电容式电压互感器暂态特性研究
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摘要
电容式电压互感器(Capacitor Voltage Transformer，简称CVT)用于110kV及以上电压等级的电力系统的电压测量、电能计量、继电保护，其电容分压器可代替耦合电容器用于电力线载波通讯，并为高频保护提供讯号传递通道。在正常状态下，一次系统处于正弦稳态，CVT部件的可靠设计和调谐可以确保二次输出电压的真实性和准确性。由于电容式电压互感器电路固有的特性，其暂态特性较差。本论文围绕着CVT暂态特性所带来的问题及解决方法，进行了以下几个方面的研究：
(1)建立了计及电容电压初值的CVT暂态等值电路模型。从理论上说明了电容分压器的电容电压初值对CVT暂态电路模型的影响。
(2)应用MATLAB软件中的Power System Block-Set(PSB)和SIMULINK仿真工具，建立了CVT暂态模型。实现了对CVT暂态特性仿真和研究。最后通过与实验结果的对比，进一步验证了基于MATLAB／SIMULINK所建立的CVT暂态模型的可信性。
(3)给出了一种利用MATLAB神经网络工具箱来修正CVT的二次电压失真问题的方法。通过检验不同参数情况下人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Network，ANN)的结果，表明提出的方法是正确的。并指出这一方法可以和微机保护算法结合起来。
(4)在建立的暂态模型中，利用电力系统分析元件(POWERLIB)通过改变CVT的各种参数，研究了电容电压初值和阻尼器参数对CVT的影响。找出CVT出现最严重铁磁谐振的情况。为今后的CVT设计和分析提供一个相对可靠、准确的系统仿真模型，以提高预测的准确性。
The capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is widely applied in power systems of 110kV or more. It can be used for the measurement of voltage relay protection. Its capacitor divider can replace the coupling capacitor for carrier communication of the power transmission line, and it can be used for the transmission thoroughfare of the signal for high frequency of relay protection as well. Proper design and tuning of CVT components guarantee that its output is the required replica of the input (system voltage) under steady-state conditions. Due to the circuit inherent characteristics of CVT, its transients response is poor. The problem of CVT transient characteristic and solution are studied. This thesis researches and achievements are stated in following paragraph.
(1) This paper established the transient equivalent circuit of CVT. Illustrate that the initial capacitor voltage values influence the model of CVT in theory.
(2) Through the application of Power System Block-Set and Simulink based on MATLAB software, to achieve digital calculation and simulation of the CVT transient process. Lastly the experiments were performed with a sample CVT, and validate the model furthermore.
(3) Presents the use of MATLAB neural network toolboxes to correct capacitor voltage transformer secondary waveform distortions. Performance studies results that the propose method is accurate. Presents the method can be incorporated within the digital protective relaying algorithm.
(4) Using the CVT transient models, Through the application of Powerlib we can conveniently change different parameters and study the initial capacitor voltage values, damper resistence influence the ferroresonances process, by which we are able to determine the conditions for the occurrence of the most serious ferroresonances. Supply a relative credibility and accuracy system simulation model for the futurity design and study of CVT.
(1)建立了计及电容电压初值的CVT暂态等值电路模型。从理论上说明了电容分压器的电容电压初值对CVT暂态电路模型的影响。
(2)应用MATLAB软件中的Power System Block-Set(PSB)和SIMULINK仿真工具，建立了CVT暂态模型。实现了对CVT暂态特性仿真和研究。最后通过与实验结果的对比，进一步验证了基于MATLAB／SIMULINK所建立的CVT暂态模型的可信性。
(3)给出了一种利用MATLAB神经网络工具箱来修正CVT的二次电压失真问题的方法。通过检验不同参数情况下人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Network，ANN)的结果，表明提出的方法是正确的。并指出这一方法可以和微机保护算法结合起来。
(4)在建立的暂态模型中，利用电力系统分析元件(POWERLIB)通过改变CVT的各种参数，研究了电容电压初值和阻尼器参数对CVT的影响。找出CVT出现最严重铁磁谐振的情况。为今后的CVT设计和分析提供一个相对可靠、准确的系统仿真模型，以提高预测的准确性。
The capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is widely applied in power systems of 110kV or more. It can be used for the measurement of voltage relay protection. Its capacitor divider can replace the coupling capacitor for carrier communication of the power transmission line, and it can be used for the transmission thoroughfare of the signal for high frequency of relay protection as well. Proper design and tuning of CVT components guarantee that its output is the required replica of the input (system voltage) under steady-state conditions. Due to the circuit inherent characteristics of CVT, its transients response is poor. The problem of CVT transient characteristic and solution are studied. This thesis researches and achievements are stated in following paragraph.
(1) This paper established the transient equivalent circuit of CVT. Illustrate that the initial capacitor voltage values influence the model of CVT in theory.
(2) Through the application of Power System Block-Set and Simulink based on MATLAB software, to achieve digital calculation and simulation of the CVT transient process. Lastly the experiments were performed with a sample CVT, and validate the model furthermore.
(3) Presents the use of MATLAB neural network toolboxes to correct capacitor voltage transformer secondary waveform distortions. Performance studies results that the propose method is accurate. Presents the method can be incorporated within the digital protective relaying algorithm.
(4) Using the CVT transient models, Through the application of Powerlib we can conveniently change different parameters and study the initial capacitor voltage values, damper resistence influence the ferroresonances process, by which we are able to determine the conditions for the occurrence of the most serious ferroresonances. Supply a relative credibility and accuracy system simulation model for the futurity design and study of CVT.
引文
[1] 西北电网上高一级电压的必要性和可能性研究—西北电网高一级电压等级专题报告之二[R]．NO．N9804国家电力公司电力科学研究院．1998．11
[2] 国家750kV电网的运行可靠性及经济性研究—西北电网高一级电压等级选择专题报告之七[R]．No．X9836国家电力科学研究院．1998．11
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[2] 国家750kV电网的运行可靠性及经济性研究—西北电网高一级电压等级选择专题报告之七[R]．No．X9836国家电力科学研究院．1998．11
[3] Trench Electric. Instruction Manual for Capacitor VoltageTransformers Bulletin IM500-05[J]. Trench Electric. Ontario, Canada, Nov, 1988
[4] 朱洁．电容式电压互感器的理论与实践[J]．电力电容器．1986(4)：29～33
[5] 郁惟镛，吴小建．电容式电压互感器暂态响应的数字仿真研究[J]．继电器．1998(2)：27～32
[6] M.J.Wiseman.CVT Transient Behavior during Shunt Switching[J].Ontario Hydro Study NO. W401, APR. 15.1993
[7] S. K. Chakravarthy and C. V. Nayar.Ferroresonant Oscillation in Capacitor Voltage Transformers[J]. Circuits syst. Vol. 142, NO. 1, Feb.1995:30～36
[8] L. A. Wright, and K. Morsztyn. Subharmonic Oscillations in Power Systems-Theory and Practice[J]. IEEE Trans, 1970,PAS-89:1805～1815
[9] 王德忠．500kV电容式电压互感器，电气一葛洲坝工程丛书[M]．北京：水利电力出版社．1985，137～139
[10] 王德忠等．速饱和电抗型阻尼器的研究[J]．电工技术学报．2000，15(1)：41～46
[11] 何彬等．互感器暂态特性对超高压电力系统继电保护装置的影响[J]．电力系统自动化．1980，16(1)：37～49．
[12] L.P.Gavero. Synthetic Testing of Protective Equipment. International Conference on Development in Power System Protection[J]. 1975, 18(3): 45～48
[13] Measuring Transducers and Protective Relays. Proceeding of the International Meeting on Data Processing in HV stations[J]. Liege, June. 1973.
[14] G. A. Gertsth, F. Antolic, etal. Capacitor Voltage Transformers and Protective Relays[J] CIGRE Report, 3～14,1968
[15] Working Group c-5 of the system protection Subcommittee of the IEEE Power Engineering Transaction[J]. The Institution of Engineers, Australia, Vol. EE14, NO. 2,1978:59～63
[31] 石启新，谈顺涛．基于MATLAB的电压互感器铁磁谐振数字仿真[J]．高电压技术．2004，30(8)：25～27
[32] 黄绍平，李永坚．基于MATLAB的变压器空载合闸瞬变过程仿真研究[J]．继电器．2004，32(8)：19～21
[33] A.Sweetantana. Transient Response Characteristic of Capacitive Device[J]. IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst, Vol. PAS-89, Nov/Dec, 1970:1989～1997
[34] M.A.Hughes Distance. Relay Performance as Affected by Capacitor Voltage Transformers[J]. Proc. IEEE, Vol. 121, NO. 19, 1974:1557～1566
[35] A.E.ARAUJQ, A.C.SOUDACK Ferroresonance in Power System: Chaotic-Behavior [J]. IEEE Proc. C, 1993,140(3):237～240
[36] M. Kezunovic, C.W. Fromen et al. Digital Models of Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers for Protective Relay Transient studies[J]. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, NO.4,Oct, 1992:1927～1935
[37] P.G.Mclaren, J.R.Lucas, etal. A Digital Simulation Model for a CCVT in Relay Studies[J]. In IPEC'93, Singapore, Mar. 1993
[38] 施静辉．CVT暂态特性对距离保护的影响及解决方案的仿真研究[D]．西安交通大学硕士学位论．2002
[39] 任桂英，刘宗歧，郭家骥等．电力系统故障时CVT响应的研究[J]．华北电力学院学报．1995(4)：35～40
[40] Ryszard Malewski and Jean Douville, Measurement of Transient Response of EHV Capacitor Voltage Transformers[J]. A Paper Recommended by Measurements Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for Presentation at the IEEE Summer Meeting, Los Angeles,CA,July 1978: 16～21
[41] 于秀英译．电容式电压互感器的特性和应用[J]．电容式电压互感器—国内外资料汇编，西安：西安电力电容器研究所．1995．3
[42] 朱子述．电力系统过电压[M]．上海：上海交通大学出版社．1995．10
[43] D. C. Jiles and D. L. Atherton. Theory of Ferromagnetic hytersis[J], Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,Vol. 61,1986:48～60
[44] A.Clerice, and Didriksen, CH. Dynamic Over Voltages and Ferroresonance Found in Switching Surge Studies for Iran 400KVSystem[J]. IEEE Trans, 1972, PAS-91: 195～203
[45] Emin Z, Aizahawi B A T. Ferroresonance in electromagnetic voltage transformers: A study based on nonlinear dynamics[J]. IEE Proc2Gener Trans Distrib, 1997,144(4): 3832387
[46] 张玲，郝春娟．电压互感器铁磁谐振过电压及防止[J]．电力自动化设备．2000，20(3)：29～31
[47] 王晓琪，叶国雄，修木洪．速饱和型阻尼器对CVT铁磁谐振抑制特性的研究[J]．高电压技术．1998，24(3)：80～83
[48] 王秀艳，田阳，于丽影．半导体阻尼器在CVT中的应用[J]．电力电容器．2003(3)：4～7
[49] 杨育霞，鲁改凤．电容分压器设计中一个不可忽略的问题[J]．电气自动化．2005(4)：23～25
[50] 杜志叶，阮江军，王伟刚．应用MATLAB／SIMULINK仿真研究铁磁谐振[J]．高电压技术．2004，30(9)：30～33
[51] Tziouvaras D A, M cLaren P, Alexander G Mathematical models for current, voltage, and coupling capacitor voltage transformers[J]. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 2000, 15(1): 62～72
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