天基照相跟踪空间碎片轨道确定方法研究
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摘要
空间碎片严重地威胁着在轨运行航天器的安全,是一个亟待解决的难题,引起了国际上的高度重视。天基照相跟踪具有能耗低、精度高以及易于小型化实现等方面的优势,是观测中小尺寸危险空间碎片的有效手段。本文分析了天基照相跟踪的特点和基本原理,对天基照相跟踪空间碎片初始轨道确定和精密轨道确定相关理论和方法进行了深入分析和研究。论文主要工作如下:
考虑到空间碎片的特点和轨道确定研究的需要,定义了常用的坐标系统,分析了空间碎片所受的摄动力情况。
总结讨论了天基照相跟踪的特点,考虑地球遮挡、地影及跟踪太阳角等因素的影响,推导出了跟踪卫星对空间碎片的可观测条件;从底片归算原理出发,建立了天基照相跟踪的观测模型。
在没有任何空间碎片初始状态信息的情况下,为满足精密轨道对初始轨道的精度要求,提出了基于天基照相跟踪的广义Laplace初始轨道确定方法,并与数学意义上的初始轨道确定方法进行了仿真比较分析。
基于天基照相的观测模型和空间碎片的运动方程,研究了批处理精密确定空间碎片轨道的方法;为了能实时地确定空间碎片的轨道,研究了扩展Kalman滤波精密确定空间碎片轨道的方法;针对低轨道和地球同步轨道空间碎片,仿真分析了这两种方法在单个跟踪弧段和多个跟踪弧段下的定轨精度。
Space debris is an urgent problem to be solved, which has been badly threatening the security of operating spacecraft and has been attracting great emphases from international. The space-based camera tracking is an effective technique to observe dangerous space debris at a middle or small size for its advantages of lower power consuming, higher precision and easier realizing. This dissertation analyzed the characteristics and fundamental of space-based camera tracking. The correlative theories and methods were discussed and researched particularly, including initial orbit determination and precise orbit determination with space-based camera tracking data. The main contributions of this dissertation are demonstrated as follows:
In view of the characteristics of space debris and the demand of orbit determination research, some commonly used reference frames were defined and the perturbative forces acting on space debris were analyzed.
The characteristics of space-based camera tracking were generalized and discussed. Considering the influence of the shelter from the earth, the earth shadow and the angle of sunlight when tracking, the observable conditions of space debris from tracking satellite were deduced. Based on the principle of negative reduction, the observation models based on space-based camera tracking were built.
Without any space debris initial status information, the generalized Laplace method for initial orbit determination based on space-based camera tracking was put forward to meet the precision of initial orbit determination for the demand of precise orbit. Moreover, this method was compared with the means of mathematics by the way of simulation analysis.
According to the observation models based on space-based camera tracking and the kinetic equations, the batch process for space debris precise orbit determination was studied. The Extended Kalman Filtering method was used to compute the real-time orbit of space debris. For both low earth orbit space debris and geosynchronous orbit space debris, the precisions of these methods were simulated and analyzed using one tracking arc or several tracking arcs.
考虑到空间碎片的特点和轨道确定研究的需要,定义了常用的坐标系统,分析了空间碎片所受的摄动力情况。
总结讨论了天基照相跟踪的特点,考虑地球遮挡、地影及跟踪太阳角等因素的影响,推导出了跟踪卫星对空间碎片的可观测条件;从底片归算原理出发,建立了天基照相跟踪的观测模型。
在没有任何空间碎片初始状态信息的情况下,为满足精密轨道对初始轨道的精度要求,提出了基于天基照相跟踪的广义Laplace初始轨道确定方法,并与数学意义上的初始轨道确定方法进行了仿真比较分析。
基于天基照相的观测模型和空间碎片的运动方程,研究了批处理精密确定空间碎片轨道的方法;为了能实时地确定空间碎片的轨道,研究了扩展Kalman滤波精密确定空间碎片轨道的方法;针对低轨道和地球同步轨道空间碎片,仿真分析了这两种方法在单个跟踪弧段和多个跟踪弧段下的定轨精度。
Space debris is an urgent problem to be solved, which has been badly threatening the security of operating spacecraft and has been attracting great emphases from international. The space-based camera tracking is an effective technique to observe dangerous space debris at a middle or small size for its advantages of lower power consuming, higher precision and easier realizing. This dissertation analyzed the characteristics and fundamental of space-based camera tracking. The correlative theories and methods were discussed and researched particularly, including initial orbit determination and precise orbit determination with space-based camera tracking data. The main contributions of this dissertation are demonstrated as follows:
In view of the characteristics of space debris and the demand of orbit determination research, some commonly used reference frames were defined and the perturbative forces acting on space debris were analyzed.
The characteristics of space-based camera tracking were generalized and discussed. Considering the influence of the shelter from the earth, the earth shadow and the angle of sunlight when tracking, the observable conditions of space debris from tracking satellite were deduced. Based on the principle of negative reduction, the observation models based on space-based camera tracking were built.
Without any space debris initial status information, the generalized Laplace method for initial orbit determination based on space-based camera tracking was put forward to meet the precision of initial orbit determination for the demand of precise orbit. Moreover, this method was compared with the means of mathematics by the way of simulation analysis.
According to the observation models based on space-based camera tracking and the kinetic equations, the batch process for space debris precise orbit determination was studied. The Extended Kalman Filtering method was used to compute the real-time orbit of space debris. For both low earth orbit space debris and geosynchronous orbit space debris, the precisions of these methods were simulated and analyzed using one tracking arc or several tracking arcs.
引文
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[19]吕洁,吴季,孙波.天基雷达观测空间碎片的研究现状及关键技术分析[J].航天返回与遥感. 2003, 24(4):28-33.
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