高速车轮失圆对轮轨动力作用的影响及其监测方法研究
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摘要
本文基于高速车轮失圆问题对轮轨间动力特性的影响,提出了一种基于PVDF(Polyvinylidene Fluoride)压电传感技术的铁路轮轨力监测方法,为高速列车运行安全监测提供了新思路。围绕高速铁路轮轨力实时监测方法研究所涉及关键技术进行了深入的理论分析和试验研究,在对车辆轨道相互作用模型、铁道车辆动力学仿真技术、铁路车轮失圆和轮轨力检测技术、以及PVDF压电传感技术的应用研究现状与发展趋势进行归纳和总结的基础上,主要进行了以下方面的研究工作：
(1)基于车辆轨道垂、横向耦合动力学理论,采用铁道车辆动力学仿真技术,建立了高速车辆轨道系统动力学仿真分析模型。车辆系统采用能够反映列车动力学性能的整车模型,轨道结构视为多层支承体系,仅考虑了钢轨的垂向和横向振动自由度,在保证计算精度的前提下提高了仿真效率；提出了车轮瞬时滚动圆是非圆时轮轨接触几何参数和轮轨作用力的计算方法。
(2)系统分析了铁路车轮失圆的特征并对其进行了定义分类,提出了一种新的车轮失圆数学描述,结合所建立的高速车辆轨道耦合系统动力学仿真模型,分析计算了各种常见车轮失圆问题所引起的轮轨动力作用特征及其随列车运行速度的变化规律,给出了高速情形下车轮失圆度的安全限值,从而为识别不同类型的车轮失圆问题引起的轮轨力异常情况提供理论依据。
(3)提出了基于PVDF压电传感技术的铁路轮轨力监测新方法。首先,通过有限元分析研究了不同工况下钢轨应力、应变分布规律,并结合车轮不圆度与轮轨动力作用的关系,提出了总体监测方案和轮轨力测量合理的贴片位置；其次,建立了轮轨作用力与PVDF压电传感输出的理论关系模型,提出了轮轨作用力测试原理,讨论了实际应用中压电传感元件粘贴偏差角的存在对输出结果的影响；此外,通过有限元仿真验证和实验研究,对PVDF压电应变传感器和普通电阻应变片的动态特性和抗干扰特性进行了对比分析,验证了本文提出的铁路轮轨力监测原理和测试方法的正确性与可行性。
(4)根据铁路轮轨力监测对采集系统的要求,提出了针对压电传感器的振动信号采集与数据分析处理系统方案,进行了系统硬件选型与软件编制。利用MATLAB语言自身的特点弥补了一些现有软件开发时的缺点,实现了数据实时采集、分析、显示与存储以及远程监测和在线诊断的功能,而且该测控软件能够在多种环境中移植,为建立统一的铁路轮轨力测试平台奠定了基础。
The influence on dynamic response of wheel-rail system under out-of-round wheel excitation and wheel-rail force monitoring method are the topic in the thesis. Based on characteristic of wheel/rail dynamic interaction forces caused by out-of-round railway wheels, a new method based on PVDF piezoelectric sensing technology is presented for the test of vertical and horizontal wheel/rail forces. The study is very important for enhancing the stability and economy signification of rail transmission.
The present situation and developing trend of the key technology related to the study of high-speed railway wheel/rail interaction force real-time monitoring method based on PVDF pieozelectric sensing technology is summarized, including the types of train-track system dynamic models, the theory of multi-body system dynamics simulation, the study methods of out-of-wheel, the testing technology of wheel/rail force, and the related piezoelectric sensing technology and its applications in railway train running safety monitoring.The main research work in the present dissertation involves:
(1) On the basis of the theory of vehicle-track vertical and lateral coupling dynamics and by means of simulation software ADAMS/Rail, a three-dimensional train-track simulation model is established to study the influence on dynamic response of wheel-rail interaction forces under excitation of out-of-round wheels. The characteristics of the models are:a whole passenger car and a track are coupled in vertical and lateral; In the vehicle model, the spring damper elements are used to simulate the links between the car body and the bogie, the bogie and the wheel. Worn-tread vehicle wheels are established, and the air spring is simulated with Krettek air spring model; Track is considered as two layer continuous-point supported rail model. The rail coupling elements have a vertical and lateral translational degree of freedom related to the sleeper, which improves the efficiency under the premise of ensuring simulation accuracy; Based on Hertz contact theory and Kalker rolling contact theory, interaction and relation between wheel and rail with unroundness wheels are discussed in detail.
(2) The thesis describes the characteristics of unroundness of wheel tread profile and classifies out-of-round wheels. A new method to describe out-of-round wheel profiles on high speed trains is presented. By means of vehicle-track system dynamic simulation model, the thesis systematically studies the influence on dynamic response of wheel/rail impact vibration due to flat wheels, non-circular wheels, eccentric wheels, wheel polygonaligation, etc. The variations of impact vibrations with the train running speeds are given out. The relasitonship between safety threshold of wheel unroundness and vehicle speed is set up. The view that it is of important significance to establish wheel/rail force real-time monitoring system is expanded, so that abnormal conditions caused by out-of-round wheels can be detected in time, to ensure high-speed railway traffic safety.
(3) A new method based on PVDF piezoelectric sensing technology is presented for measuring wheel/rail loads. The method sticks PVDF strain sensor to rails and realizes continuous measurement of vertical and lateral wheel/rail contact forces by measuring the several places on the rail plate. First of all, the thesis analyzes the distribution rule of the rail plate strain influenced by the horizontal and vertical force, rotate speed of the wheel, and bending moment produced by the change of contact point based on the finite element analysis, combined with the characteristic of wheel/rail interaction force under excitation of out-of-roundness wheels, then the best position of stick PVDF strain patch is found through the calculation. Secondly, by means of the wheel/rail interaction characteristics, the restriction condition of track and strain sensing principle of PVDF films, theoretical model and Finite Element Model of relationship between PVDF sensor output and wheel/rail loads are set up, and principle for measuring vertical and lateral wheel/rail contact forces is proposed. Thirdly, numerical analyses by Finite Element Method and calibration test have been carried out to verify the feasibility of the method presented in this paper. Finally, a series of tests were carried out to compare the performance of PVDF strain sensors with the one of strain gauges. The results show that the PVDF strain sensor has better reliability in wheel/rail force monitoring.
(4) Based on the demand of wheel/rail force monitoring, the hardware platform and the scheme of data acquisition and processing system for PVDF strain sensor is brought out. This thesis puts emphases on the software of the data acquisition and processing system. The system makes up some of the shortcomings of existing software by means of MATLAB language. The data acquisition system can take in the parameters of PVDF strain sensor, acquire the signal, display in real-time and save the data with the data acquisition toolbox of MATLAB, buffer technology and multi-threading technology of operating system. The system realizes the analysis of sensor data and signal processing based on MATLAB signal processing toolbox and MATLAB library function. The system has friendly Human-Computer Interface with MATLAB GUI. We employed Matlab Web Server technology to meet the demand of remote monitoring. The software can be transplanted in a variety of environments because of using the interface functions.
(1)基于车辆轨道垂、横向耦合动力学理论,采用铁道车辆动力学仿真技术,建立了高速车辆轨道系统动力学仿真分析模型。车辆系统采用能够反映列车动力学性能的整车模型,轨道结构视为多层支承体系,仅考虑了钢轨的垂向和横向振动自由度,在保证计算精度的前提下提高了仿真效率；提出了车轮瞬时滚动圆是非圆时轮轨接触几何参数和轮轨作用力的计算方法。
(2)系统分析了铁路车轮失圆的特征并对其进行了定义分类,提出了一种新的车轮失圆数学描述,结合所建立的高速车辆轨道耦合系统动力学仿真模型,分析计算了各种常见车轮失圆问题所引起的轮轨动力作用特征及其随列车运行速度的变化规律,给出了高速情形下车轮失圆度的安全限值,从而为识别不同类型的车轮失圆问题引起的轮轨力异常情况提供理论依据。
(3)提出了基于PVDF压电传感技术的铁路轮轨力监测新方法。首先,通过有限元分析研究了不同工况下钢轨应力、应变分布规律,并结合车轮不圆度与轮轨动力作用的关系,提出了总体监测方案和轮轨力测量合理的贴片位置；其次,建立了轮轨作用力与PVDF压电传感输出的理论关系模型,提出了轮轨作用力测试原理,讨论了实际应用中压电传感元件粘贴偏差角的存在对输出结果的影响；此外,通过有限元仿真验证和实验研究,对PVDF压电应变传感器和普通电阻应变片的动态特性和抗干扰特性进行了对比分析,验证了本文提出的铁路轮轨力监测原理和测试方法的正确性与可行性。
(4)根据铁路轮轨力监测对采集系统的要求,提出了针对压电传感器的振动信号采集与数据分析处理系统方案,进行了系统硬件选型与软件编制。利用MATLAB语言自身的特点弥补了一些现有软件开发时的缺点,实现了数据实时采集、分析、显示与存储以及远程监测和在线诊断的功能,而且该测控软件能够在多种环境中移植,为建立统一的铁路轮轨力测试平台奠定了基础。
The influence on dynamic response of wheel-rail system under out-of-round wheel excitation and wheel-rail force monitoring method are the topic in the thesis. Based on characteristic of wheel/rail dynamic interaction forces caused by out-of-round railway wheels, a new method based on PVDF piezoelectric sensing technology is presented for the test of vertical and horizontal wheel/rail forces. The study is very important for enhancing the stability and economy signification of rail transmission.
The present situation and developing trend of the key technology related to the study of high-speed railway wheel/rail interaction force real-time monitoring method based on PVDF pieozelectric sensing technology is summarized, including the types of train-track system dynamic models, the theory of multi-body system dynamics simulation, the study methods of out-of-wheel, the testing technology of wheel/rail force, and the related piezoelectric sensing technology and its applications in railway train running safety monitoring.The main research work in the present dissertation involves:
(1) On the basis of the theory of vehicle-track vertical and lateral coupling dynamics and by means of simulation software ADAMS/Rail, a three-dimensional train-track simulation model is established to study the influence on dynamic response of wheel-rail interaction forces under excitation of out-of-round wheels. The characteristics of the models are:a whole passenger car and a track are coupled in vertical and lateral; In the vehicle model, the spring damper elements are used to simulate the links between the car body and the bogie, the bogie and the wheel. Worn-tread vehicle wheels are established, and the air spring is simulated with Krettek air spring model; Track is considered as two layer continuous-point supported rail model. The rail coupling elements have a vertical and lateral translational degree of freedom related to the sleeper, which improves the efficiency under the premise of ensuring simulation accuracy; Based on Hertz contact theory and Kalker rolling contact theory, interaction and relation between wheel and rail with unroundness wheels are discussed in detail.
(2) The thesis describes the characteristics of unroundness of wheel tread profile and classifies out-of-round wheels. A new method to describe out-of-round wheel profiles on high speed trains is presented. By means of vehicle-track system dynamic simulation model, the thesis systematically studies the influence on dynamic response of wheel/rail impact vibration due to flat wheels, non-circular wheels, eccentric wheels, wheel polygonaligation, etc. The variations of impact vibrations with the train running speeds are given out. The relasitonship between safety threshold of wheel unroundness and vehicle speed is set up. The view that it is of important significance to establish wheel/rail force real-time monitoring system is expanded, so that abnormal conditions caused by out-of-round wheels can be detected in time, to ensure high-speed railway traffic safety.
(3) A new method based on PVDF piezoelectric sensing technology is presented for measuring wheel/rail loads. The method sticks PVDF strain sensor to rails and realizes continuous measurement of vertical and lateral wheel/rail contact forces by measuring the several places on the rail plate. First of all, the thesis analyzes the distribution rule of the rail plate strain influenced by the horizontal and vertical force, rotate speed of the wheel, and bending moment produced by the change of contact point based on the finite element analysis, combined with the characteristic of wheel/rail interaction force under excitation of out-of-roundness wheels, then the best position of stick PVDF strain patch is found through the calculation. Secondly, by means of the wheel/rail interaction characteristics, the restriction condition of track and strain sensing principle of PVDF films, theoretical model and Finite Element Model of relationship between PVDF sensor output and wheel/rail loads are set up, and principle for measuring vertical and lateral wheel/rail contact forces is proposed. Thirdly, numerical analyses by Finite Element Method and calibration test have been carried out to verify the feasibility of the method presented in this paper. Finally, a series of tests were carried out to compare the performance of PVDF strain sensors with the one of strain gauges. The results show that the PVDF strain sensor has better reliability in wheel/rail force monitoring.
(4) Based on the demand of wheel/rail force monitoring, the hardware platform and the scheme of data acquisition and processing system for PVDF strain sensor is brought out. This thesis puts emphases on the software of the data acquisition and processing system. The system makes up some of the shortcomings of existing software by means of MATLAB language. The data acquisition system can take in the parameters of PVDF strain sensor, acquire the signal, display in real-time and save the data with the data acquisition toolbox of MATLAB, buffer technology and multi-threading technology of operating system. The system realizes the analysis of sensor data and signal processing based on MATLAB signal processing toolbox and MATLAB library function. The system has friendly Human-Computer Interface with MATLAB GUI. We employed Matlab Web Server technology to meet the demand of remote monitoring. The software can be transplanted in a variety of environments because of using the interface functions.
引文
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