正畸微型种植体支抗稳定性的临床研究
摘要
目的:研究微型纯钛种植体承受正畸力后的稳定性。
方法:本研究选择16例安氏二类上颌前突的女性成年患者,以植入于上颌第二前磨牙与第一磨牙牙根之间的牙槽骨的微型纯钛种植体作为支抗内收上前牙。微型种植体植入2周后加力。加力前及加力后9个月分别拍摄X线头颅定位侧位片,将患者加力前后的头颅定位侧位片进行重叠,测量微型种植体的移位变化。
结果:16例中5例患者的微型种植体伸长并移位(-1.0—1.5mm)。所有微型种植体头部平均向前移位0.4mm,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
结论:微钛种植体是一种稳定的支抗,但在承受正畸力后并不保持绝对的稳定,某些患者口内的微型种植体在正畸力作用下会移位。为了防止其移位伤及邻近的重要组织,建议应将微型种植体植入在无主要血管和神经通过的非牙槽骨区或植入在牙槽间隔区,此时其必需与牙根之间保持2mm的安全距离。
Objective: To study the stability of micro implant anchorage under orthodontic force.
Methods: Sixteen adult female patients with micro implants as the maxillary anchorage were included in this study. Micro implants were inserted on the maxillary alveolar between the second premolar and the first molar as a direct anchorage for anterior teeth retraction. Ni-Ti spring were placed between the micro implant and the hook on the basal archwire for the retraction 2 weeks after insertion of the micro implants. Cephalometric radiographs were taken immediately before force application and 9 months later. The cephalometric tracings were superimposed to determine any movement of the micro implants.
Results: The micro implants were extruded and tipped forward (-1.0—1.5mm) in 5 of the 16 patients. On average, the micro implants tipped forward significantly, by 0.4mm at the implants head.
Conclusion: Micro implants are a stable anchorage but do not remain absolutely stationary throughout orthodontic loading. They might move according to the orthodontic loading in some patients. To prevent micro implants hitting any vital organs because of displacement, it is recommended that they be placed in a non-tooth-bearing area that has no major nerves or blood vessel pathways, or in a tooth-bearing area allowing 2mm of safety clearance between the micro implants and dental root.
方法:本研究选择16例安氏二类上颌前突的女性成年患者,以植入于上颌第二前磨牙与第一磨牙牙根之间的牙槽骨的微型纯钛种植体作为支抗内收上前牙。微型种植体植入2周后加力。加力前及加力后9个月分别拍摄X线头颅定位侧位片,将患者加力前后的头颅定位侧位片进行重叠,测量微型种植体的移位变化。
结果:16例中5例患者的微型种植体伸长并移位(-1.0—1.5mm)。所有微型种植体头部平均向前移位0.4mm,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
结论:微钛种植体是一种稳定的支抗,但在承受正畸力后并不保持绝对的稳定,某些患者口内的微型种植体在正畸力作用下会移位。为了防止其移位伤及邻近的重要组织,建议应将微型种植体植入在无主要血管和神经通过的非牙槽骨区或植入在牙槽间隔区,此时其必需与牙根之间保持2mm的安全距离。
Objective: To study the stability of micro implant anchorage under orthodontic force.
Methods: Sixteen adult female patients with micro implants as the maxillary anchorage were included in this study. Micro implants were inserted on the maxillary alveolar between the second premolar and the first molar as a direct anchorage for anterior teeth retraction. Ni-Ti spring were placed between the micro implant and the hook on the basal archwire for the retraction 2 weeks after insertion of the micro implants. Cephalometric radiographs were taken immediately before force application and 9 months later. The cephalometric tracings were superimposed to determine any movement of the micro implants.
Results: The micro implants were extruded and tipped forward (-1.0—1.5mm) in 5 of the 16 patients. On average, the micro implants tipped forward significantly, by 0.4mm at the implants head.
Conclusion: Micro implants are a stable anchorage but do not remain absolutely stationary throughout orthodontic loading. They might move according to the orthodontic loading in some patients. To prevent micro implants hitting any vital organs because of displacement, it is recommended that they be placed in a non-tooth-bearing area that has no major nerves or blood vessel pathways, or in a tooth-bearing area allowing 2mm of safety clearance between the micro implants and dental root.
引文
1. Favero L, Brollo P, Bressan E. Orthodontic anchorage with specific fixture: related study analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;122:84-94.
2. Saito S, Sugimoto N, Morohashi T, Ozeki M, Kurabayashi H, Shimizu H, Yamasaki K, Shiba A, Yamada S, Shibasaki Y. Endosseous titanium implants as anchors for mesiodistal tooth movement in the beagle dog. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000 Dec; 118(6);601-7.
3. Odman J, Lekholm U, Jemt T. Osseointegrated implants as orthodontic anchorage in the treatment of partially edentulous adult patients. Eur J Orthod 1994; 16; 187-201.
4. KanomiR, TakadaK. Application of titanium mini-implant system for orthodontic anchorage. In: Davidovitch Z, Mah j,editors.Biological mechanism of tooth movement and craniofacial adaption. Birmingham (AI):EBSCO Media; 2000.p. 253-258.
5. Costa A, Raffaini M, Melsen B. Miniscrews as orthodontic anchorage: a preliminary report. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 1998;13:201-9.
6. Melsen B, Verna C.A rational approach to orthodontic anchorage.Prog Orthod 1999; 1: 10-20.
7. Houston WJ. The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements. Am J Orthod 1983; 83: 382-90.
8. Aldikacti M, Acikgoz G, Turk T, Trisi P. Long-term evaluation of sandblasted and acid-etched implants used as orthodontic anchors in dogs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004 Feb;125(2):139-47.
9. Martin W, Heffernan M, Ruskin J. Template fabrication for a midpalatal orthodontic implant: technical note[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants,2002,17(5): 720–2.
10. Daimaruya T, Nagasaka H, Umemori M , et al. The influences of molar intrusionon the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle and root using the skeletal anchorage system in dogs[J]. Angle Orthod,2001,71(1):60–70.
11. Pauw G, Dermaut L, Bruyn H, et al. Stability of implants as anchorage for othopedic traction[J]. Angle Orthod,1999,69(5):401–7.
12. Chen J, Esterle M, Roberts E. Mechanical response to functional loading around the threads of retromolar endosseous implants utilized for orthodontic anchorage: coordinated histomorphometric and finite element analysis[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implant, 1999, 14(2):282–9.
13. Trisi P, Rebaudi A. Progressive bone adaptation of titanium implants during and after orthodontic load in humans[J]. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 2002, 22(1): 31–43.
14. Bernhart T, Vollgruber A, Gahleitner A, et al. Alternative to the median region of the palate for placement of an orthodontic implant[J]. Clin Oral Impl Res, 2000, 11(6): 595–601.
15. Biggs J, Beagle JR. Pre-implant orthodontics: achieving vertical bone height without osseous grafts. J Indiana Dent Assoc. 2004 Fall;83(3):18-9.
16. Giancotti A, Greco M, Mampieri G, Arcuri C. Clinical management in extraction cases using palatal implant for anchorage.J Orthod. 2004 Dec; 31(4): 288-94.
17. Gunduz E, Schneider-Del Savio TT, Kucher G, Schneider B, Bantleon HP. Acceptance rate of palatal implants: a questionnaire study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004 Nov;126(5):623-6.
18. Travess HC, Williams PH, Sandy JR The use of osseointegrated implants in orthodontic patients: 2. Absolute anchorage. Dent Update. 2004 Jul-Aug; 31(6): 355-6, 359-60, 362.
19. Vasquez M, CalaoE, Becerra F,et al. Initial stress differences between sliding and sectional mechanics with an endosseous implant as anchorage: a 3-dimensional finite element analysis[J]. Angle Orthod, 2001, 71(4): 247–56.
20. Ohmae M, Saito S, Morohashi T, et al.A clinical and histological evaluation of titanium mini-implants as anchors for orthodontic intrusion in the beagle dog[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2001,119(5):489-97.
21. Mantzkos T, Shamus I. Forced eruption and implant site development: case report[J]. Angle Orthod,1998,68(2):179–86.
22. Karaman A, Basciftci F, Polat O. Unilateral distal molar movement with an implant-supported distal jet appliance[J]. Angle Orthod,2002,72(2):167–74.
23. Tosun T, Keles A, Erverdi N. Method for the placement of palatal implants [J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implant,2002,17(1):95–100.
24. Maino BG,Bednar J,Pagin P,Mura P.The spider screw for skeletal anchorage.J Clin Orthod. 2003;37(2):90-7.
25. Majizoub Z,Finotti M,Miotti F,Giardino R,Aldini NN,Cordioli G.Bone response to orthodontic loading of endosseous implants in the rabbit calvaria:early continuous distalizing forces.Eur J Orthod 1999;21:223-30.
26. Wehrbein H, Hovel P, Kinzinger G, Stefan B. Load-deflection behavior of transpalatal bars supported on orthodontic palatal implants. An in vitro study. J Orofac Orthop. 2004 Jul;65(4):312-20.
27. Williams P, Travess H, Sandy J. The use of osseointegrated implants in orthodontic patients: I. Implants and their use in children. Dent Update. 2004 Jun;31(5):287-90.
28. Molly L, Willems G, van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M. Periodontal parameters around implants anchoring orthodontic appliances: a series of case reports. J Periodontol. 2004 Jan;75(1):176-81.
29. Cheng SJ, Tseng IY, Lee JJ, Kok SH. A prospective study of the risk factors associated with failure of mini-implants used for orthodontic anchorage. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004 Jan-Feb;19(1):100-6.
30. Aldikacti M, Acikgoz G, Turk T, Trisi P. Long-term evaluation of sandblasted and acid-etched implants used as orthodontic anchors in dogs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004 Feb;125(2):139-47.
31. Gedrange T, Kobel C, Harzer W. Hard palate deformation in an animal model following quasi-static loading to stimulate that of orthodontic anchorage implants[J]. Eur J Orthod, 2001,23 (3): 349–54.
32. Sabri R. Treatment of a class II division 2 malocclusion with space reopening for a single-tooth implant. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop[J].2001,119 (2):135-42.
33. Roberts W, ArbukleG, Analoui M. Rate of mesial translation of mandibular molars using implant-anchored mechanics[J]. Angle Orthod, 1996,66(5):331–8.
34. Wehrbein H, Feife H, Diedrich P. Palatal implant anchorage reinforcement of posterior teeth: a prospective study[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 1999, 116(6): 678-86.
35. Giancotti A, Muzzi F, Greco M,et al. Palatal implant–supported distalizing devices: clinical application of the straumann orthosystem[J]. World J Orthod, 2002, 3: 135–39.
36. Giancotti A, Muzzi F, Santini F, et al. Straumann orthosystem method for orthodontic anchorage: step-by -step procedure[J]. World J Orthod,2002,3:140–46.
37. Maino B, Mura P, Gianelly A. A retrievable palatal implant for absolute anchorage in orthodontics[J]. World J Orthod ,2002,3:125–34.
1. Proffit WR, Fields HW Jr, Moray LJ. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 1998;13:97-106.
2. Willems G, Carels CE, Naert IE, van Steenberghe D. Interdisciplinary treatment planning for orthodontic-prosthetic implant anchorage in a partially edentulous patient. Clin Oral Implants Res 1999;10:331-7.
3. Goodacre CJ, Brown DT, Roberts WE, Jeiroudi MT. Prosthodontic considerations when using implants for orthodontic anchorage. J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:162-70.
4. Branemark PI, Aspegren K, Breine U. Microcirculatory studies in man by high resolution vital microscopy. Angiology 1964;15: 329-32.
5. Branemark PI, Breine U, Adell R. Intraosseous anchorage of dental prostheses. I. Experimental studies. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1969;3:81-100.
6. Linkow LI. The endosseous blade implant and its use in orthodontics. Int J Orthod 1969; 18: 149-54.
7. Roberts WE, Smith RK, Zilberman Y, Mozsary PG, Smith RS. Osseous adaptation to continuous loading of rigid endosseous implants. Am J Orthod 1984;86:95-111.
8. Proffit W. Mechanical principles in orthodontic force control. In: Proffit W, Fields HW, editors. Contemporary orthodontics. 2nd ed. Saint Louis: Mosby; 1993. p. 289-315.
9. Kanomi R. Mini-implant for orthodontic anchorage. J Clin Orthod 1997;31:763-7.
10. Roberts WE, Marshall KJ, Mozsary PG..Rigid endosseous implant utilized as anchorage to protract molars and close an atrophic extraction site. Angle Orthod 1990; 60: 135-52.
11. Roberts WE, Nelson CL, Goodacre CJ. Rigid implant anchorage to close a mandibular first molar extraction site. J Clin Orthod 1994;28:693-704.
12. Freudenthaler JW, Haas R, Bantleon HP. Bicortical titanium screws for critical orthodontic anchorage in the mandible: a preliminary report on clinical applications. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001;12:358-63.
13. Drago CJ. Use of osseointegrated implants in adult orthodontic treatment: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:504-9.
14. Haanaes HR, Stenvik A, Beyer-Olsen ES, Tryti T, Faehn O. The efficacy of two-stage titanium implants as orthodontic anchorage in the preprosthodontic correction of third molars in adults—a report of three cases. Eur J Orthod 1991;13:287-92.
15. Shapiro PA, Kokich VG. Uses of implants in orthodontics. Dent Clin North Am 1988;32:539-50.
16. Weitz ML, Mukamal EO, Jurim A. An orthodontic device to capitalize on the rigid fixation of osseointegrated implants. Int J Periodont Res Dent 1998;18:240-7.
17. Henry PJ, Singer S. Implant anchorage for the occlusal management of developmental defects in children: a preliminary report. Prac Periodont Aesthet Dent 1999; 11:699-706.
18. Wehrbein H, Glatzmaier J, Mundwiller U, Diedrich P. The Orthosystem–a newimplant system for orthodontic anchorage in the palate. J Orofac Orthop 1996; 57: 142-53.
19. Wehrbein H, Merz BR. Aspects of the use of endosseous palatal implants in orthodontic therapy. J Esthet Dent 1998;10:315-24.
20. Wehrbein H. Feifel H. Diedrich P. Palatal implant anchorage reinforcement of posterior teeth: a prospective study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999; 116: 678-86.
21. Byloff FK, Karcher H, Clar E, Stoff F. An implant to eliminate anchorage loss during molar distalization: a case report involving the Graz implant-supported pendulum. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 2000;15:129-37.
22. Higuchi KW, Slack JM. The use of titanium fixtures for intraoral anchorage to facilitate orthodontic tooth movement. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1991; 6: 338-44.
23. Van Roekel NB. Use of Branemark system implants for orthodontic anchorage: report of a case. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1989;4:341-4.
24. Prosterman B, Prosterman L, Fisher R, Gornitsky M. The use of implants for orthodontic correction of an open bite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995; 107: 245-50.
25. Misch CE. Contemporary implant dentistry. 2nd edition. Saint Louis: Mosby; 1999.
26. Odman J, Lekholm U, Jemt T, Thilander B. Osseointegrated implants as orthodontic anchorage in the treatment of partially edentulous adult patients. Eur J Orthod. 1994;16:187-201.
27. Klokkevold PR, Nishimura RD, Adachi M, Caputo A. Osseointegration enhanced by chemical etching of the titanium surface. A torque removal study in the rabbit. Clin Oral Implants Res 1997;8:442-7.
28. Roberts WE. When planning to use an implant for anchorage, how long do you have to wait to apply force after implant placement? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;121(1):14A.
29. Gray JB, Steen ME, King GJ, Clark AE. Studies on the efficacy of implants as orthodontic anchorage. Am J Orthod 1983;83: 311-7.
30. Roberts WE, Helm FR, Marshall KJ, Gongloff RK. Rigid endosseous implants for orthodontic and orthopedic anchorage. Angle Orthod 1989;59:247-56.
31. Linder-Aronson S, Nordenram A, Anneroth G. Titanium implant anchorage in orthodontic treatment: an experimental investigation in monkeys. Eur J Orthod 1990; 12: 414-9.
32. Wehrbein H, Diedrich P. Endosseous titanium implants during and after orthodontic load—an experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 1993;4:76-82.
33. Majzoub Z, Finotti M, Miotti F, Giardino R, Aldini NN, Cordioli G. Bone response to orthodontic loading of endosseous implants in the rabbit calvaria: early continuous distalizing forces. Eur J Orthod 1999;21:223-30.
34. Saito S, Sugimoto N, Morohashi T, Ozeki M, Kurabayashi H, Shimizu H, et al. Endosseous titanium implants as anchors for mesiodistal tooth movement in the beagle dog. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000;118:601-7.
35. Daimaruya T, Nagasaka H, Umemori M, Sugawara J, Mitani H. The influences of molar intrusion on the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle and root using the skeletal anchorage system in dogs. Angle Orthod 2001;71:60-70.
36. Melsen B, Lang NP. Biological reactions of alveolar bone to orthodontic loading of oral implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001;12:144-52.
37. Ohmae M, Saito S, Morohashi T, Seki K, Qu H, Kanomi R, et al. A clinical and histological evaluation of titanium mini-implants as anchors for orthodontic intrusion in the beagle dog. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001;119:489-97.
38. Trisi P, Rebaudi A. Progressive bone adaptation of titanium implants during and after orthodontic load in humans. Int J Periodont Res Dent 2002;22:31-43
39. Deguchi T, Takano-Yamamoto T, Kanomi R, Hartsfield JK Jr, Roberts WE, Garetto LP. The use of small titanium screws for orthodontic anchorage. J Dent Res 2003; 82: 377-81.
2. Saito S, Sugimoto N, Morohashi T, Ozeki M, Kurabayashi H, Shimizu H, Yamasaki K, Shiba A, Yamada S, Shibasaki Y. Endosseous titanium implants as anchors for mesiodistal tooth movement in the beagle dog. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000 Dec; 118(6);601-7.
3. Odman J, Lekholm U, Jemt T. Osseointegrated implants as orthodontic anchorage in the treatment of partially edentulous adult patients. Eur J Orthod 1994; 16; 187-201.
4. KanomiR, TakadaK. Application of titanium mini-implant system for orthodontic anchorage. In: Davidovitch Z, Mah j,editors.Biological mechanism of tooth movement and craniofacial adaption. Birmingham (AI):EBSCO Media; 2000.p. 253-258.
5. Costa A, Raffaini M, Melsen B. Miniscrews as orthodontic anchorage: a preliminary report. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 1998;13:201-9.
6. Melsen B, Verna C.A rational approach to orthodontic anchorage.Prog Orthod 1999; 1: 10-20.
7. Houston WJ. The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements. Am J Orthod 1983; 83: 382-90.
8. Aldikacti M, Acikgoz G, Turk T, Trisi P. Long-term evaluation of sandblasted and acid-etched implants used as orthodontic anchors in dogs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004 Feb;125(2):139-47.
9. Martin W, Heffernan M, Ruskin J. Template fabrication for a midpalatal orthodontic implant: technical note[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants,2002,17(5): 720–2.
10. Daimaruya T, Nagasaka H, Umemori M , et al. The influences of molar intrusionon the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle and root using the skeletal anchorage system in dogs[J]. Angle Orthod,2001,71(1):60–70.
11. Pauw G, Dermaut L, Bruyn H, et al. Stability of implants as anchorage for othopedic traction[J]. Angle Orthod,1999,69(5):401–7.
12. Chen J, Esterle M, Roberts E. Mechanical response to functional loading around the threads of retromolar endosseous implants utilized for orthodontic anchorage: coordinated histomorphometric and finite element analysis[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implant, 1999, 14(2):282–9.
13. Trisi P, Rebaudi A. Progressive bone adaptation of titanium implants during and after orthodontic load in humans[J]. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 2002, 22(1): 31–43.
14. Bernhart T, Vollgruber A, Gahleitner A, et al. Alternative to the median region of the palate for placement of an orthodontic implant[J]. Clin Oral Impl Res, 2000, 11(6): 595–601.
15. Biggs J, Beagle JR. Pre-implant orthodontics: achieving vertical bone height without osseous grafts. J Indiana Dent Assoc. 2004 Fall;83(3):18-9.
16. Giancotti A, Greco M, Mampieri G, Arcuri C. Clinical management in extraction cases using palatal implant for anchorage.J Orthod. 2004 Dec; 31(4): 288-94.
17. Gunduz E, Schneider-Del Savio TT, Kucher G, Schneider B, Bantleon HP. Acceptance rate of palatal implants: a questionnaire study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004 Nov;126(5):623-6.
18. Travess HC, Williams PH, Sandy JR The use of osseointegrated implants in orthodontic patients: 2. Absolute anchorage. Dent Update. 2004 Jul-Aug; 31(6): 355-6, 359-60, 362.
19. Vasquez M, CalaoE, Becerra F,et al. Initial stress differences between sliding and sectional mechanics with an endosseous implant as anchorage: a 3-dimensional finite element analysis[J]. Angle Orthod, 2001, 71(4): 247–56.
20. Ohmae M, Saito S, Morohashi T, et al.A clinical and histological evaluation of titanium mini-implants as anchors for orthodontic intrusion in the beagle dog[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2001,119(5):489-97.
21. Mantzkos T, Shamus I. Forced eruption and implant site development: case report[J]. Angle Orthod,1998,68(2):179–86.
22. Karaman A, Basciftci F, Polat O. Unilateral distal molar movement with an implant-supported distal jet appliance[J]. Angle Orthod,2002,72(2):167–74.
23. Tosun T, Keles A, Erverdi N. Method for the placement of palatal implants [J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implant,2002,17(1):95–100.
24. Maino BG,Bednar J,Pagin P,Mura P.The spider screw for skeletal anchorage.J Clin Orthod. 2003;37(2):90-7.
25. Majizoub Z,Finotti M,Miotti F,Giardino R,Aldini NN,Cordioli G.Bone response to orthodontic loading of endosseous implants in the rabbit calvaria:early continuous distalizing forces.Eur J Orthod 1999;21:223-30.
26. Wehrbein H, Hovel P, Kinzinger G, Stefan B. Load-deflection behavior of transpalatal bars supported on orthodontic palatal implants. An in vitro study. J Orofac Orthop. 2004 Jul;65(4):312-20.
27. Williams P, Travess H, Sandy J. The use of osseointegrated implants in orthodontic patients: I. Implants and their use in children. Dent Update. 2004 Jun;31(5):287-90.
28. Molly L, Willems G, van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M. Periodontal parameters around implants anchoring orthodontic appliances: a series of case reports. J Periodontol. 2004 Jan;75(1):176-81.
29. Cheng SJ, Tseng IY, Lee JJ, Kok SH. A prospective study of the risk factors associated with failure of mini-implants used for orthodontic anchorage. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004 Jan-Feb;19(1):100-6.
30. Aldikacti M, Acikgoz G, Turk T, Trisi P. Long-term evaluation of sandblasted and acid-etched implants used as orthodontic anchors in dogs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004 Feb;125(2):139-47.
31. Gedrange T, Kobel C, Harzer W. Hard palate deformation in an animal model following quasi-static loading to stimulate that of orthodontic anchorage implants[J]. Eur J Orthod, 2001,23 (3): 349–54.
32. Sabri R. Treatment of a class II division 2 malocclusion with space reopening for a single-tooth implant. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop[J].2001,119 (2):135-42.
33. Roberts W, ArbukleG, Analoui M. Rate of mesial translation of mandibular molars using implant-anchored mechanics[J]. Angle Orthod, 1996,66(5):331–8.
34. Wehrbein H, Feife H, Diedrich P. Palatal implant anchorage reinforcement of posterior teeth: a prospective study[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 1999, 116(6): 678-86.
35. Giancotti A, Muzzi F, Greco M,et al. Palatal implant–supported distalizing devices: clinical application of the straumann orthosystem[J]. World J Orthod, 2002, 3: 135–39.
36. Giancotti A, Muzzi F, Santini F, et al. Straumann orthosystem method for orthodontic anchorage: step-by -step procedure[J]. World J Orthod,2002,3:140–46.
37. Maino B, Mura P, Gianelly A. A retrievable palatal implant for absolute anchorage in orthodontics[J]. World J Orthod ,2002,3:125–34.
1. Proffit WR, Fields HW Jr, Moray LJ. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 1998;13:97-106.
2. Willems G, Carels CE, Naert IE, van Steenberghe D. Interdisciplinary treatment planning for orthodontic-prosthetic implant anchorage in a partially edentulous patient. Clin Oral Implants Res 1999;10:331-7.
3. Goodacre CJ, Brown DT, Roberts WE, Jeiroudi MT. Prosthodontic considerations when using implants for orthodontic anchorage. J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:162-70.
4. Branemark PI, Aspegren K, Breine U. Microcirculatory studies in man by high resolution vital microscopy. Angiology 1964;15: 329-32.
5. Branemark PI, Breine U, Adell R. Intraosseous anchorage of dental prostheses. I. Experimental studies. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1969;3:81-100.
6. Linkow LI. The endosseous blade implant and its use in orthodontics. Int J Orthod 1969; 18: 149-54.
7. Roberts WE, Smith RK, Zilberman Y, Mozsary PG, Smith RS. Osseous adaptation to continuous loading of rigid endosseous implants. Am J Orthod 1984;86:95-111.
8. Proffit W. Mechanical principles in orthodontic force control. In: Proffit W, Fields HW, editors. Contemporary orthodontics. 2nd ed. Saint Louis: Mosby; 1993. p. 289-315.
9. Kanomi R. Mini-implant for orthodontic anchorage. J Clin Orthod 1997;31:763-7.
10. Roberts WE, Marshall KJ, Mozsary PG..Rigid endosseous implant utilized as anchorage to protract molars and close an atrophic extraction site. Angle Orthod 1990; 60: 135-52.
11. Roberts WE, Nelson CL, Goodacre CJ. Rigid implant anchorage to close a mandibular first molar extraction site. J Clin Orthod 1994;28:693-704.
12. Freudenthaler JW, Haas R, Bantleon HP. Bicortical titanium screws for critical orthodontic anchorage in the mandible: a preliminary report on clinical applications. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001;12:358-63.
13. Drago CJ. Use of osseointegrated implants in adult orthodontic treatment: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:504-9.
14. Haanaes HR, Stenvik A, Beyer-Olsen ES, Tryti T, Faehn O. The efficacy of two-stage titanium implants as orthodontic anchorage in the preprosthodontic correction of third molars in adults—a report of three cases. Eur J Orthod 1991;13:287-92.
15. Shapiro PA, Kokich VG. Uses of implants in orthodontics. Dent Clin North Am 1988;32:539-50.
16. Weitz ML, Mukamal EO, Jurim A. An orthodontic device to capitalize on the rigid fixation of osseointegrated implants. Int J Periodont Res Dent 1998;18:240-7.
17. Henry PJ, Singer S. Implant anchorage for the occlusal management of developmental defects in children: a preliminary report. Prac Periodont Aesthet Dent 1999; 11:699-706.
18. Wehrbein H, Glatzmaier J, Mundwiller U, Diedrich P. The Orthosystem–a newimplant system for orthodontic anchorage in the palate. J Orofac Orthop 1996; 57: 142-53.
19. Wehrbein H, Merz BR. Aspects of the use of endosseous palatal implants in orthodontic therapy. J Esthet Dent 1998;10:315-24.
20. Wehrbein H. Feifel H. Diedrich P. Palatal implant anchorage reinforcement of posterior teeth: a prospective study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999; 116: 678-86.
21. Byloff FK, Karcher H, Clar E, Stoff F. An implant to eliminate anchorage loss during molar distalization: a case report involving the Graz implant-supported pendulum. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 2000;15:129-37.
22. Higuchi KW, Slack JM. The use of titanium fixtures for intraoral anchorage to facilitate orthodontic tooth movement. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1991; 6: 338-44.
23. Van Roekel NB. Use of Branemark system implants for orthodontic anchorage: report of a case. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1989;4:341-4.
24. Prosterman B, Prosterman L, Fisher R, Gornitsky M. The use of implants for orthodontic correction of an open bite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995; 107: 245-50.
25. Misch CE. Contemporary implant dentistry. 2nd edition. Saint Louis: Mosby; 1999.
26. Odman J, Lekholm U, Jemt T, Thilander B. Osseointegrated implants as orthodontic anchorage in the treatment of partially edentulous adult patients. Eur J Orthod. 1994;16:187-201.
27. Klokkevold PR, Nishimura RD, Adachi M, Caputo A. Osseointegration enhanced by chemical etching of the titanium surface. A torque removal study in the rabbit. Clin Oral Implants Res 1997;8:442-7.
28. Roberts WE. When planning to use an implant for anchorage, how long do you have to wait to apply force after implant placement? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;121(1):14A.
29. Gray JB, Steen ME, King GJ, Clark AE. Studies on the efficacy of implants as orthodontic anchorage. Am J Orthod 1983;83: 311-7.
30. Roberts WE, Helm FR, Marshall KJ, Gongloff RK. Rigid endosseous implants for orthodontic and orthopedic anchorage. Angle Orthod 1989;59:247-56.
31. Linder-Aronson S, Nordenram A, Anneroth G. Titanium implant anchorage in orthodontic treatment: an experimental investigation in monkeys. Eur J Orthod 1990; 12: 414-9.
32. Wehrbein H, Diedrich P. Endosseous titanium implants during and after orthodontic load—an experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 1993;4:76-82.
33. Majzoub Z, Finotti M, Miotti F, Giardino R, Aldini NN, Cordioli G. Bone response to orthodontic loading of endosseous implants in the rabbit calvaria: early continuous distalizing forces. Eur J Orthod 1999;21:223-30.
34. Saito S, Sugimoto N, Morohashi T, Ozeki M, Kurabayashi H, Shimizu H, et al. Endosseous titanium implants as anchors for mesiodistal tooth movement in the beagle dog. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000;118:601-7.
35. Daimaruya T, Nagasaka H, Umemori M, Sugawara J, Mitani H. The influences of molar intrusion on the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle and root using the skeletal anchorage system in dogs. Angle Orthod 2001;71:60-70.
36. Melsen B, Lang NP. Biological reactions of alveolar bone to orthodontic loading of oral implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001;12:144-52.
37. Ohmae M, Saito S, Morohashi T, Seki K, Qu H, Kanomi R, et al. A clinical and histological evaluation of titanium mini-implants as anchors for orthodontic intrusion in the beagle dog. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001;119:489-97.
38. Trisi P, Rebaudi A. Progressive bone adaptation of titanium implants during and after orthodontic load in humans. Int J Periodont Res Dent 2002;22:31-43
39. Deguchi T, Takano-Yamamoto T, Kanomi R, Hartsfield JK Jr, Roberts WE, Garetto LP. The use of small titanium screws for orthodontic anchorage. J Dent Res 2003; 82: 377-81.