空间微小碎片探测器研制
|
摘要
随着人类航天活动的开展,空间碎片越来越多,对人类的正常航天活动造成了严重影响。空间微小碎片和微流星体对航天器的危害主要是表面剥蚀或沙蚀,造成表面器件损伤,导致航天器系统故障,对航天器正常运行,带来极大危害。了解空间微小碎片和微流星体的机制,对保障航天安全有重要作用。
空间微小碎片和微流星体的数据源比较少,各个工程模型之间有很大的差异,进行空间微小碎片和微流星体的探测对于建立和完善工程模式非常必要。
本文分析了空间碎片和微流星体的危害,提出了研制空间微小碎片探测器的意义。对空间微小碎片的探测现状进行了大量调研,特别对利用PVDF压电材料进行空间探测进行了详细研究。对PVDF特性进行了研究,详细分析了碎片撞击PVDF传感器产生的信号特性,结合飞行时间法论述了探测空间微小碎片和微流星体质量和速度的原理。对探测对象进行了详细的分析和计算,选择了合适直径范围的探测对象。在此基础上提出了性能指标和技术方案。随后给出了探测器详细的物理设计方案并对从探头设计到每个单元电路的实现过程进行了详细论述。最后对整机性能进行了测试,并提出了标定方案和几点探测器的改进方案,并且提出了一种更加精确的二维位置探测器的大体设计方法。
空间微小碎片探测器是我国第一次研制的天基微小碎片和微流星体探测仪器,功耗小,性能好,能够长时间在太空中工作,是一种新型高效的探测器。
With the process of human beings’spaceflight activities, the space debris population continues growth and severely effect the space environment. The main hazards of the micro space debris and micrometeoroids is that when it corrodes the surface of spacecraft, devices will be damaged and maybe result in the spacecraft system failure. Therefore, knowledge of the micro space debris and micrometeoroids mechanism is important to protect the safety of spacecraft.
Between the various engineering model of micro space debris and micrometeoroids there is very different for the relatively less data source. So it is necessary to detect the micro space debris and micrometeoroids for the establishment and perfection of engineering model.
This paper first analyzes micro space debris and micrometeoroids hazards and the necessary of development of micro space debris and micrometeoroids detector. A great deal of research of space exploration status and in particular a detailed study of using of PVDF piezoelectric materials as sensor is carried out. By analyses of the signal characteristics when debris impact PVDF sensor and combining time-of-flight method the micro space debris and micrometeoroids mass and velocity can be achieved. On this basis the design and technology scheme programs was proposed. Then we present the detailed physics detector design from the sensor as well as each circuit element. Finally, describe the test and the calibration program and a few improvement program and design method of a more accurate two-dimensional position detector.
This detector is the first time of developing a space-based micro-debris and micrometeoroids instrument in our country. As a new type of high-efficiency detectors, it is of Small power consumption, good performance, and can long working in space.
空间微小碎片和微流星体的数据源比较少,各个工程模型之间有很大的差异,进行空间微小碎片和微流星体的探测对于建立和完善工程模式非常必要。
本文分析了空间碎片和微流星体的危害,提出了研制空间微小碎片探测器的意义。对空间微小碎片的探测现状进行了大量调研,特别对利用PVDF压电材料进行空间探测进行了详细研究。对PVDF特性进行了研究,详细分析了碎片撞击PVDF传感器产生的信号特性,结合飞行时间法论述了探测空间微小碎片和微流星体质量和速度的原理。对探测对象进行了详细的分析和计算,选择了合适直径范围的探测对象。在此基础上提出了性能指标和技术方案。随后给出了探测器详细的物理设计方案并对从探头设计到每个单元电路的实现过程进行了详细论述。最后对整机性能进行了测试,并提出了标定方案和几点探测器的改进方案,并且提出了一种更加精确的二维位置探测器的大体设计方法。
空间微小碎片探测器是我国第一次研制的天基微小碎片和微流星体探测仪器,功耗小,性能好,能够长时间在太空中工作,是一种新型高效的探测器。
With the process of human beings’spaceflight activities, the space debris population continues growth and severely effect the space environment. The main hazards of the micro space debris and micrometeoroids is that when it corrodes the surface of spacecraft, devices will be damaged and maybe result in the spacecraft system failure. Therefore, knowledge of the micro space debris and micrometeoroids mechanism is important to protect the safety of spacecraft.
Between the various engineering model of micro space debris and micrometeoroids there is very different for the relatively less data source. So it is necessary to detect the micro space debris and micrometeoroids for the establishment and perfection of engineering model.
This paper first analyzes micro space debris and micrometeoroids hazards and the necessary of development of micro space debris and micrometeoroids detector. A great deal of research of space exploration status and in particular a detailed study of using of PVDF piezoelectric materials as sensor is carried out. By analyses of the signal characteristics when debris impact PVDF sensor and combining time-of-flight method the micro space debris and micrometeoroids mass and velocity can be achieved. On this basis the design and technology scheme programs was proposed. Then we present the detailed physics detector design from the sensor as well as each circuit element. Finally, describe the test and the calibration program and a few improvement program and design method of a more accurate two-dimensional position detector.
This detector is the first time of developing a space-based micro-debris and micrometeoroids instrument in our country. As a new type of high-efficiency detectors, it is of Small power consumption, good performance, and can long working in space.
引文
【1】袁庆智. 天基空间碎片探测器研制. 中科院研究生院学位论文,2005.
【2】 王荣兰 刘静. MASTER, ORDEM,SDPA 三种模式的比较研究 第二届空间碎片专题研讨会, 2003. 中国国家航天局。
【3】M.A. Perkins, J.A. Simpson and A.J. Tuzzolino, A cometary and interplanetary dust experiment on the VEGA spacecraft mission to HALLEY’s comet, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A239 (1985) 310-323.
【4】J.A. Simpson and A.J. Tuzzolino,Polarized polymer films as electronic pilse detectors of cosmic dust particles, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A236 (1985) 187-202.
【 5 】 J.A. Simpson, D. Rabinowitz and A.J. Tuzzolino, COSMIC DUST INVESTIGATIONS Ⅰ. PVDF detector signal dependence on mass and velocity for penetrating particles, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A279 (1989) 611-624.
【6】袁庆智,孙越强,王世金. PVDF 压电薄膜在空间碎片探测中的应用. 中国空间科学学会空间探测专业委员会第十八次学术会议, 2005.10.中国空间科学学会
【7】A.J. Tuzzolino, R.B. McKibben, J.A. Smpson, S.BenZvi, H.D. Voss, H. Gursky, The Space Dust(SPADUS) instrument aboard the Earth-orbiting ARGOS spacecraft:Ⅰ-instrument description, Planetary and Space Science 49(2001) 689-703.
【8】袁庆智,孙越强,王世金,王晶. 天基微小空间碎片探测研究。空间科学学报, 2005,25(3):212-217。
【9】A.J. Tuzzolino, Applications of PVDF Dust Sensor System in Space, Adv. Space Res.vol.17,No.12,pp.(12)123-(12)132,1996.
【10】A.J. Tuzzolino,PVDF copolymer dust detectors: partical response and penetration characteristics, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A316 (1992) 223-237
【11】A.J. Tuzzolino, Two-dimensional position-sensing PVDF dust detectors for measurement of dust partical trajectory,velocity,and mass Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A301 (1991) 558-567
【12】A.J. Tuzzolino, R.B. McKibben, J.A. Smpson, S.BenZvi, H.D. Voss, H. Gursky, The Space Dust(SPADUS) instrument aboard the Earth-orbiting ARGOS spacecraft:Ⅱ-results form the first 16 months of flighe, Planetary and Space Science 49(2001) 705-729
【13】A.J. Tuzzolino, T.E.Economou, R.B. McKibben, J.A. Smpson, S.BenZvi, L.Blackburn, H.D. Voss, H. Gursky, Final results from the space dust(SPADUS) instrument flown aboard the Earth-orbiting ARGOS spacecraft, Planetary and Space Science 53(2005) 903-923.
【14】 A.J. Tuzzolino, Pulse amplitude method for determining the pyroelectric coefficient of pyroelectric materials, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. 212 (1983) 505-516.
【 15 】 A.J. Tuzzolino, PVDF flux/mass/velocity/trajectory system and their applications in space, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. JAN1,1994,89-94.
【16】J.A. Simpson, and A.J. Tuzzolino, COSMIC DUST INVESTIGATIONS Ⅱ.Insruments for measurement of particle trajectory,velocity and mass, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A279 (1989)625-636.
【17】都亨,张文祥,庞宝君,刘静, 空间碎片,中国宇航出版社, 2007,4
【18】祁先锋, 空间碎片观测综述, 空间碎片研究,2005,4
【19】闫军,韩增尧,曲广吉, 近地空间微流星体环境模型研究,空间碎片研究 2004,2
【20】都亨,刘静, 空间碎片研究的重要领域——军事,空间碎片研究 2003,2
【21】杨晓燕, 孙广勃,DEBIE:第一种标准型空间碎片现场检测仪,空间碎片研究 2003,1
【22】任树芳,薛富兴, 空间碎片防护研究(三), 空间碎片研究 2004,1
【23】W.G.Tanner, C.R.Maag, W.M.Alexander, S.Stephenson , Assessment of velocity/trajectory measurement technologies during a particle capture event, LPI Technical Report 94-05 79-83
【 24 】 M.BURCHELL, J.A,M,McDonnell, M.J.Cole and P.R.Ratcliff, The hypervelocity impact facilities at the university of kent at Canterbury,UK, LPI Technical Report 94-05 32-34
【25】U.Weishaupt and M.Rott, Large surface piezoceramics used for an impact detector for micrometeoroid and space debris application , Adv.Space Res vol 6,1986
【26】Design considerations for orbiting detectors for the large low-earth orbit debris population, Adv.Space Res vol 5, 63-75, 1985
【27】J.A. Simpson, Dust particle calibration of instrument for dust particle velocity and trajectory determination, NASA-CR-192410
【28】R. SRAMA, T. J. AHRENS, N. ALTOBELLI, S. AUER, J. G. BRADLEY,M. BURTON, V. V. DIKAREV, T. ECONOMOU, H. FECHTIG, , M. GO¨ RLICH,M. GRANDE, A. GRAPS, E. GRU¨ N, O. HAVNES, S. HELFERT, M.HORANYI, E. IGENBERGS, E. K. JESSBERGER, T. V. JOHNSON, S. KEMPF,A.V. KRIVOV, H. KRU¨ GER, A. MOCKER-AHLREEP, G.MORAGAS-KLOSTERMEYER, P. LAMY, M. LANDGRAF, D. LINKERT,G. LINKERT, F. LURA, J. A. M. MCDONNELL, D. MO¨ HLMANN, G. E.MORFILL, M. MU¨ LLER, M. ROY, G. SCHA¨ FER, G. SCHLOTZHAUER,G. H. SCHWEHM, F. SPAHN, M. STU¨ BIG, J. SVESTKA, V.TSCHERNJAWSKI, A. J. TUZZOLINO, R. WA¨ SCH and H. A. ZOOK,THE CASSINI COSMIC DUST ANALYZER, Space Science Reviews 114: 465–518, 2004.
【29】A. J. Tuzzolino and T. E. Economou,DUST MASS AND FLUX MEASUREMENTS ON CASSINI AND STARDUST MISSIONS WITH PVDF DETECTORS, Workshop on Cometary Dust in Astrophysics (2003)
【30】T. E. Economou, A.J. Tuzzolino, NEW DUST DATA FROM STARDUST AND CASSINI MISSIONS OBTAINED BY DFMI AND HRD INSTRUMENTS. Workshop on Dust in Planetary Systems 2005
【31】Cosmic DUNE An Observatory for the study of Interstellar and Interplanetary Dust, ESA-SCI(2001)5 Draft October 2001
【32】A.J. Tuzzolino, R.B. McKibben, J.A. Simpson, J.A.M. McDonnell, M.J. Burchell,S.F. Green, N. McBride, B.A. Vaughan, J.C. Zarnecki, P. Tsou, M.S. Hanner,B.C. Clark and D.E. Brownlee, CALIBRATION OF THE DUST FLUX MONITOR INSTRUMENT (DFMI) FOR THE STARDUST MISSION TO COMET WILD-2,January 2000
【33】J. Blum , F. Giovane , A.J. Tuzzolino , R.B. McKibben , and R. Corsaro, THE LARGE-AREA DUST DETECTION ARRAY (LADDA), www.elsevier.com/Iocate/asr
【34】刘静. 空间碎片模式研究现状和进展 第二届空间碎片专题研讨会, 2003. 中国国家航天局。
【35】 雷成明,张晓祥,顾光德,鲁春林,紫金山天文台空间碎片观测设备研制工作,第二届空间碎片专题研讨会, 2003. 中国国家航天局。
【2】 王荣兰 刘静. MASTER, ORDEM,SDPA 三种模式的比较研究 第二届空间碎片专题研讨会, 2003. 中国国家航天局。
【3】M.A. Perkins, J.A. Simpson and A.J. Tuzzolino, A cometary and interplanetary dust experiment on the VEGA spacecraft mission to HALLEY’s comet, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A239 (1985) 310-323.
【4】J.A. Simpson and A.J. Tuzzolino,Polarized polymer films as electronic pilse detectors of cosmic dust particles, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A236 (1985) 187-202.
【 5 】 J.A. Simpson, D. Rabinowitz and A.J. Tuzzolino, COSMIC DUST INVESTIGATIONS Ⅰ. PVDF detector signal dependence on mass and velocity for penetrating particles, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A279 (1989) 611-624.
【6】袁庆智,孙越强,王世金. PVDF 压电薄膜在空间碎片探测中的应用. 中国空间科学学会空间探测专业委员会第十八次学术会议, 2005.10.中国空间科学学会
【7】A.J. Tuzzolino, R.B. McKibben, J.A. Smpson, S.BenZvi, H.D. Voss, H. Gursky, The Space Dust(SPADUS) instrument aboard the Earth-orbiting ARGOS spacecraft:Ⅰ-instrument description, Planetary and Space Science 49(2001) 689-703.
【8】袁庆智,孙越强,王世金,王晶. 天基微小空间碎片探测研究。空间科学学报, 2005,25(3):212-217。
【9】A.J. Tuzzolino, Applications of PVDF Dust Sensor System in Space, Adv. Space Res.vol.17,No.12,pp.(12)123-(12)132,1996.
【10】A.J. Tuzzolino,PVDF copolymer dust detectors: partical response and penetration characteristics, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A316 (1992) 223-237
【11】A.J. Tuzzolino, Two-dimensional position-sensing PVDF dust detectors for measurement of dust partical trajectory,velocity,and mass Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A301 (1991) 558-567
【12】A.J. Tuzzolino, R.B. McKibben, J.A. Smpson, S.BenZvi, H.D. Voss, H. Gursky, The Space Dust(SPADUS) instrument aboard the Earth-orbiting ARGOS spacecraft:Ⅱ-results form the first 16 months of flighe, Planetary and Space Science 49(2001) 705-729
【13】A.J. Tuzzolino, T.E.Economou, R.B. McKibben, J.A. Smpson, S.BenZvi, L.Blackburn, H.D. Voss, H. Gursky, Final results from the space dust(SPADUS) instrument flown aboard the Earth-orbiting ARGOS spacecraft, Planetary and Space Science 53(2005) 903-923.
【14】 A.J. Tuzzolino, Pulse amplitude method for determining the pyroelectric coefficient of pyroelectric materials, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. 212 (1983) 505-516.
【 15 】 A.J. Tuzzolino, PVDF flux/mass/velocity/trajectory system and their applications in space, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. JAN1,1994,89-94.
【16】J.A. Simpson, and A.J. Tuzzolino, COSMIC DUST INVESTIGATIONS Ⅱ.Insruments for measurement of particle trajectory,velocity and mass, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A279 (1989)625-636.
【17】都亨,张文祥,庞宝君,刘静, 空间碎片,中国宇航出版社, 2007,4
【18】祁先锋, 空间碎片观测综述, 空间碎片研究,2005,4
【19】闫军,韩增尧,曲广吉, 近地空间微流星体环境模型研究,空间碎片研究 2004,2
【20】都亨,刘静, 空间碎片研究的重要领域——军事,空间碎片研究 2003,2
【21】杨晓燕, 孙广勃,DEBIE:第一种标准型空间碎片现场检测仪,空间碎片研究 2003,1
【22】任树芳,薛富兴, 空间碎片防护研究(三), 空间碎片研究 2004,1
【23】W.G.Tanner, C.R.Maag, W.M.Alexander, S.Stephenson , Assessment of velocity/trajectory measurement technologies during a particle capture event, LPI Technical Report 94-05 79-83
【 24 】 M.BURCHELL, J.A,M,McDonnell, M.J.Cole and P.R.Ratcliff, The hypervelocity impact facilities at the university of kent at Canterbury,UK, LPI Technical Report 94-05 32-34
【25】U.Weishaupt and M.Rott, Large surface piezoceramics used for an impact detector for micrometeoroid and space debris application , Adv.Space Res vol 6,1986
【26】Design considerations for orbiting detectors for the large low-earth orbit debris population, Adv.Space Res vol 5, 63-75, 1985
【27】J.A. Simpson, Dust particle calibration of instrument for dust particle velocity and trajectory determination, NASA-CR-192410
【28】R. SRAMA, T. J. AHRENS, N. ALTOBELLI, S. AUER, J. G. BRADLEY,M. BURTON, V. V. DIKAREV, T. ECONOMOU, H. FECHTIG, , M. GO¨ RLICH,M. GRANDE, A. GRAPS, E. GRU¨ N, O. HAVNES, S. HELFERT, M.HORANYI, E. IGENBERGS, E. K. JESSBERGER, T. V. JOHNSON, S. KEMPF,A.V. KRIVOV, H. KRU¨ GER, A. MOCKER-AHLREEP, G.MORAGAS-KLOSTERMEYER, P. LAMY, M. LANDGRAF, D. LINKERT,G. LINKERT, F. LURA, J. A. M. MCDONNELL, D. MO¨ HLMANN, G. E.MORFILL, M. MU¨ LLER, M. ROY, G. SCHA¨ FER, G. SCHLOTZHAUER,G. H. SCHWEHM, F. SPAHN, M. STU¨ BIG, J. SVESTKA, V.TSCHERNJAWSKI, A. J. TUZZOLINO, R. WA¨ SCH and H. A. ZOOK,THE CASSINI COSMIC DUST ANALYZER, Space Science Reviews 114: 465–518, 2004.
【29】A. J. Tuzzolino and T. E. Economou,DUST MASS AND FLUX MEASUREMENTS ON CASSINI AND STARDUST MISSIONS WITH PVDF DETECTORS, Workshop on Cometary Dust in Astrophysics (2003)
【30】T. E. Economou, A.J. Tuzzolino, NEW DUST DATA FROM STARDUST AND CASSINI MISSIONS OBTAINED BY DFMI AND HRD INSTRUMENTS. Workshop on Dust in Planetary Systems 2005
【31】Cosmic DUNE An Observatory for the study of Interstellar and Interplanetary Dust, ESA-SCI(2001)5 Draft October 2001
【32】A.J. Tuzzolino, R.B. McKibben, J.A. Simpson, J.A.M. McDonnell, M.J. Burchell,S.F. Green, N. McBride, B.A. Vaughan, J.C. Zarnecki, P. Tsou, M.S. Hanner,B.C. Clark and D.E. Brownlee, CALIBRATION OF THE DUST FLUX MONITOR INSTRUMENT (DFMI) FOR THE STARDUST MISSION TO COMET WILD-2,January 2000
【33】J. Blum , F. Giovane , A.J. Tuzzolino , R.B. McKibben , and R. Corsaro, THE LARGE-AREA DUST DETECTION ARRAY (LADDA), www.elsevier.com/Iocate/asr
【34】刘静. 空间碎片模式研究现状和进展 第二届空间碎片专题研讨会, 2003. 中国国家航天局。
【35】 雷成明,张晓祥,顾光德,鲁春林,紫金山天文台空间碎片观测设备研制工作,第二届空间碎片专题研讨会, 2003. 中国国家航天局。