空间碎片造成外空环境污染的国际法律责任
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摘要
人类征服外层空间这一神秘领域的理想由来已久,并在探索和利用外空方面也取得了重大成就,这就向外界展示了人类探索宇宙空间的能力与决心。但是随着外空事业的繁荣发展,各个国家或国际组织所制造的空间碎片数量呈迅猛发展的趋势,如今作为一种新的污染源,空间碎片的存在已对人类共同的外空环境造成了严重污染,如何才能保护好日益恶化的空间环境已经引起了人类的广泛关注。
各种体积较大的空间物体所产生的微小空间碎片如在外空大量滞留,会与运行中的空间物体相撞击,它不仅会危及宇航员的安危,还会给地面上的人类和财产造成威胁。由于空间碎片所损害的对象是近地轨道或其以外的空间区域,并且空间碎片外空环境污染的制造者主要是全球少数几个科技发达,具备较强外空活动能力的国家,因此与传统类型的损害相比,空间碎片所致外空环境污染问题有其自身特殊性。由此可知,空间碎片国际法律责任也是国际公法责任范畴中一个极为特殊的责任形式,我们应予以高度重视。
空间碎片国际法律责任有三种表现形式,首先是违反外层空间法所产生的责任；其次是国家在符合国际法和外层空间法基础之上,从事外空活动时所产生的空间碎片引起的损害责任；再次是国家实施某种违法行为时,其发射的空间物体产生的空间碎片所造成的损害责任。但是,由于目前学术界对空间碎片的研究范围不够深入,其国际法律责任也面临着基础薄弱,具体制度存在缺陷,规责原则和责任范围不完善等问题。文章立足于此,提出了完善空间碎片外空环境污染国际法律责任的构想。在主体上,除了国家、国际组织外,私人也逐渐成为外空活动的责任主体；在归责原则上,过错责任和严格责任共同构成了空间碎片外空环境污染国际法律责任的二元化责任结构体系；在实现形式上,以恢复原状为主,赔偿、保证不再犯是不能恢复原状,或恢复原状仍不能弥补损害之下的补充责任形式；在实现途径上,求偿主体可通过外交、仲裁、司法三种途径来更好的保障空间碎片造成外空环境污染的国际法律责任得以实现。
The human's ideal of conquest the outer space which is a very mysterious field has lasted for a long time, and has also made significant achievement in the exploration and use of outer space, all of these are showing the capacity and determination of human space exploration. However, as the prosperous development of outer space, the number of space debris which created by countries or international organiza-tions were increased rapidly. Now, as a new source of pollution, the existence of space debris has brought serious pollution to the outer space environment which owned by our human, what' s more, it has been becoming more and more serious. Therefore, how can we protect the space environment which has been deteriorating day by day has already arose widespread concern.
If the small space debris which produced by various sizes of larger space objects, run with the impact of space objects, they'11 not only threaten the safety of astronauts, but also pose threat both to the human and property on the ground. Because the objects damaged by space debris is the near-earth space or the area outside the near-earth space, and space debris in outer space pollution producers is the country which with the world's few major technological advances and strong capabilities in outer space activities, so compared with the traditional types of damage, the outer space environmental problems which caused by space debris has its own specificity. From this, the international legal responsibility of space debris is a very special form in the responsibility for areas of public international law, so we should be highly valued.
International legal responsibility of space debris includes three forms:Firstly, the responsibilities which violation of the outer space law; secondly, in accordance with international law and the Law of Outer Space, the space debris liability which generated due to their activities in the outer space; Thirdly, when countries do some violation, the damage liability which the space debris launched by them, However, the current academic research on space debris is not deep enough, its international legal obligations is also faced with some problems, such as a weak foundation, the specific deficiency in the system, the scope of regulatory responsi-bilities and obligations of the principle is imperfect. This article based on it, proposing the conception how to perfect the international legal responsibility which caused by space debris brought to the outer space environment. In the main, in addition to the countries and the international organiza-tions, the private has also become a main responsibility of outer space activities; In the imputation principle, fault liability and strict liability constitute the system of dual-liability structure; in the form of realization, the main form is restitution, compensation, promised not guilty is supplement-ary form when it cannot be restituted or restitution still can not compensate for damages; in the form of approaches, the claims subject can through the diplomatic, arbitration, judicial three ways to better protect the international legal responsibility which caused by space debris brought to the outer space environment come true.
各种体积较大的空间物体所产生的微小空间碎片如在外空大量滞留,会与运行中的空间物体相撞击,它不仅会危及宇航员的安危,还会给地面上的人类和财产造成威胁。由于空间碎片所损害的对象是近地轨道或其以外的空间区域,并且空间碎片外空环境污染的制造者主要是全球少数几个科技发达,具备较强外空活动能力的国家,因此与传统类型的损害相比,空间碎片所致外空环境污染问题有其自身特殊性。由此可知,空间碎片国际法律责任也是国际公法责任范畴中一个极为特殊的责任形式,我们应予以高度重视。
空间碎片国际法律责任有三种表现形式,首先是违反外层空间法所产生的责任；其次是国家在符合国际法和外层空间法基础之上,从事外空活动时所产生的空间碎片引起的损害责任；再次是国家实施某种违法行为时,其发射的空间物体产生的空间碎片所造成的损害责任。但是,由于目前学术界对空间碎片的研究范围不够深入,其国际法律责任也面临着基础薄弱,具体制度存在缺陷,规责原则和责任范围不完善等问题。文章立足于此,提出了完善空间碎片外空环境污染国际法律责任的构想。在主体上,除了国家、国际组织外,私人也逐渐成为外空活动的责任主体；在归责原则上,过错责任和严格责任共同构成了空间碎片外空环境污染国际法律责任的二元化责任结构体系；在实现形式上,以恢复原状为主,赔偿、保证不再犯是不能恢复原状,或恢复原状仍不能弥补损害之下的补充责任形式；在实现途径上,求偿主体可通过外交、仲裁、司法三种途径来更好的保障空间碎片造成外空环境污染的国际法律责任得以实现。
The human's ideal of conquest the outer space which is a very mysterious field has lasted for a long time, and has also made significant achievement in the exploration and use of outer space, all of these are showing the capacity and determination of human space exploration. However, as the prosperous development of outer space, the number of space debris which created by countries or international organiza-tions were increased rapidly. Now, as a new source of pollution, the existence of space debris has brought serious pollution to the outer space environment which owned by our human, what' s more, it has been becoming more and more serious. Therefore, how can we protect the space environment which has been deteriorating day by day has already arose widespread concern.
If the small space debris which produced by various sizes of larger space objects, run with the impact of space objects, they'11 not only threaten the safety of astronauts, but also pose threat both to the human and property on the ground. Because the objects damaged by space debris is the near-earth space or the area outside the near-earth space, and space debris in outer space pollution producers is the country which with the world's few major technological advances and strong capabilities in outer space activities, so compared with the traditional types of damage, the outer space environmental problems which caused by space debris has its own specificity. From this, the international legal responsibility of space debris is a very special form in the responsibility for areas of public international law, so we should be highly valued.
International legal responsibility of space debris includes three forms:Firstly, the responsibilities which violation of the outer space law; secondly, in accordance with international law and the Law of Outer Space, the space debris liability which generated due to their activities in the outer space; Thirdly, when countries do some violation, the damage liability which the space debris launched by them, However, the current academic research on space debris is not deep enough, its international legal obligations is also faced with some problems, such as a weak foundation, the specific deficiency in the system, the scope of regulatory responsi-bilities and obligations of the principle is imperfect. This article based on it, proposing the conception how to perfect the international legal responsibility which caused by space debris brought to the outer space environment. In the main, in addition to the countries and the international organiza-tions, the private has also become a main responsibility of outer space activities; In the imputation principle, fault liability and strict liability constitute the system of dual-liability structure; in the form of realization, the main form is restitution, compensation, promised not guilty is supplement-ary form when it cannot be restituted or restitution still can not compensate for damages; in the form of approaches, the claims subject can through the diplomatic, arbitration, judicial three ways to better protect the international legal responsibility which caused by space debris brought to the outer space environment come true.
引文
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[7]郭琛.人类外空活动与外空环境的法律保护[D],兰州：兰州大学,2007：12
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②参见《部分禁止核试验条约》第1条
① Eric Husby, Comment Sovereignty and Property Rights in Outer Space[N].Atlantic Weekly, 2004-5-22(35)
② Peter T. Limperis, Orbital Debris and the Spacefaring Nation:International Law Methods for Prevention and Reduction of Debris,and Liability Regimes for Damage Caused by Debris [J]. 15 Arizona Journal of International&Comparative Law,2000(2):10
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③ IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines
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