强衰落GPS信号模型分析及捕获技术研究
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摘要
GPS信号的成功捕获是GPS定位和导航的最基本任务。随着GPS接收机使用范围和应用领域的扩大，在一些特殊的应用环境下（室内、城市街道、森林、峡谷等），由于人造建筑和自然景物对GPS信号造成的阻挡和多径效应等因素，GPS信号会发生很强的衰落，这给GPS信号的捕获带来极大的挑战。在发生了信号强衰落的环境下，传统的GPS信号捕获方法很难完成对GPS信号的捕获。因此，非常有必要研究新的理论与方法，提高在信号严重衰落的环境下的GPS信号捕获性能。
本文以强衰落的GPS信号捕获为研究对象，重点针对“弱信号环境下的GPS接收机自适应结构”、“基于循环谱的GPS信号检测方法”、“乘性噪声对GPS信号检测的影响”、“GPS信号捕获中的远近效应及其解决方法”等关键技术开展了较为系统、深入的研究，主要工作和主要贡献总结如下：
(1)研究了基于信号块处理的自适应GPS信号捕获结构。在分析了相应的GPS信号检测统计量的基础之上，推导了基于不同检测统计量的检测概率和虚警概率的解析式。进一步，提出了自适应GPS信号检测器结构，将双门限结构应用于GPS信号检测，提高了GPS接收机检测性能的稳定性，缩短了GPS信号的平均捕获时间。
(2)分析了GPS信号的循环平稳特性，提出了基于循环平稳统计量的GPS信号伪随机码初始相位估计方法和多普勒载频估计方法，提高了GPS信号在强噪声和强干扰环境下的捕获性能。
(3)研究了GPS信号在传播路径中所遇到的不同类型噪声，并且针对乘性噪声和加性高斯噪声共同作用下的GPS信号，提出了相应的检测方法，增强了在发生严重多径环境下的GPS信号检测性能。
(4)针对GPS信号捕获中不同类型的远近效应，提出了先去强GPS信号，再捕获弱GPS信号的捕获方法，消除了由GPS信号强度差异带来的远近效应；通过部分相关方法减轻了由多普勒频移差异产生的远近效应；提出了基于循环谱的多径分集技术，减轻了由多径效应强度的不同所产生的远近效应。
(5)将分裂基FFT和CORDIC技术相结合，应用于GPS接收机。仿真结果表明，联合使用分裂基FFT和CORDIC技术能够降低GPS接收机的硬件资源开销，提高GPS信号处理速度；研究了将SAW器件应用于GPS接收机的技术。分析了SAW卷积器在弱GPS信号捕获，以及在高动态下捕获GPS信号的优势。
综上所述，本文立足于国内外微弱GPS信号捕获技术的研究现状，基于多种信号处理方法，系统地研究了如何进一步地提高微弱GPS信号的捕获性能。下一步，希望能够把本文提出的理论算法应用到下一代的全球卫星定位导航系统（GPSIII，GLONASS，GALILEO以及COMPASS）的信号处理中，进一步拓展本文中算法的应用领域和应用范围。
The successful GPS signal acquisition is the basic objective in the GPS basedpositioning and navigation technology. With the extension of the GPS application, theGPS signal encounters severe degredation in the challenging environments, indoor, onthe city streets, in the woods with dense leaves, in the cayon, etc. The fading is mainlyinduced by the signal blocking and the high dense multipath effect which degrades theGPS signal acquisition performance. The conventional GPS signal acquisition methodcan hardly achieve the successful acquisition in the challenging environment. Therefore,the study on the weak GPS signal aquisiton becomes extremely important.
The primary research objectives include ‘the adaptive structure based weak GPSsignal acquisition’,‘the cyclic-spectrum based GPS signal acquisition’,‘the degradationby the multiplicative noise and the solutions’ and ‘the near-far problems in GPS signalacquisition and the solutions’. Around these topics the comprehensive and deep studieshave been performed in this dissertation. To present more concrete description on thestudy work, the research topics are introduced below:
(1) For the various block GPS signal processing technologies, the correspondingdetection statistics of the GPS signal are analyzed; and the analytic expression of thedetection probability and the false alarm probability are presented for the variousstatistical variables. After that, the adaptive GPS signal acquisition structures areproposed; also, the double-dwell structure is employed to detect the GPS signal whichreduces the average acquisition time.
(2) The cyclostationary features of the GPS signal are analyzed. With thetheorectic analysis, the cyclostatistics based GPS signal acquisition method is proposed.Even with the existence of the strong noise, the novel method improves the GPS signalacquisition performance effectively by utilizing the redundant periodic informationcontained in the correlation function of the GPS signal.
(3) The two main types of the noise (the additive noise and multiplicative noise) inthe GPS signal channel are taken consideration into when acquiring the weak GPSsignal. After that, the GPS signal acquisition method degraded by the additive noise and the multiplicative noise is proposed. The novel acquisition method improves the GPSsignal acquisition performance hugely in the chanllenging environment with the highdense multipath effect.
(4) The three different kinds of near-far problems in the GPS signal acquisition areanalyzed. The corresponding solutions are proposed which alleviate the acquisitioninterference between the different GPS signals and improve the acquisitionperformance.
(5) The combination of the split-FFT and the CORDIC technologies are analyzedand studied for the GPS signal acquisition. The joint application of the split-FFT and theCORDIC technologies reduce the hardware expenditure in the GPS receiver design. Theapplication of the SAW device in the GPS receiver is also studied. The advantages ofthe SAW device on the electromagnetic wave interference resistence and the GPS signalacquisition based on SAW device in high dynamic environment are analyzed.
As a conclusion, after comprehensively investigating the fading GPS signal, servalsignal processing methods are employed to acquire the weak GPS signal for the betteracquisition performance. In this dissertation the feasible algorithms for acquiring theGPS singal degraded by the strong noise are proposed; the simulations and experimentshave been performed to verify the effectiveness of the novel GPS acquisition algorithms.In the near future, the studied algorithms in this dissertation will be employed in theglobal positioning and navigation signal processing of the next generation (GPS III,GLONASS, GALILEO and COMPASS).
本文以强衰落的GPS信号捕获为研究对象，重点针对“弱信号环境下的GPS接收机自适应结构”、“基于循环谱的GPS信号检测方法”、“乘性噪声对GPS信号检测的影响”、“GPS信号捕获中的远近效应及其解决方法”等关键技术开展了较为系统、深入的研究，主要工作和主要贡献总结如下：
(1)研究了基于信号块处理的自适应GPS信号捕获结构。在分析了相应的GPS信号检测统计量的基础之上，推导了基于不同检测统计量的检测概率和虚警概率的解析式。进一步，提出了自适应GPS信号检测器结构，将双门限结构应用于GPS信号检测，提高了GPS接收机检测性能的稳定性，缩短了GPS信号的平均捕获时间。
(2)分析了GPS信号的循环平稳特性，提出了基于循环平稳统计量的GPS信号伪随机码初始相位估计方法和多普勒载频估计方法，提高了GPS信号在强噪声和强干扰环境下的捕获性能。
(3)研究了GPS信号在传播路径中所遇到的不同类型噪声，并且针对乘性噪声和加性高斯噪声共同作用下的GPS信号，提出了相应的检测方法，增强了在发生严重多径环境下的GPS信号检测性能。
(4)针对GPS信号捕获中不同类型的远近效应，提出了先去强GPS信号，再捕获弱GPS信号的捕获方法，消除了由GPS信号强度差异带来的远近效应；通过部分相关方法减轻了由多普勒频移差异产生的远近效应；提出了基于循环谱的多径分集技术，减轻了由多径效应强度的不同所产生的远近效应。
(5)将分裂基FFT和CORDIC技术相结合，应用于GPS接收机。仿真结果表明，联合使用分裂基FFT和CORDIC技术能够降低GPS接收机的硬件资源开销，提高GPS信号处理速度；研究了将SAW器件应用于GPS接收机的技术。分析了SAW卷积器在弱GPS信号捕获，以及在高动态下捕获GPS信号的优势。
综上所述，本文立足于国内外微弱GPS信号捕获技术的研究现状，基于多种信号处理方法，系统地研究了如何进一步地提高微弱GPS信号的捕获性能。下一步，希望能够把本文提出的理论算法应用到下一代的全球卫星定位导航系统（GPSIII，GLONASS，GALILEO以及COMPASS）的信号处理中，进一步拓展本文中算法的应用领域和应用范围。
The successful GPS signal acquisition is the basic objective in the GPS basedpositioning and navigation technology. With the extension of the GPS application, theGPS signal encounters severe degredation in the challenging environments, indoor, onthe city streets, in the woods with dense leaves, in the cayon, etc. The fading is mainlyinduced by the signal blocking and the high dense multipath effect which degrades theGPS signal acquisition performance. The conventional GPS signal acquisition methodcan hardly achieve the successful acquisition in the challenging environment. Therefore,the study on the weak GPS signal aquisiton becomes extremely important.
The primary research objectives include ‘the adaptive structure based weak GPSsignal acquisition’,‘the cyclic-spectrum based GPS signal acquisition’,‘the degradationby the multiplicative noise and the solutions’ and ‘the near-far problems in GPS signalacquisition and the solutions’. Around these topics the comprehensive and deep studieshave been performed in this dissertation. To present more concrete description on thestudy work, the research topics are introduced below:
(1) For the various block GPS signal processing technologies, the correspondingdetection statistics of the GPS signal are analyzed; and the analytic expression of thedetection probability and the false alarm probability are presented for the variousstatistical variables. After that, the adaptive GPS signal acquisition structures areproposed; also, the double-dwell structure is employed to detect the GPS signal whichreduces the average acquisition time.
(2) The cyclostationary features of the GPS signal are analyzed. With thetheorectic analysis, the cyclostatistics based GPS signal acquisition method is proposed.Even with the existence of the strong noise, the novel method improves the GPS signalacquisition performance effectively by utilizing the redundant periodic informationcontained in the correlation function of the GPS signal.
(3) The two main types of the noise (the additive noise and multiplicative noise) inthe GPS signal channel are taken consideration into when acquiring the weak GPSsignal. After that, the GPS signal acquisition method degraded by the additive noise and the multiplicative noise is proposed. The novel acquisition method improves the GPSsignal acquisition performance hugely in the chanllenging environment with the highdense multipath effect.
(4) The three different kinds of near-far problems in the GPS signal acquisition areanalyzed. The corresponding solutions are proposed which alleviate the acquisitioninterference between the different GPS signals and improve the acquisitionperformance.
(5) The combination of the split-FFT and the CORDIC technologies are analyzedand studied for the GPS signal acquisition. The joint application of the split-FFT and theCORDIC technologies reduce the hardware expenditure in the GPS receiver design. Theapplication of the SAW device in the GPS receiver is also studied. The advantages ofthe SAW device on the electromagnetic wave interference resistence and the GPS signalacquisition based on SAW device in high dynamic environment are analyzed.
As a conclusion, after comprehensively investigating the fading GPS signal, servalsignal processing methods are employed to acquire the weak GPS signal for the betteracquisition performance. In this dissertation the feasible algorithms for acquiring theGPS singal degraded by the strong noise are proposed; the simulations and experimentshave been performed to verify the effectiveness of the novel GPS acquisition algorithms.In the near future, the studied algorithms in this dissertation will be employed in theglobal positioning and navigation signal processing of the next generation (GPS III,GLONASS, GALILEO and COMPASS).
引文
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