995
[161] 蒋盘林，《通信信号截收技术》，电子工业部36所，1996年10月
[162] 张贤达，保铮，《通信信号处理》，国防工业出版社，2000年12月
[163] 郑辉，《信息截获技术及理论基础》，总参三部57所，2001年2月
[164] R.K.Rayit,H.K,Mardia, “用自适应前端检测LPI雷达”，都书君译，电子对抗技术，21-24，1995年，第五期
[2] J.R. Forest, "Technique for low probability of intercept radar", MSAT. 83, pp. 496-500
[3] R.A. Dillard, "Detectability of Spread-Spectrum Signals", IEEE Trans. On AES, vol. AES-15, July 1979
[4] "An LPI Radar Model for ECCM evaluation", CIE Radar 86
[5] R.A. Dillard and G.M. Dillard, Detectability of Spread-Spectrum Signals, Artech House: Norwood, MA, 1989
[6] G. Schrick, R.G. Wiley, "Interception of LPI radar signal", IEEE Radar 90
[7] 产运华，低截获概率雷达及其关键技术，现代电子，No．4，1997
[8] 葛建军，低截获概率雷达系统实现及其性能，现代电子，No．3，1998
[9] 曲长文，低截获概率雷达浅说，火控雷达技术，第27卷，1998年6月
[10] 张雅婷，低截获概率雷达概述，火控雷达技术，第27卷，1998年6月
[11] George Stimson, "Low Probability of Intercept (LPI)", Introduction to AIRBORNE RADAR, pp. 525, 1998
[12] R.A. Dillard, "Detectability of Spread-Spectrum Signals", IEEE Trans. On AES, vol. AES-15, July 1979
[13] R.A. Dillard and G.M. Dillard, Detectability of Spread-Spectrum Signals, Artech House: Norwood, MA, 1989
[14] H.F. Engler and D.H. Howard, "A compendium of analytic models for coherent and non-coherent receivers", AFWAL-TR-85-1118,Georgia Tech Research Institute, Sep. 1985
[15] D.J. Torrieri, Principle of Secure Communication Systems, Artech House Norwood, MA, 1992
[16] J.D. Edell, "Wideband, Non-coherent, Frequency-Hopped Waveforms and their Hybrids in Low Probability of Intercept Communications", NRL Report 8025, Naval Research Laboratory, 8 Nov. 1976
[17] D.L.Nicholson, Spread Spectrum Signal Design: LPE and AJ Systems, Computer Science Press: Rockville, MD, 1988
[18] J.D. Bruce and K.D. Snow, "Final Technical Report TEAL WING Program", Probe Systems Report PSI-ER327, Probe Systems, Inc. ,Sunnyvale, Calif., Oct. 1974
[19] K.Y. Park, "Performance Evaluation of Energy Detectors", IEEE Trans. On AES, vol. AES-14. March 1978
[20] H. Urkowitz, "Energy Detection of Unknown Deterministic Signals", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 55, pp. 523-531, Apr. 1967
[21] M. Abramowitz and I.E. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, U.S. Department of Commerce, June 1964
[22] H. Urkowitz, "Closed-Form Expressions for Noncoherent Radar Integration Gain and Collapsing Loss", IEEE Trans. AES, vol. AES-9, Sep. 1973
[23] C.D. Chung, "Generalized likelihood-Ratio detection of multiple-hop frequency-hopping signals", IEE Proc. Com., Vol. 141, Iss: 2, pp. 70-78, Apr. 1994
[24] C.D. Chung, A. Polydoros, "Detection and hop-rate estimation of random FH signals via
autocorrelation technique", IEEE MILCOM-91, Vol. I, pp. 345-349, Nov. 1991
[25] C.D. Chung, and A. Polydoros, "Parameter estimation of random FH signals using autocorrelation techniques", IEEE Trans. Com., Vol. 43, No.2, pp. 1097-1106, Feb. 1995
[26] R.A. Dillard, G.M. Dillard, "Likelihood-ratio detection of frequency-hopped signals", IEEE Trans. AES, Vol. 32, pp. 543-553, 1996
[27] B.K. Levitt, A. Polydorus, and M.K. Simon, "Optimum Detection of Slow Frequency-Hopped Signals", IEEE Trans. Com., Vol. 42, No: 2/3/4 , Feb./Mar/Apr. 1994
[28] L.W.Nemsick and E. Geraniotis, "Adaptive multichannel detection of frequency-hopping signals", IEEE Trans. On Com., Vol. 40, No: 9, pp. 1502-1511 , Sep. 1992
[29] M.K. Simon, J.K. Omura, R.A. Scholtz, and B. K. Levit, Spread Spectrum Communications, Vol. III, pt. 5,ch4, 1985
[30] F. Amoroso, Proc. MILCOM 1982, Bedford, MA, pp. 19． 4-1-19． 4-5, Oct 1982
[31] R.O. Schmidt, "Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation", Proc. RADC Spectrum Estimation Workshop, Oct. 3-5, 1979
[32] P. Flandrin, "Time-Frequency Receivers For Locally Optimum Detection", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. ICASSP88: 2725-2728 (1988)
[33] S. Kay and G. F. Boudreaux-Bartels, "On the Optimality of the Wigner Distribution for Detection", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics. Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP85: 27． 2． 1-27． 2． 4(1985)
[34] S. Barbarossa, "Analysis of multicomponent of LFM signals by a combined Wigner-Hough transform", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 43, NO. 6, pp. 1511-1515, June 1995
[35] S. Barbarossa and V Petrone, "Analysis of polynomial-phase signals by the integrated generalized ambiguity function", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 45． No. 2, Feb. 1997
[36] P. Flandrin, "Time-Frequency Receivers For Locally Optimum Detection", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics. Speech, and Signal Processing. ICASSP88: 2725-2728, 1988
[37] M. Roessgen and B. Boashash, "Time-frequency peak filtering applied to FSK signals", Proc. Of IEEE-SP International Symp. On Time-frequency and Time-Scale Analysis, Philadelphia, Oct. 1994
[38] T.C. Farrel and G. Prescott, "Low probability of intercept signal detection receiver using quadrature mirror filter bank trees", Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics. speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP, Part 3 (of 6) p. 1558-1561, 1996
[39] T.C. Farrel and G. Prescott , "Nine-tile algorithm for LPI signal detection using QMF filter bank trees", Proceedings of the 1996 15th Annual Military Communications conference, MILCOM 96, Part 3 (of 3) , p. 974-978
[40] M. Medley, G.J. Saulnier, P. Das, " Radiometric detection of direct-sequence spread spectrum signals with interference excision using the wavelet transform". SUPERCOMM/ICC '94, Conference Record, vol.3, pp. 1648-1652, 1994
[41] I. Daubechies. "Orthonormal Bases of Compactly Supported Wavelets". Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. XLI: 909-996 (1988)
[42] C. Herley, J. Kovacevic, K. Ramchandran and M. Vetterli. IEEE Trans. On Signal Processing , vol. 41, No: 12, pp. 3341-3359, Dec. 1993
[43] M. Vetterli and C.Herley, "Wavelets and Filter Banks: Theory and Design" , IEEE Trans. On Signal Processing, vol. 40, No: 9 pp. 2207-2232, Sep. 1992
[44] N. H.S. Khalil, "Wavelet analysis of instantaneous correlations with application to frequency hopped signals", NTIS, No: AD-A341953, Sep. 1997
[45] J.S. Wight, "Study of the interception of LPI radar", NTIS No : MIC-96-03768/HM, 1993
[46] 蒋春山,“小波相关法在直扩信号检测中的应用”,通信对抗,1997年第四期
[47] 蒋春山,“用小波分析法估计DS/CDMA信号参数的一种方法”,通信对抗,1996年第四期
[48] W.A. Gardner, Introduction to Random Processes with Applications to Signals and Systems, New York: Macmillan, 1985
[49] W.A. Gardner , "Measurement of spectral correlation", IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech, Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-34, pp. 1111-1123, Oct. 1986
[50] W.A. Gardner, "The role of spectral correlation in design and performance analysis of synchronize", IEEE Trans. Com., Vol. COM-34, pp1089-1095, Nov. 1986
[51] W.A. Gardner, Statistical Spectral Analysis : A Nonprobabilistic Theory , Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987
[52] W.A. Gardner, "The spectral correlation theory of cyclostationary time-series", Signal Processing , Vol.11, pp. 13-36,1986
[53] W.A. Gardner, "Spectral correlation of modulated signals, Part I-Analog modulation", IEEE Trans. Commun. Vol. COM-35, pp. 584-594, June 1987
[54] W.A. Gardner, W.A. Brown ,and C.K. Chen, "Spectral correlation of modulated signals. Part II-Digital modulation", IEEE Trans. Commun. Vol. COM-35, pp. 595-601, June 1987
[55] W.A. Gardner, "Signal interception: A unifying theoretical framework for feature detection". IEEE Trans. Commun. Vol. 36, No.8, pp. 897-906, August 1988
[56] W.A. Gardner , "Structural characterization of locally optimum detectors in terms of locally optimum estimators and correlators", IEEE trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-28, pp. 924-932, Nov. 1982
[57] W.A.Gardner and C.M. Spooner, "Signal interception : Performance advantages of cyclic-feature detectors", IEEE Trans. Com. Vol. 40, No. 1, Jan. 1992
[58] L.Izzo, L.Paura, and M. Tanda, "Signal interception in non-Gaussian noise",IEEE Trans. Com. Vol. 40, No. 6, June. 1992
[59] G. Gelli, L. Izzo, and L. Paura, "Cyclostationarity-based signal detection and source location in non-Gaussian noise", IEEE Trans. Com. Vol. 44, No. 3, March. 1996
[60] W.A. Gardner, and C.M. Spooner, "Detection and source location of weak cyclostationary signals: Simplifications of the maximum-likelihood receiver", IEEE Trans. Com. Vol. 41, No. 6, June. 1993
[61] W.A. Gardner and C.K. Chen, "Signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation for passive location of manmade radio source in highly corruptive environments. Part I: theory and method". IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 40, pp. 1168-1184, May. 1992
[62] W.A. Gardner and C.K. Chen. "Signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation for passive location of manmade radio source in highly corruptive environments, Part II: algorithms and performance", IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 40, pp. 1185-1197, May. 1992
[63] N. Brousseau and J.W.A. Salt, "Real-Time Analysis of a Spread Spectrum Environment with an Optoelectronic Cyclic Cross Correlation : Proof-of-Concept Experiments", NTIS: No: AD-A303463, Oct. 1995
[64] V.M. Ristic, Development of an acousto-optic correlator for the detection of LPI signals. MIC-97-04849/HDM, 1996
[65] A.M. Gillman, Non Co-Operative Detection of LPI/LPD Signals Via Cyclic Spectral Analysis, ADA361720/XAB, March 1999
[66] 崔滔，魏本涛，“频域谱相关自适应滤波的LPI信号可检测性与密集信号分选能力研究”，电子对抗，1997年第2期
[67] M.A. Wickert and R.L. Turcotte, "Rate-line detection using higher-order spectra", MILCOM'92, C31, Vol. 3, pp. 1221-1225, 1992
[68] K.M. Hock, "Narrowband weak signal detection by higher order spectrum", IEEE Trans. SP, pp. 874-879, April 1996
[69] G.R. Wilson and K. Bangh, "Non parametric detection of class of cyclo-stationary signals in stationary colored non-Ganssian noise using non-stationary higher-order spectrum", SSAP. 1992, IEEE sixth workshop, pp. 202-205, 1992
[70] J.R. Fonollosa and C.L. Nikias, "Analysis of QAM signals using higher-order spectra based time-frequency distributions", IEEE Signal Processing Workshop on Higher-Order Statistics, pp. 225-229, South Lake Tahoe, CA, 1993
[71] T. Ostman and S. Parkwall, "An improved MUSIC algorithm for estimation of time delays in asynchronous DS-CDMA system", IEEE Trans. Comm., Vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 1628, 1999
[72] Wu Wei-Chiang, Chen Kwang-cheng, "Root-MUSIC based joint identification and timing estimation of asynchronous CDMA system over Rayleigh fading channel", IEICE trans, on fundamentals of electronic comm. and computer sciences, Vol. 81, no. 8, pp. 1550, 1998
[73] 高勇，肖先赐，“谱相关理论用于去除测向交叉定位中的虚假定位“，系统工程与电子技术，1998年第5期
[74] 高勇，肖先赐，“存在干扰信号时对低截获概率信号的测向”，电子科技大学学报，第27卷第3期，1998年6月
[75] S. Hakin and L. Xiaobo, "Detection of signals in chaos", Proceeding of IEEE, Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 94-122, 1995
[76] 郭双冰，肖先赐，“几种跳频码的混沌动力学特性及预测分析”，系统工程与电子技术，2000年12月
[77] 张家树，郭双冰，肖先赐，“捷变频雷达的自适应非线性滤波预测对抗”，第八届电子战新概念新理论新技术学术年会，155-165，2000年
[78] 张家树，郭双冰，肖先赐，“混沌扩频码序列的二阶Volterra自适应预测研究”，第七届电子战新概念新理论新技术学术年会，151-156，1999年
[79] J.S. Wight, "Study of the interception of LPI radar'", NTIS No: MIC-96-03768/HM, 1993
[80] K.W. Forsythe, P. Monticciolo, J.R. Sklar. "Spatial adaptive filtering for LPI signal detection", Proceeding of the 1994 Tactical Comm. Cont:-Proceedings, Vol. 1,507p, 1994
[81] 王永良，彭应宁，《空时自适应信号处理》，清华大学出版社，2000年9月
[82] M.K. Tsatsanis, G.B. Giannakis, "Blind estimation of direct spectrum signals in multipath", IEEE Trans. SP, Vol. 45, pp. 1241-1252, May 1997
[83] T.C. Farrell and S. Chakrabarti, "A Potential Use for Artificial Neural Networks in the Detection of Frequency Hopped Low Probabiliw of Intercept Signals", IEEE Wichita Conference on Communications, Networking and Signal Processing: 25-30, Apr. 1994
[84] 黄春琳，邱玲，沈振康，“数字调制信号的神经网络识别方法”，国防科大学报，第21卷，1999年第2期
[85] 黄春琳，周一宇，沈振康，“模拟调制信号的神经网络识别方法”，电子对抗，1998年第3期
[86] 孟建，“一种用于多载频信号的包络分析方法”，第八届电子战新概念新理论新技术学术年会，265-270，2000年
[87] A. Polydoros and C.L. Weber, "Detection performance consideration for direct-sequence and time-hopping LPI waveform", IEEE J. on Selected Areas of Comm., SAC-3, pp. 727-744, Sep. 1985
[88] H.C. Horing, "Probability of frequency hopping signals by use of a scanning receiver", Frequenz, Vol.52, no. 7-8, pp. 134-140, 1998, Germany
[89] H.C. Horing, "Probability of intercept for frequency hop signals using search receivers (Ⅰ)", News from Rohdn and Schwarz, Vol. 38, no. 160, pp. 26-29, 1998, Germanny
[90] H.C. Horing, "Probability of intercept for frequency hop signals using search receivers (Ⅱ)", News from Rohdn and Schwarz, Vol. 39, no. 161, pp. 29-31, 1999, Germanny
[91] U. Cheng, M.K. Simon, A. Polydoros, B.K. Levitt, "Statistical models for evaluating the performance of noncoherent slow frequency-hopped M-FSK intercept receivers", IEEE Trans. Com., Vol. 43, no. 2-4, pp. 1703-1712, 1995
[92] 黄春琳，赵峰伟，周一宇，“多进制数字调相信号的次优识别方法”，通信对抗，1-5，1998年第二期
[93] 保铮，“雷达信号的长时间累积”，第七届电子战新概念新理论新技术学术年会，9-15，1999
[94] 黄春琳，姜文利，周一宇，“低截获概率信号的截获技术”，第七届电子战新概念新理论新技术学术年会，122-127，1999
[95] C.G. Sykes, R.C. Saull, U. Cranfield, R. Mil. Coll. of Sci., Shrivenham, UK, "The use of polarisation coherency in the detection of radar signals", Polarisation in Radar, IEE Colloquium on, pp.10/1-10/6, 1996
[96] B. Levitt, M. Simon, A. Polydoros, U. cheng, "Partial-band of frequency-hopped signals", GLOBECOM'93, IEEE, Vol. 4, pp. 70-76, 1993
[97] 张贤达，保铮，《非平稳信号分析与处理》，国防工业出版社，1999年7月
[98] 黄春琳，姜文利，周一宇，“LPI雷达信号的谱相关检测方法分析”，国防科大学报，录用待发
[99] W.A. Brown and H.H. Loomis Jr, "Digital Implementation of Spectral Correlation Analyzers", IEEE Trans. SP Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 703-720, Feb. 1993
[100] Da Costa E L , "Detection and Identification of Cyclostationary Signals", March. 1996 (AD-A311555)
[101] W.A. Gardner, Cyclostationary in communications and signal processing. New York: IEEE, 1994
[102] J. Goerlich, D. Bruckner, A. Richter, "Signals analysis using spectral correlation measurement", IMTC/98 Conference Proceeding, Vol. 2, pp. 1313-1318, 1998.
[103] K. Grace, W.A. Gardner, "Search-efficient methods of detection of cyclostationary signals", IEEE Trans. S. P., Vol. 44, No. 5, May 1996
[104] N.J. Carter, "Implementation of Cyclic Spectral Analysis Methods", Monterey CA: Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 1992 (AD-A261715)
[105] Goerlich, J., Bruckner, D., Richter, A., "Signals analysis using spectral correlation measurement", IMTC/98 Conference Proceeding, P. 1313-1318, Vol. 2, 1998
[106] C.M. Spooner, "Performance evaluation of detectors for cyclostationary signals", M.S. thesis, Dep.Dep. Eng. Comput. Sci,, Univ. California, Davis. June 1988
[107] S.C. Rezeanu, R.E. Ziemer, M.A. Wickert, "Joint maximum-likelihood parameter estimation for
burst DS spread-spectrum transmission", IEEE trans. Com. Vol. 45, No.2, pp.227-238, Feb. 1997
[108] F. Gini, G.B. Giannakis, "Frequency offset and timing estimation in slowly varing fading channels: a cyclostationary approach", IEEE trans. Com., vol. 46, pp. 400-411, Mar. 1998
[109] C. Carlemalm, A. Logothetis, "Blind signal detection and parameter estimation for an asynchronous CDMA system with time-varying number of transmission paths", Statistical Signal and Array Processing, 1998, Proceedings Ninth IEEE S.P., pp.296-299
[110] F. Mazzenga, F. Vatalaro, "Parameter estimation in CDMA multiuser detection using cyclostationary statistics", Electronics Letters, Italy, pp. 179-181, Feb. 1996
[111] V.B. Manimoham, W.J. Fitzgerald, "Blind frequency offset and delay estimation of linearly modulated signals using second order cyclic statistics", Acoustics, Speech and Signal Proceeding, 1998, Proceeding of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on, vol. 4, pp.2337-2340, 1998
[112] E. Serpedin, G.B. Giannakis, A. Chevieuil, P. Loubaton, "Blind joint estimation of carrier frequency offset and channel using non-redundant periodic modulation procedures", Statistical Signal and Array Processing, 1998, Proceedings Ninth IEEE SP. Workshop on, pp. 288-291, 1998
[113] A.D. Whalen, Detection of Signals in Noise, Academic Press New York and London, 1971
[114] E.J. Kelly, I.S. Reed, and W.L. Root, "The detection of radar echoes in noise, Part I", Journal of the Society of Industrial Applied Mathematics, vol. 8． pp. 309-341, June 1960
[115] E.J. Kelly, I.S. Reed, and W.L. Root, "The detection of radar echoes in noise, Part II", Journal of the Society of Industrial Applied Mathematics, vol. 8, pp. 481-507, Sept. 1960
[116] P. Bello, "Joint estimation of delay, Doppler and Doppler rate", IRE trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 6, pp. 330-341, June 1960
[117] T.J. Abatzoglou, "Fast maximum likelihood joint estimation of frequency and frequency rate", IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 22, pp. 708-715． Nov. 1986
[118] R. Kumaresan and S. Verma, "On estimation the parameters of chirp signals using rank reduction techniques", in Proc. 21~(st) Asilomar Conf. Signals, Syst, Comput. Pacific Grove, CA, pp. 555-558, 1987
[119] S. Peleg and B. Porat, "Linear FM signal parameter estimation from discrete-time observations". IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 26, pp. 607-615, July 1991
[120] S. Peleg and B. Porat, "Estimation and classification of signals with polynomial phase", IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 37, pp. 422-430, Mar. 1991
[121] S. Shamsunder and G.B. Giannakis, "Detection and estimation of chirp signals in non-Gaussian noise", in Proc. 27~(th) Asilomar Conf. Signals, Syst, Comput, Pacific Grove, CA, pp. 1191-1195, Nov. 1993
[122] P.M. Djuric, and S.M. Kay, "Parameter estimation of chirp signals", IEEE trans. ASSP, vol. 38, pp. 2118-2126, Sept. 1995
[123] F. Gini, M. Montanari, and L. Verrazzani, "Estimation of chirp radar signals in compound-Gaussian clutter: a cyclostationary approach", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 48, No. 4． April 2000
[124] R. Hippenstiel, M.P. Fargues, I. Moraitakis, C. Williams. "Detection and parameter estimation of chirped radar signals", AD A372 866, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, 1999
[125] R. Liang and K. Arun, "Parameter estimation for superimposed chirp signals", Proc. Internat. Conf. Acoust, Speech Signal Processing, San Francisco, March 1992
[126] S. Shamsunder, G.B. Giannakis and B. Friedlander, "Estimating random amplitude polynomial
phase signals: a cyclostationary approach", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 492-504, Feb. 1995
[127] S. Barbarossa, "detection and estimation of the instantaneous frequency of polynomial-phase signals by multilinear time-frequency representations", in Proc. IEEE-SP Workshop Higher Order Statistics, pp. 330-341, June 1993
[128] S. Peleg and B. Friedlander, "A technique for estimating the parameter of multiple polynomial phase signals", in Proc. Workshop Time Frequency Time Scale Analysis, pp. 119-122, Oct. 1992
[129] G.T. Zhou, "Random amplitude and polynomial phase modeling of non-stationary processing using higher-order and cyclic statistic", Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Elec. Eng., Univ. Virginia, Charlottesville, Jan. 1995
[130] G.T. Zhou and A. Swami, "performance analysis for a class of amplitude modulated polynomial phase signals", in Proc. Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, Detroit, MI, pp. 1593-1596, May 1995
[131] G.T. Zhou, G.B. Giannakis, and A. Swami, "On polynomial phase signals with time-vary amplitudes", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 44, pp. 848-861, April 1996
[132] G.B. Giannakis and G.T. Zhou, "Harmonics in multiplicative and additive noise: Parameter estimation using cyclic statistics", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 43, pp. 2217-2221, Sept. 1995
[133] G.T. Zhou and G.B. Giannakis, "Harmonics in multiplicative and additive noise: Performance analysis of cyclic estimators", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 43, pp. 1445-1460, June 1995
[134] B. Besson and F. Castanie, "On estimating the frequency of a sinusoid in auto-regressive noise", Signal Processing, vol. 30, pp. 65-83, 1993
[135] D. Rife and R. Boorstyn, "Single tone parameter estimation from discrete-time observations", IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-20, pp. 591-598, 1974
[136] A. M. Walker, "On the estimation of a harmonic component in a time series with stationary independent residuals", Biometrika, vol. 58, pp. 21-36, 1971
[137] F. Gini, M. Luise, and R. Reggiannini, "Cramer-Rao bounds for parameter estimation of fading radiotransmission channels", IEEE Trans. Commu., vol. 46, pp. 1390-1398, Oct. 1998
[138] I. Reuven and H. Messer, "A Barankin-type lower bound on the estimation error of a hybrid parameter vector", IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 43, pp. 1084-1093, May 1997
[139] A. Swami. "Cramer-Rao bounds for deterministic signals in additive and multiplicative noise", Signal Processing, vol. 53, pp. 231-244, 1996
[140] J.M. Francos and B. Fredlander, "Bounds for estimation of multicomponent signals with random amplitude and deterministic phase", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 43, pp. 1161-1172, May 1995
[141] L.T. McWhorter and L.L. Scharf, "Cramer-Rao bounds for deterministic modal analysis", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 1847-1866, May 1993
[142] S. Peleg and B. Porat, "The CRLB for signals with constant amplitude and polynomial phase". IEEE Trans. SP, pp. 749-752, March 1991
[143] A.V. Dandawate, "On consistent and asymptotically normal sample estimators for cyclic moments and cumulants", in Proc. ICASSP, Min-neapolis, MN, vol. 4, pp. 504-507, April 1993
[144] R.F. Dwyer, "Fourth-order spectra of Gaussian amplitude modulated sinusoids", Journal Acoust. Soc. Amer, vol. 90, pp. 918-926, 1991
[145] F. Gini and G.B. Giannakis, "Frequency offset and symbol timing recovery in flat-fading channels: A cyclostationary approach", IEEE Trans. Commu. vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 400-411, March 1998
[146] E Gini, "A cumulant-based adaptive technique for coherent radar detection in a mixture of K-distributed clutter and Gaussian disturbance", IEEE Trans. SP, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1507-1519, June 1997
[147] R.S. Roberts, W.A. Brown H.H. Loomis Jr., "Computationally efficient algorithms for cyclic spectral analysis", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 38, April 1991
[148] R.S. Roberts and H.H. Loomis Jr., "parallel computation structures for a class of cyclic spectral analysis algorithms", Journal of VLSI Signal Processing, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 25, 1995
[149] D.R. Brillinger, Time Series: Data Analysis and Theory, San Francisco, CA: Holden-Day, 1981
[150] James T. Bao-Yen, Digital Microwave receives Theory and Concept, Artech House, Inc., 1992
[151] James T. Bao-Yen, Digital Techniques for Wideband Receivers, Artech House, Inc., 1995
[152] 孙仲康，周一宇，何黎星，《单多基地有源无源定位技术》，国防工业出版社，1996年5月
[153] 周一宇，徐晖，安玮，《电子战原理与技术》，国防工业出版社，1999年
[154] 韩培尧，《雷达对抗干扰技术》，西北电讯工程学院，国防工业出版社，1980年1月
[155] 《雷达系统》，西北电讯工程学院，国防工业出版社，1980年12月
[156] 林象平，《雷达对抗原理》，西北电讯工程学院出版社，1982年
[157] 李承恕，赵荣黎，《扩展频谱通信》，人民邮电出版社，1996年5月
[158] 沈允春，《扩谱技术》，国防工业出版社，1995年7月
[159] 张贤达，《时间序列分析—高阶统计量方法》，清华大学出版社，1996年6月
[160] A.J. Viterbi, CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication, Wesley Publishing Company, 1995
[161] 蒋盘林，《通信信号截收技术》，电子工业部36所，1996年10月
[162] 张贤达，保铮，《通信信号处理》，国防工业出版社，2000年12月
[163] 郑辉，《信息截获技术及理论基础》，总参三部57所，2001年2月
[164] R.K.Rayit,H.K,Mardia, “用自适应前端检测LPI雷达”，都书君译，电子对抗技术，21-24，1995年，第五期