微种植体支抗宏观结构的生物力学优化设计和分析
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摘要
在正畸治疗过程中,支抗装置的设计、选择、应用至关重要。随着科学技术的迅猛发展,微型种植体逐渐取代了传统的支抗装置,在种植体的大家族里扮演越来越重要的角色。微型种植体的优点显而易见:它体积小、植入过程简便,术中创伤小,术后易于恢复,无需病人配合,植入部位灵活多变,临床效果显著。同时,它的缺点也不容忽视。种植体的松动、脱落、周围炎症、价格昂贵,年龄限制等问题急待解决。在这些问题中,尤以种植体周围骨吸收所造成的种植体脱落的临床病例更为突出,这与种植体的外形设计密切相关,合理的设计能够更好使微型种植体进行生物力学的传导,从而降低种植体的脱落率。
国内目前对带有详尽参数的个性化种植体的研究尚处于探索阶断,以往国内外此方面的相关报道主要以单变量、离散的研究为主,在实际运用过程中,不能更真实的模拟、描述具体情况。本课题目的在于,借助当前最先近的机械工程优化设计方法,利用Pro/E和AnsysWorkbench做为设计平台,研究Ⅲ类骨质中的种植体的宏观结构优化设计。为临床提供更为详尽的种植体的宏观结构参数,生产出更具合理性的种值体,提高国产种植体的市场竞争力。
实验一:首先应用Pro/E软件建立包括微种植体、皮质骨、松质骨的实体模型。然后利用Pro/E和AnsysWorkbench的双向无缝参数传递功能,将上颌和微种植体模型导入AnsysWorkbench中,进行单元划分,从而建立自适应改变的微种植体和上颌骨三维有限元模型。进行力学加载检测模型的准确性。该模型为微种植体的生物力学优化设计和分析提供技术平台。
实验二:设定微种植体的直径(D)和长度(L)为变量,D取值范围为1.0-2.0mm,L取值范围为6.0-16.0mm,以垂直于微种植体长轴2N的力加载于微种植体头部。设定皮质骨、松质骨、微种植体平均主应力峰值和微种植体平均位移峰值为目标函数,比较分析直径和长度对颌骨、微种植体应力以及微种植体位移分布的影响。同时对这两个参数对目标函数的敏感度进行分析。实验结果显示,随着微种植体直径和长度的增加,皮质骨、松质骨和微种植体平均主应力峰值分别下降80.94%、91.84%和86.11%。随着D的增加,目标函数显著减小。而随着L的增加,目标函数的变化幅度则较小。当直径大于1.5mm,长度大于11.0mm时,目标函数变化稳定且取值最低。敏感度分析结果显示微种植体直径对目标函数的影响远大于长度。实验结果证实了直径对于颌骨应力和微种植体稳定性的重要作用。直径大于1.5mm的长微种植体更适合上颌磨牙区。
实验三:设定微种植体螺纹形态为变量,包括V形、矩形、支撑形和反支撑形。微种植体力学加载及目标函数设定同实验二。实验结果显示,支撑形螺纹可将皮质骨平均主应力峰值降至最低,V形螺纹可将松质骨平均主应力峰值降至最低。V形和矩形螺纹可以获得较小的微种植体平均主应力峰值。四种螺纹形态对微种植体平均位移峰值的影响不显著,反支撑形螺纹略低于其他三种。结果表明支撑形螺纹可以显著减小微种植体植入后颌骨内应力,同时具有较低的微种植体位移,因此,更适合于微种植体的设计。
实验四:设定微种植体的螺纹数量为变量,包括单螺纹微种植体、双螺纹微种植体和三螺纹微种植体。微种植体力学加载及目标函数设定同实验二。实验结果显示,单螺纹微种植体在正畸力加载条件下对皮质骨造成的平均主应力峰值较小。单螺纹和双螺纹微种植体对松质骨造成的平均主应力峰值较小。三螺纹设计可以减小微种植体平均主应力峰值。三种螺纹规格对微种植体位移峰值的影响无显著性差异,单螺纹略低于其他两种。结果表明单螺纹设计可以显著减小皮质骨、松质骨应力和微种植体位移,微种植体位移也较小,更加适合于正畸微种植体。
实验五:按照优化结果加工制造微种植体。将优化微种植体和常规微种植体分为四个组,进行轴向拔除实验和旋出扭矩实验。实验结果显示,经过优化的微种植体最大轴向拔出力和最大旋出扭矩大于常规微种植体。实验结果表明对微种植体的直径、长度、螺纹形态和规格的优化,可以显著提高微种植体在离体骨中的生物力学性能,增加微种植体的即刻稳定性。
综上所述,宏观结构的优化可以显著提高微种植体的生物力学性能。直径大于1.5mm,长度大于11.0mm的支撑形单螺纹微种植体更适合在上颌磨牙区使用。
The design, selection and application of anchorage is crucial in the treatment of orthodontics. With the development of technique, mini-implant gradually took the place of traditional anchorage and played a more and more important role. Mini-implants in small diameters have been developed to facilitate the surgical insertion procedure, minimize patients’compliance; allow immediate loading after initial wound healing, and anchor at different positions of the alveolar bone. However, there are also problems need to be solved, such as loosening, local inflammation, expense and age. Of these problems, mini-implant loosening caused by surrounding bone resorption, which is related to the macrostructure of mini-implant, is commonly seen. Optimal macrostructure improve the biomechanical characters of mini-implant and decrease the failure rate.
So far, the researches of individualized mini-implant parameters are still in an exploratory stage. The former researches were mainly about dispersed univariate, which were not suitable to mimic the real situation. This study aimed to analyze the effect of macrostructure and select the optimal design in type III bone by using Pro/E and Ansys Workbench. The results can provide references to orthodontists and manufacturers.
In experiment 1, 3D finite element models of mini-implant,cortical and cancellous bones were constructed by Pro/E. These models were then imported to Ansys Workbench by bidirectional parameters transmitting. Self-adapting assembled 3D finite element models of mini-implant-bone complexes were rebuilt. The accuracy of the models was evaluated. This finite element model provides a technical platform for further optimum design and analyses of orthodontic mini-implant.
In experiment 2, mini-implant diameter (D) and length (L) were set as variables. D ranged from 1.0 to 2.0mm, and L ranged from 6.0 to 16.0mm. A load of 2 N was applied to the head of the mini-implant, in the mesiodistal horizontal direction paralleling to the buccal surface of maxilla. The max EQV stresses in cortical and cancellous bones and max displacements in mini-implant were set as objective functions. The effects of design variables to objective functions, as well as the sensitivities of the objective functions to design variables were evaluated. The results showed that the max EQV stresses in cortical and cancellous bones and the max displacement of mini-implant decreased by 80.94%, 91.84% and 86.11%, respectively with the increasing of D and L. The objective functions decreased significantly with the increasing of D while the decrease with the increasing of L is smaller. When D exceeded 1.5mm and L exceeded 11.0mm, the highest stability and the lowest levels of stress and displacement were obtained. Analysis of sensitivity indicated that D was more effective than L in reducing maxilla and mini-implant stresses and enhancing mini-implant stability.
In experiment 3, the thread form of mini-implant was set as variables, including V–shaped design, square design, buttress design and reverse buttress design. The force and objective functions settings were the same as those in experiment 2. The results showed that the minimum max EQV stress in cortical bone was achieved by using buttress design thread mini-implant. The minimum max EQV stress in cancellous bone was achieved by using V-shaped design thread mini-implant. The effect of thread form on the max displacement of mini-implant is not noticeable. V-shaped design thread is the best thread form to mini-implant.
In experiment 4, the number of mini-implant thread was set as variables, including single thread, double threads and triple threads. The force and objective functions settings were the same as those in experiment 2. The results showed that the minimum max EQV stress in cortical bone was achieved by using single thread mini-implant. The minimum max EQV stress in cancellous bone was achieved by using single and double thread mini-implants. The effect of thread number on the max displacement of mini-implant is not noticeable. Single thread is the best thread design to mini-implant.
In experiment 5, optimized mini-implants were manufactured. Twenty optimized mini-implants and twenty control mini-implants were divided into 4 groups. The axial pull-out test and removing torque test were carried out. The results showed that optimized mini-implant had better biomechanical characters.
To sum up, optimization of macrostructure can improve the biomechanical characters of mini-implant. V-shaped design single thread mini-implant with diameter exceeding 1.5mm and length exceeding 11.0mm were the optimal biomechanical choice for the maxillary posterior region in a screwed orthodontic mini-implant.
国内目前对带有详尽参数的个性化种植体的研究尚处于探索阶断,以往国内外此方面的相关报道主要以单变量、离散的研究为主,在实际运用过程中,不能更真实的模拟、描述具体情况。本课题目的在于,借助当前最先近的机械工程优化设计方法,利用Pro/E和AnsysWorkbench做为设计平台,研究Ⅲ类骨质中的种植体的宏观结构优化设计。为临床提供更为详尽的种植体的宏观结构参数,生产出更具合理性的种值体,提高国产种植体的市场竞争力。
实验一:首先应用Pro/E软件建立包括微种植体、皮质骨、松质骨的实体模型。然后利用Pro/E和AnsysWorkbench的双向无缝参数传递功能,将上颌和微种植体模型导入AnsysWorkbench中,进行单元划分,从而建立自适应改变的微种植体和上颌骨三维有限元模型。进行力学加载检测模型的准确性。该模型为微种植体的生物力学优化设计和分析提供技术平台。
实验二:设定微种植体的直径(D)和长度(L)为变量,D取值范围为1.0-2.0mm,L取值范围为6.0-16.0mm,以垂直于微种植体长轴2N的力加载于微种植体头部。设定皮质骨、松质骨、微种植体平均主应力峰值和微种植体平均位移峰值为目标函数,比较分析直径和长度对颌骨、微种植体应力以及微种植体位移分布的影响。同时对这两个参数对目标函数的敏感度进行分析。实验结果显示,随着微种植体直径和长度的增加,皮质骨、松质骨和微种植体平均主应力峰值分别下降80.94%、91.84%和86.11%。随着D的增加,目标函数显著减小。而随着L的增加,目标函数的变化幅度则较小。当直径大于1.5mm,长度大于11.0mm时,目标函数变化稳定且取值最低。敏感度分析结果显示微种植体直径对目标函数的影响远大于长度。实验结果证实了直径对于颌骨应力和微种植体稳定性的重要作用。直径大于1.5mm的长微种植体更适合上颌磨牙区。
实验三:设定微种植体螺纹形态为变量,包括V形、矩形、支撑形和反支撑形。微种植体力学加载及目标函数设定同实验二。实验结果显示,支撑形螺纹可将皮质骨平均主应力峰值降至最低,V形螺纹可将松质骨平均主应力峰值降至最低。V形和矩形螺纹可以获得较小的微种植体平均主应力峰值。四种螺纹形态对微种植体平均位移峰值的影响不显著,反支撑形螺纹略低于其他三种。结果表明支撑形螺纹可以显著减小微种植体植入后颌骨内应力,同时具有较低的微种植体位移,因此,更适合于微种植体的设计。
实验四:设定微种植体的螺纹数量为变量,包括单螺纹微种植体、双螺纹微种植体和三螺纹微种植体。微种植体力学加载及目标函数设定同实验二。实验结果显示,单螺纹微种植体在正畸力加载条件下对皮质骨造成的平均主应力峰值较小。单螺纹和双螺纹微种植体对松质骨造成的平均主应力峰值较小。三螺纹设计可以减小微种植体平均主应力峰值。三种螺纹规格对微种植体位移峰值的影响无显著性差异,单螺纹略低于其他两种。结果表明单螺纹设计可以显著减小皮质骨、松质骨应力和微种植体位移,微种植体位移也较小,更加适合于正畸微种植体。
实验五:按照优化结果加工制造微种植体。将优化微种植体和常规微种植体分为四个组,进行轴向拔除实验和旋出扭矩实验。实验结果显示,经过优化的微种植体最大轴向拔出力和最大旋出扭矩大于常规微种植体。实验结果表明对微种植体的直径、长度、螺纹形态和规格的优化,可以显著提高微种植体在离体骨中的生物力学性能,增加微种植体的即刻稳定性。
综上所述,宏观结构的优化可以显著提高微种植体的生物力学性能。直径大于1.5mm,长度大于11.0mm的支撑形单螺纹微种植体更适合在上颌磨牙区使用。
The design, selection and application of anchorage is crucial in the treatment of orthodontics. With the development of technique, mini-implant gradually took the place of traditional anchorage and played a more and more important role. Mini-implants in small diameters have been developed to facilitate the surgical insertion procedure, minimize patients’compliance; allow immediate loading after initial wound healing, and anchor at different positions of the alveolar bone. However, there are also problems need to be solved, such as loosening, local inflammation, expense and age. Of these problems, mini-implant loosening caused by surrounding bone resorption, which is related to the macrostructure of mini-implant, is commonly seen. Optimal macrostructure improve the biomechanical characters of mini-implant and decrease the failure rate.
So far, the researches of individualized mini-implant parameters are still in an exploratory stage. The former researches were mainly about dispersed univariate, which were not suitable to mimic the real situation. This study aimed to analyze the effect of macrostructure and select the optimal design in type III bone by using Pro/E and Ansys Workbench. The results can provide references to orthodontists and manufacturers.
In experiment 1, 3D finite element models of mini-implant,cortical and cancellous bones were constructed by Pro/E. These models were then imported to Ansys Workbench by bidirectional parameters transmitting. Self-adapting assembled 3D finite element models of mini-implant-bone complexes were rebuilt. The accuracy of the models was evaluated. This finite element model provides a technical platform for further optimum design and analyses of orthodontic mini-implant.
In experiment 2, mini-implant diameter (D) and length (L) were set as variables. D ranged from 1.0 to 2.0mm, and L ranged from 6.0 to 16.0mm. A load of 2 N was applied to the head of the mini-implant, in the mesiodistal horizontal direction paralleling to the buccal surface of maxilla. The max EQV stresses in cortical and cancellous bones and max displacements in mini-implant were set as objective functions. The effects of design variables to objective functions, as well as the sensitivities of the objective functions to design variables were evaluated. The results showed that the max EQV stresses in cortical and cancellous bones and the max displacement of mini-implant decreased by 80.94%, 91.84% and 86.11%, respectively with the increasing of D and L. The objective functions decreased significantly with the increasing of D while the decrease with the increasing of L is smaller. When D exceeded 1.5mm and L exceeded 11.0mm, the highest stability and the lowest levels of stress and displacement were obtained. Analysis of sensitivity indicated that D was more effective than L in reducing maxilla and mini-implant stresses and enhancing mini-implant stability.
In experiment 3, the thread form of mini-implant was set as variables, including V–shaped design, square design, buttress design and reverse buttress design. The force and objective functions settings were the same as those in experiment 2. The results showed that the minimum max EQV stress in cortical bone was achieved by using buttress design thread mini-implant. The minimum max EQV stress in cancellous bone was achieved by using V-shaped design thread mini-implant. The effect of thread form on the max displacement of mini-implant is not noticeable. V-shaped design thread is the best thread form to mini-implant.
In experiment 4, the number of mini-implant thread was set as variables, including single thread, double threads and triple threads. The force and objective functions settings were the same as those in experiment 2. The results showed that the minimum max EQV stress in cortical bone was achieved by using single thread mini-implant. The minimum max EQV stress in cancellous bone was achieved by using single and double thread mini-implants. The effect of thread number on the max displacement of mini-implant is not noticeable. Single thread is the best thread design to mini-implant.
In experiment 5, optimized mini-implants were manufactured. Twenty optimized mini-implants and twenty control mini-implants were divided into 4 groups. The axial pull-out test and removing torque test were carried out. The results showed that optimized mini-implant had better biomechanical characters.
To sum up, optimization of macrostructure can improve the biomechanical characters of mini-implant. V-shaped design single thread mini-implant with diameter exceeding 1.5mm and length exceeding 11.0mm were the optimal biomechanical choice for the maxillary posterior region in a screwed orthodontic mini-implant.
引文
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