低功耗无线粮情监测系统的设计与实现
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摘要
粮食问题作为一个关系国计民生的问题在我国历来受到重视，但现有的粮情监控系统均为有线方式。有线方式有其固有的缺陷，如布线复杂、易遭雷击、安装及维护成本高、易遭破坏等。近几年，出现了基于GPRS网络、无线数传模块的粮情监测系统，但因成本过高、功耗大或频段受限等因素难以推广。直到出现了无线传感器网络，以及专为无线传感器网络制定的IEEE802.15.4国际标准，这一问题才得到解决。
无线传感器网络的最基本的特征就是低功耗、低成本、组网灵活，其应用领域非常广阔，也适用于粮情监测系统。
本文首先介绍了课题的背景及相关概念，课题的意义及要解决的问题，然后介绍了系统方案的选择、节点的设计、网络协议栈的设计及管理软件的设计，最后简单介绍了系统现场安装后的测试情况。
课题的最终目标是实现一个低功耗的无线粮情监测系统，同时，实现系统的低成本和高可靠性。在本文的“系统方案的选择”中分析比较了GPRS网络和几种短距离通信方案的特点，最终确定了基于无线传感器网络和IEEE802.15.4标准的方案设计。在“节点的设计”中充分考虑了低功耗、低成本及芯片性能的前提下，对节点的主控芯片及射频收发芯片进行了选择，并在此基础上设计了无线粮情监测系统各个节点的硬件平台。在“网络协议栈的设计”中，根据粮库的实际特点，分析了IEEE802.15.4标准的协议栈并在其基础上进行了裁减和优化，以最大限度的降低功耗和提高可靠性。“管理软件的设计”部分介绍了软件平台的选择、采集功能及数据库功能的实现。
无线粮情监测系统，采用了国际通行的协议标准，应用最新的芯片技术，详细周密，科学合理。在传输协议上，采用短帧方式，在工作模式上，采用低功耗模式和随时同步(即工作时再同步)的工作模式，在突出低功耗的基础上，满足低成本和高可靠性的要求。软件平台采用国家规定的Access及其最佳匹配Visual Basic 6.0，设计技术采用最新的数据库操作技术ADO连续数据源。
低功耗无线粮情监测系统的特点是：采用最新技术和标准，研究方法先进，设计合理，可靠性高，低成本，低功耗，2节普通碱性电池能使系统的节点连续运行3到5年，测试结果符合国家粮食部门的要求，能够满足各种粮情监测的需求，具有良好的推广应用前景。
低功耗无线粮情监测系统的设计与实现，初步解决了近年来粮情监测领域内一直想解决但未能很好解决的问题，提高了粮库的粮食监测和管理水平，对国家储备粮的现代化管理具有重要意义。
The grain problem has been always the most important considerationrelated to the national economy and the people's livelihood in our country, butthe existing grain circumstance monitoring system is based on a wired way. Thewired way has its inherent defects, such as connecting up complicatedly, easilyto be struck by lightning, expensive installed and safeguarded cost, easily to bedestructed etc.
In recent years, some monitoring systems based on GPRS network andwireless data transmission appear. But because of their expensive cost, theconsumption is great or the frequency band is limited, etc. the systems aredifficult to spread. Until the presence of wireless sensor network and theIEEE802.15.4 intemational standard for the wireless sensor network specially,these problem are solved.
The most basic characteristic of the wireless sensor network is lowconsumption, low cost, flexible network; its application is very wide, suitablefor the grain circumstance monitoring system too.
This text has introduced the background of the subject and relevantconcepts, the meaning of the subject and problem solved at first, then the choice,nodal design, design of the procotol inn and design of the management softwareof the systematic scheme are introduced. Finally, the field test situation after thesystem is installed is introduced briefly.
The final goal of the subject is to realize the wireless grain circumstancemonitoring system of a low consumption, low cost and high dependability.
The characteristics of GPRS network and several kinds of short distancecommunication schemes are analyzed and compared in "choice of systematicscheme" of this text. At last, the conceptual design is confirmed on the basis ofthe wireless sensor network and IEEE802.15.4 standard finally.
Considering low consumption, low cost and performance of chip fully atthe "nodal design", the main control chip of node and radio frequency receiveand transmission chip are chosen. And each nodal hardware platform ofmonitoring system of the wireless grain circumstance is designed on this basis.
In "design of the procotol inn", according to the real characteristic of thegrain depot, the agreement inn of IEEE802.15.4 standard has been analyzed andoptimized on the basis of it so as to reduce consumption and improvedependability. The part of "design of management software" introduces theselection of software platform, collection function and creation of database.
The circumstance monitoring system of wireless grain has adopted theinternational and current agreement standard, use the latest chip technology, detailed and careful, scientific and rational. In transmitting the agreement, adoptthe short frame way, on the work pattern, adopt the low consumption modeand work pattern moving ahead simultaneously (at the time of namely the workmove ahead simultaneously) at any time, on the basis of stressing lowconsumption , meet the demand of low cost and high dependability. Thesoftware platform adopts access that the country stipulates and matches VisualBasic 6.0 bestly, designing technique adopts the latest database operatingtechnology ADO continuous data source.
The characteristic of the wireless grain circumstance monitoring system oflow consumption is: Adopting the latest technology and standard, the researchapproach is advanced, design is rational, dependability is high, low cost, lowconsumption, 2 ordinary alkaline batteries can make the system run for 3 to 5years continually, the test result accorded with the demand of the national graindepartment, can meet the demand that various kinds of grain circumstancesmonitor. It has good popularization and application prospect.
The design and realization for the wireless grain circumstance monitoringsystem of low power consumption have solved the problems which were notsolved best in the past elementarily. It improves grain monitoring andmanagement level of the grain depot. This is significant to the modernizedmanagement of the national stored grain.
无线传感器网络的最基本的特征就是低功耗、低成本、组网灵活，其应用领域非常广阔，也适用于粮情监测系统。
本文首先介绍了课题的背景及相关概念，课题的意义及要解决的问题，然后介绍了系统方案的选择、节点的设计、网络协议栈的设计及管理软件的设计，最后简单介绍了系统现场安装后的测试情况。
课题的最终目标是实现一个低功耗的无线粮情监测系统，同时，实现系统的低成本和高可靠性。在本文的“系统方案的选择”中分析比较了GPRS网络和几种短距离通信方案的特点，最终确定了基于无线传感器网络和IEEE802.15.4标准的方案设计。在“节点的设计”中充分考虑了低功耗、低成本及芯片性能的前提下，对节点的主控芯片及射频收发芯片进行了选择，并在此基础上设计了无线粮情监测系统各个节点的硬件平台。在“网络协议栈的设计”中，根据粮库的实际特点，分析了IEEE802.15.4标准的协议栈并在其基础上进行了裁减和优化，以最大限度的降低功耗和提高可靠性。“管理软件的设计”部分介绍了软件平台的选择、采集功能及数据库功能的实现。
无线粮情监测系统，采用了国际通行的协议标准，应用最新的芯片技术，详细周密，科学合理。在传输协议上，采用短帧方式，在工作模式上，采用低功耗模式和随时同步(即工作时再同步)的工作模式，在突出低功耗的基础上，满足低成本和高可靠性的要求。软件平台采用国家规定的Access及其最佳匹配Visual Basic 6.0，设计技术采用最新的数据库操作技术ADO连续数据源。
低功耗无线粮情监测系统的特点是：采用最新技术和标准，研究方法先进，设计合理，可靠性高，低成本，低功耗，2节普通碱性电池能使系统的节点连续运行3到5年，测试结果符合国家粮食部门的要求，能够满足各种粮情监测的需求，具有良好的推广应用前景。
低功耗无线粮情监测系统的设计与实现，初步解决了近年来粮情监测领域内一直想解决但未能很好解决的问题，提高了粮库的粮食监测和管理水平，对国家储备粮的现代化管理具有重要意义。
The grain problem has been always the most important considerationrelated to the national economy and the people's livelihood in our country, butthe existing grain circumstance monitoring system is based on a wired way. Thewired way has its inherent defects, such as connecting up complicatedly, easilyto be struck by lightning, expensive installed and safeguarded cost, easily to bedestructed etc.
In recent years, some monitoring systems based on GPRS network andwireless data transmission appear. But because of their expensive cost, theconsumption is great or the frequency band is limited, etc. the systems aredifficult to spread. Until the presence of wireless sensor network and theIEEE802.15.4 intemational standard for the wireless sensor network specially,these problem are solved.
The most basic characteristic of the wireless sensor network is lowconsumption, low cost, flexible network; its application is very wide, suitablefor the grain circumstance monitoring system too.
This text has introduced the background of the subject and relevantconcepts, the meaning of the subject and problem solved at first, then the choice,nodal design, design of the procotol inn and design of the management softwareof the systematic scheme are introduced. Finally, the field test situation after thesystem is installed is introduced briefly.
The final goal of the subject is to realize the wireless grain circumstancemonitoring system of a low consumption, low cost and high dependability.
The characteristics of GPRS network and several kinds of short distancecommunication schemes are analyzed and compared in "choice of systematicscheme" of this text. At last, the conceptual design is confirmed on the basis ofthe wireless sensor network and IEEE802.15.4 standard finally.
Considering low consumption, low cost and performance of chip fully atthe "nodal design", the main control chip of node and radio frequency receiveand transmission chip are chosen. And each nodal hardware platform ofmonitoring system of the wireless grain circumstance is designed on this basis.
In "design of the procotol inn", according to the real characteristic of thegrain depot, the agreement inn of IEEE802.15.4 standard has been analyzed andoptimized on the basis of it so as to reduce consumption and improvedependability. The part of "design of management software" introduces theselection of software platform, collection function and creation of database.
The circumstance monitoring system of wireless grain has adopted theinternational and current agreement standard, use the latest chip technology, detailed and careful, scientific and rational. In transmitting the agreement, adoptthe short frame way, on the work pattern, adopt the low consumption modeand work pattern moving ahead simultaneously (at the time of namely the workmove ahead simultaneously) at any time, on the basis of stressing lowconsumption , meet the demand of low cost and high dependability. Thesoftware platform adopts access that the country stipulates and matches VisualBasic 6.0 bestly, designing technique adopts the latest database operatingtechnology ADO continuous data source.
The characteristic of the wireless grain circumstance monitoring system oflow consumption is: Adopting the latest technology and standard, the researchapproach is advanced, design is rational, dependability is high, low cost, lowconsumption, 2 ordinary alkaline batteries can make the system run for 3 to 5years continually, the test result accorded with the demand of the national graindepartment, can meet the demand that various kinds of grain circumstancesmonitor. It has good popularization and application prospect.
The design and realization for the wireless grain circumstance monitoringsystem of low power consumption have solved the problems which were notsolved best in the past elementarily. It improves grain monitoring andmanagement level of the grain depot. This is significant to the modernizedmanagement of the national stored grain.
引文
[1] 孙立民，李建中，陈渝等著，《无线传感器网络》，北京，清华大学出版社，2005
[2] 郑少仁，王海涛著，《Ad Hoc网络技术》，北京，人民邮电出版社，2005
[3] 宫晓渊，周兴社，李志刚等，无线传感器网络组织结构，微电子学与计算机，2005，Vol．22(12)，171-175
[4] 崔莉，鞠海玲，苗勇等，无线传感器网络研究进展，计算机研究与发展，2005，Vol．42(1)，163-174
[5] 曾鹏，于海斌，梁英等，分布式无线传感器网络体系结构及应用支撑技术研究，信息与控制，2004，Vol．33(3)：307-313
[6] 张洪峰，一个基于ZigBee技术的无线传感器网络平台，[学位论文]，武汉，武汉理工大学，2006
[7] 蓝会立，张认成，毛思文，基于无线传感器网络的粮情检测系统的设计，华侨大学机电及自动化学院(362021)
[8] Chip Multilayer Hybrid Baluns, Murata Manufacturing, 2006.5
[9] 何戟，蓝牙技术及其在无线传感器网络系统中的应用研究，[学位论文]，西安，西北工业大学，2006
[10] IEEE Std 802.15.4~(TM)-2003, IEEE, 2003,
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[12] 诸邦田．《电子电路实用抗干扰技术》，人民邮电出版社，1994．4
[13] EDA中心，高速数字电路PCB设计及相应的EMC问题，2000．01．14
[14] 毛京丽，常永宇等著，《数据通信原理》，北京，北京邮电大学出版社，2002
[15] ZigBee Alliance web site,[s],http://www.ZigBee.org
[16] IEEE 802.15.4 web sit,[s],http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.html
[17] 藤召胜，宋喜翠，储量温度水分自动测试系统设计，工业仪表与自动化装置，2000(1)：39-43．
[18] 王爱珍，龙门国家粮库粮情温湿度监测系统的设计及实现，[学位论文]，成都，电子科技大学，2005
[19] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensornetwork. In: Proceedings of the INFOCOM 2002. San Francisco: IEEE ComputerSociety, 2002.
[20] Hedetniemi S, Liestman A. A survey of gossiping and broadcasting incommunication networks. Networks, 1988, 18(4):319349.
[21] Elson J, Estrin D. Time synchronization for wireless sensor network. In: Proceedings of the 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. San Francisco: IEEEComputer Society, 2001.19651970.
[22] Savarese C, Rabaey J. Locationing in distributed Ad-hoc wireless sensor network. In:Proceedings of the IEEE Intemational Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) 2001.
[23] Hedetniemi S, Liestman A. A survey of gossiping and broadcasting incommunication networks. Networks, 1988,18(4):319349.
[24] Sohrabi K, Gao J, Ailawadhi V, Pottie GJ. Protocols for self-organization of awireless sensor network. IEEE Personal Communications, 2000,7(5): 1627.
[25] Estrin D, Govindan R, Heidemann J, Kumar S. Next century challenges: Scalable coordinate in sensor network.h:Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. Seattle: IEEE Computer Society, 1999, 263-270.
[26] 曾伟一，国家粮库粮情监控系统的设计及实现，[学位论文]，成都，四川大学，2004
[27] Shih E, Cho S, Ickes N, Min R, Sinha A, Wang A, Chandrakasan A. Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks.In: Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom 2001 .Rome: ACM Press, 2001.272-286.
[28] Ed Callaway, P. Gorday, L. Hester, etc. "Home networking with IEEE 802.15.4: A developing standard for low-rate wireless personal area networks," [J], IEEE Communication Magazine, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 70-77, August 2002
[29] 陈利虎，无线传感器网络实验平台的研究，[学位论文]，长沙，国防科学技术大学，2004
[30] 袁勇，无线传感器网络节能传输技术研究，[学位论文]，武汉，华中科技大学，2005
[31] 马祖长，孙怡宁，梅涛，无线传感器网络综述，通讯学报，2004年4月第25卷第4期．
[32] 李建中，李金宝，石胜飞，传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展，软件学报，2003，Vol．14(No．10)：1717-1727．
[33] Sawant Hemjit, Tan Jindong, Yang Qingyan, Wang QiZhi. Using Bluetooth and sensor networks for intelligent transportation systems. IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC, Proceedings—7th International IEEE Conference on. Intelligent Transportation Systems, ITSC 2004, 2004, p767-772.
[34] MC 13192 Rev.2.9, 08/2005, Freescale Semiconductor Technical Data
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[38] 曾鹏等，分布式无线传感器网络体系结构及应用支撑技术研究[J]．信息与控制，2004(3)307-313
[39] 毛京丽，常永宇等著，《数据通信原理》，北京，北京邮电大学出版社，2002
[40] Jose A: Gutierrez, Edgar ILCallaway, Jr., and Raymond L.Barrett, Jr., IEEE Press. Enabling Wireless Sensors with IEEE802.15.4, Low-Rate Wireless Personal Arer Networks. 2003
[2] 郑少仁，王海涛著，《Ad Hoc网络技术》，北京，人民邮电出版社，2005
[3] 宫晓渊，周兴社，李志刚等，无线传感器网络组织结构，微电子学与计算机，2005，Vol．22(12)，171-175
[4] 崔莉，鞠海玲，苗勇等，无线传感器网络研究进展，计算机研究与发展，2005，Vol．42(1)，163-174
[5] 曾鹏，于海斌，梁英等，分布式无线传感器网络体系结构及应用支撑技术研究，信息与控制，2004，Vol．33(3)：307-313
[6] 张洪峰，一个基于ZigBee技术的无线传感器网络平台，[学位论文]，武汉，武汉理工大学，2006
[7] 蓝会立，张认成，毛思文，基于无线传感器网络的粮情检测系统的设计，华侨大学机电及自动化学院(362021)
[8] Chip Multilayer Hybrid Baluns, Murata Manufacturing, 2006.5
[9] 何戟，蓝牙技术及其在无线传感器网络系统中的应用研究，[学位论文]，西安，西北工业大学，2006
[10] IEEE Std 802.15.4~(TM)-2003, IEEE, 2003,
[11] 冯琳，无线传感器网络及ZigBee技术的研究，[学位论文]，合肥，合肥工业大学，2006
[12] 诸邦田．《电子电路实用抗干扰技术》，人民邮电出版社，1994．4
[13] EDA中心，高速数字电路PCB设计及相应的EMC问题，2000．01．14
[14] 毛京丽，常永宇等著，《数据通信原理》，北京，北京邮电大学出版社，2002
[15] ZigBee Alliance web site,[s],http://www.ZigBee.org
[16] IEEE 802.15.4 web sit,[s],http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.html
[17] 藤召胜，宋喜翠，储量温度水分自动测试系统设计，工业仪表与自动化装置，2000(1)：39-43．
[18] 王爱珍，龙门国家粮库粮情温湿度监测系统的设计及实现，[学位论文]，成都，电子科技大学，2005
[19] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensornetwork. In: Proceedings of the INFOCOM 2002. San Francisco: IEEE ComputerSociety, 2002.
[20] Hedetniemi S, Liestman A. A survey of gossiping and broadcasting incommunication networks. Networks, 1988, 18(4):319349.
[21] Elson J, Estrin D. Time synchronization for wireless sensor network. In: Proceedings of the 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. San Francisco: IEEEComputer Society, 2001.19651970.
[22] Savarese C, Rabaey J. Locationing in distributed Ad-hoc wireless sensor network. In:Proceedings of the IEEE Intemational Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) 2001.
[23] Hedetniemi S, Liestman A. A survey of gossiping and broadcasting incommunication networks. Networks, 1988,18(4):319349.
[24] Sohrabi K, Gao J, Ailawadhi V, Pottie GJ. Protocols for self-organization of awireless sensor network. IEEE Personal Communications, 2000,7(5): 1627.
[25] Estrin D, Govindan R, Heidemann J, Kumar S. Next century challenges: Scalable coordinate in sensor network.h:Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. Seattle: IEEE Computer Society, 1999, 263-270.
[26] 曾伟一，国家粮库粮情监控系统的设计及实现，[学位论文]，成都，四川大学，2004
[27] Shih E, Cho S, Ickes N, Min R, Sinha A, Wang A, Chandrakasan A. Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks.In: Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom 2001 .Rome: ACM Press, 2001.272-286.
[28] Ed Callaway, P. Gorday, L. Hester, etc. "Home networking with IEEE 802.15.4: A developing standard for low-rate wireless personal area networks," [J], IEEE Communication Magazine, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 70-77, August 2002
[29] 陈利虎，无线传感器网络实验平台的研究，[学位论文]，长沙，国防科学技术大学，2004
[30] 袁勇，无线传感器网络节能传输技术研究，[学位论文]，武汉，华中科技大学，2005
[31] 马祖长，孙怡宁，梅涛，无线传感器网络综述，通讯学报，2004年4月第25卷第4期．
[32] 李建中，李金宝，石胜飞，传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展，软件学报，2003，Vol．14(No．10)：1717-1727．
[33] Sawant Hemjit, Tan Jindong, Yang Qingyan, Wang QiZhi. Using Bluetooth and sensor networks for intelligent transportation systems. IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC, Proceedings—7th International IEEE Conference on. Intelligent Transportation Systems, ITSC 2004, 2004, p767-772.
[34] MC 13192 Rev.2.9, 08/2005, Freescale Semiconductor Technical Data
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