基于AlGaAs光学非线性效应的全光信号处理研究
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摘要
随着人类社会的发展，人们对信息的需求与日俱增，通信和网络已渗透到人类社会的方方面面，各种数据业务和多媒体业务的快速发展更进一步刺激着现有通信技术特别是光纤通信技术日新月异的发展。基于全光方式交换数据和信息的全光网络因有望解决传统光网络中光-电-光转换的电子瓶颈问题而成为了光通信网络发展的趋势和业界共识。全光网络的构建必然要求各种信号处理如波长转换，码型转换，逻辑开关，路由选择，3R再生等使用全光的方式完成。
全光信号处理可以通过应用特殊材料中的光学非线性效应实现，基于光学非线性效应实现全光信号处理具有响应速度快，通信容量高等优点，另一方面，随着半导体技术的进步，光电子器件正向小型化，集成化方向发展。AlGaAs拥有丰富的二阶、三阶非线性效应，易于与其它半导体光器件集成，工艺成熟，成为了制作全光信号处理器件的理想材料。在非线性的应用中，非线性的转换效率与器件中的光强度成正向对应关系，微环谐振腔可以在增加光强的同时增加光与物质相互作用时间，这可以提高非线性的转换效率。本论文应用AlGaAs中的二阶、三阶非线性效应与微环谐振腔结合实现全光波长转换，全光逻辑门，全光计算，全光UWB信号产生等全光信号处理，其主要内容概括如下：
(1)在介绍了AlGaAs的材料及光学非线性特性的基础上，从麦氏方程出发推导了其非线性效应表达方程。简要分析了当前各向同性介质中二阶非线性效应相位匹配的方法。鉴于本论文中大多数器件的设计是基于微环谐振腔实现的，在理论部分对微环谐振腔做了详细介绍，推导了稳态情况下微环的传输函数及其他相关函数，对微环性能的评价参数做了解释，着重对微环谐振腔的相位传输特性做了讨论，分析了不同耦合系数下的相移特性以及振幅变化规律，最后介绍了AlGaAs器件的一般制作工艺。
(2)基于非线性极化产生的过程，理论推导了角度准相位匹配(AQPM)的匹配条件。为了解决AlGaAs弯曲波导中的角度准相位匹配时弯曲半径过小的困难，这里引入了形式双折射，通过把形式双折射与角度准相位匹配结合在微环谐振腔中实现有效的倍频产生(SHG)。分析了耦合系数，波导损耗，输入功率，微环Q因子等对转换效率的影响，给出了各种条件下的理论转换效率，并对双折射微环谐振腔的制作工艺提供了可能性的方案。进一步扩展方案于无谐振的弯曲波导用以实现宽带宽的波长转换。
(3)把AlGaAs中的交叉相位调制(XPM)与微环谐振腔结合以实现小功率输入情况下的大相位调制，在此基础上提出了基于微环谐振腔级联实现全光的XOR、XNOR、NOT逻辑操作的方案，接着又使用一个变形的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)与微环谐振腔结合实现了AND、NAND、OR、NOR、NOT、XOR和XNOR全部七种基本逻辑操作。在此基础上，提出用AlGaAs微环谐振腔与波导结合的单一器件实现半加，半减，全加，全减四种基本的逻辑计算，这里四种计算功能的切换依靠选择不同的信号光输入端口和输入强度实现。
(4) DPSK码型在光通信中已经大量使用，DPSK码若要正确传输信号，需要对传输信息进行预编码。传统的DPSK预编码是在电域中完成的，本论文基于DPSK预编码是依靠XOR逻辑操作来实现的这一事实，提出使用全光的XOR逻辑操作来实现光域内的DPSK预编码过程。
(5)在讨论了利用AlGaAs微环谐振腔中的XPM实现对探测光相位大范围调制的基础上，提出把微环谐振腔与马赫-曾德尔干涉仪结合实现超宽带(UWB)脉冲的产生，采用两环级联实现一阶(Monocycle)和二阶(Doublet)UWB信号产生，采用单个微环与MZI结合实现二阶UWB信号脉冲产生。详细讨论了器件延时，输入功率，泵浦脉冲宽度等对UWB频谱分布的影响。
(6)本论文的方案中广泛使用了微环谐振腔的相移特性，而这里微环谐振腔传输相位移动本质上是由微环谐振腔内的有效折射率变化造成的。实现有效折射率变化可以通过电光效应，双光子吸收，自相位调制和交叉相位调制等实现，我们对它们做了一个简单描述并分析使用倍频效应与单光子吸收产生自由载流子从而实现对微环谐振腔内有效折射率进行控制的可能性。
With the development of human society, people’s demand for information is boomingday by day, and communication and network has penetrated into every corner of humansociety. The rapid development of the various services, such as voice, data and multimedia,has boosted the communication technology, especially optical fiber communicationtechnology. The all-optical network with data and information exchange based on usingall-optical methods hopefully solves the bottlenecks of O-E-O in traditional optical network,which has become an inevitable trend and consensus in the optical network field. Theconstruction of all-optical network is required various signal processings, such aswavelength conversion, format conversion, logic switches, routing selection and3Rregeneration and so on, all of which can be achieved by using all-optical methods.
All-optical signal processing can be obtained using optical nonlinear effects in thenonlinear materials. The all-optical signal processing based on optical nonlinear effects hasdistinct advantages of ultra-fast response, high-capacity communication. Meanwhile, withthe development of semiconductor technology, optoelectronic devices are developingtowards miniaturization and integration. AlGaAs, with characteristic of great second-orderand third-order nonlinearity effects, mature production technology and easy to be integratedwith other semiconductor devices, makes itself as an ideal material for all-optical signalprocessing devices. In nonlinearity application, there is a positive correspondence betweennonlinearity conversion efficiency and the light intensity in optical devices. Microringresonator can increase the time of interaction between the light and matter with the increaseof the light intensity, which has greatly improved the nonlinearity conversion efficiency.
All-optical signal processing, such as all-optical wavelength conversion, all-opticallogic gates, all-optical computing, all-optical UWB signal generation and so on, can beobtained with the help of microring resonator and the second-order or third-ordernonlinearity effects based on AlGaAs, the detailed contents can be found as follows:
(1) The material properties and nonlinear characteristics of AlGaAs are discussed indetails; nonlinearity effect expression equation has been derived based on Maxwellequation. For second-order nonlinearity effect, various current methods of phase matchingin isotropy media are presented. Considering the design of most devices in this thesis is based on microring resonator, details about microring resonator are theorecticallyinvestigated. Microring resonator transfer functions and other related functions at stablestate are derived. Evaluation parameters for microring resonator performance are alsointroduced and explained. Here focus on phase transfer functions of microring resonator,analyze phase shift characteristics with different coupling coefficient and the amplitude ofvibration, finally, and discuss the manufacture technology of AlGaAs devices.
(2) AQPM matching conditions are theorectically derived based on the process ofnonlinear polarization generation. To avoid too small bending radius in AQPM withAlGaAs bend waveguide, we propose to use in combining the form birefringence andAQPM in microring resonator to realize effective Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG),analyze the impacts of coupling coefficient, waveguide losses, input power, microring Qfactor on the conversion efficiency, present the theoretical conversion efficiency in differentconditions, as well as provide the possibilities for making birefringence microring resonator.On that basis, we further analyze to utilize AQPM and form birefringence to realize theeffective wavelength conversion in bent waveguide.
(3) We propose to use a method of combining of cross phase modulation (XPM) inAlGaAs with microring resonator to obtain large phase modulation in the conditions oflower power input. And this dissertation puts forward to realize all-optical XOR、XNOR、NOT logical operation based on microring resonators cascade，and then a deformable MZIis used in combination with microring resonators to obtain all of the seven logicaloperations: AND、NAND、OR、NOR、NOT、XOR and XNOR. On this basis, a devicedesigned to combine AlGaAs microring resonators with waveguide to obtain four basiclogical computation (half adder, half subtracter，full adder，full subtracter) is presented inthis dissertation. The switching between the above mentioned logical computation isdepends on the use of different signal input ports and input intensity.
(4) DPSK has been widely used in optical communications, but to correctly transmitsignals, it needs to pre-code the transmitting information. It is known that traditional DPSKpre-coding is completed in the electrical domain. In this dissertation, we propose to useall-optical XOR logical operation to achieve DPSK pre-coding in the optical domain basedon the fact that the realization of DPSK pre-coding depends on XOR logical operation.
(5) Based on the discussion of using XPM in AlGaAs microring resonator to obtainphase modulation in a wide range for the probe light, we propose to combine microringresonator with MZI to obtain UWB generation, utilize two ring cascade to achieveMonocycle and Doublet UWB signal generation, and use single microring, in combinationwith MZI to obtain Doublet UWB pulse signal generating. The impacts of device timedelay, input power, the pump pulse width on the UWB spectrum distribution are analyzedin details.
(6) A scheme of using phase shift characteristic in microring resonator is presented inthis thesis, and the phase shift here, essentially, is caused by the effective refractive indexchanges in microring resonator. The effective refractive index changes can be achievedthrough the electro-optics effect, two-photon absorption, self phase modulation and crossphase modulation. We describe this in brief and analyze using SHG and single photonabsorptiometry (SPA) to generate free charge carriers, so as to achieve the possibility on thecontrol of effective refractive index changes in microring resonator.
全光信号处理可以通过应用特殊材料中的光学非线性效应实现，基于光学非线性效应实现全光信号处理具有响应速度快，通信容量高等优点，另一方面，随着半导体技术的进步，光电子器件正向小型化，集成化方向发展。AlGaAs拥有丰富的二阶、三阶非线性效应，易于与其它半导体光器件集成，工艺成熟，成为了制作全光信号处理器件的理想材料。在非线性的应用中，非线性的转换效率与器件中的光强度成正向对应关系，微环谐振腔可以在增加光强的同时增加光与物质相互作用时间，这可以提高非线性的转换效率。本论文应用AlGaAs中的二阶、三阶非线性效应与微环谐振腔结合实现全光波长转换，全光逻辑门，全光计算，全光UWB信号产生等全光信号处理，其主要内容概括如下：
(1)在介绍了AlGaAs的材料及光学非线性特性的基础上，从麦氏方程出发推导了其非线性效应表达方程。简要分析了当前各向同性介质中二阶非线性效应相位匹配的方法。鉴于本论文中大多数器件的设计是基于微环谐振腔实现的，在理论部分对微环谐振腔做了详细介绍，推导了稳态情况下微环的传输函数及其他相关函数，对微环性能的评价参数做了解释，着重对微环谐振腔的相位传输特性做了讨论，分析了不同耦合系数下的相移特性以及振幅变化规律，最后介绍了AlGaAs器件的一般制作工艺。
(2)基于非线性极化产生的过程，理论推导了角度准相位匹配(AQPM)的匹配条件。为了解决AlGaAs弯曲波导中的角度准相位匹配时弯曲半径过小的困难，这里引入了形式双折射，通过把形式双折射与角度准相位匹配结合在微环谐振腔中实现有效的倍频产生(SHG)。分析了耦合系数，波导损耗，输入功率，微环Q因子等对转换效率的影响，给出了各种条件下的理论转换效率，并对双折射微环谐振腔的制作工艺提供了可能性的方案。进一步扩展方案于无谐振的弯曲波导用以实现宽带宽的波长转换。
(3)把AlGaAs中的交叉相位调制(XPM)与微环谐振腔结合以实现小功率输入情况下的大相位调制，在此基础上提出了基于微环谐振腔级联实现全光的XOR、XNOR、NOT逻辑操作的方案，接着又使用一个变形的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)与微环谐振腔结合实现了AND、NAND、OR、NOR、NOT、XOR和XNOR全部七种基本逻辑操作。在此基础上，提出用AlGaAs微环谐振腔与波导结合的单一器件实现半加，半减，全加，全减四种基本的逻辑计算，这里四种计算功能的切换依靠选择不同的信号光输入端口和输入强度实现。
(4) DPSK码型在光通信中已经大量使用，DPSK码若要正确传输信号，需要对传输信息进行预编码。传统的DPSK预编码是在电域中完成的，本论文基于DPSK预编码是依靠XOR逻辑操作来实现的这一事实，提出使用全光的XOR逻辑操作来实现光域内的DPSK预编码过程。
(5)在讨论了利用AlGaAs微环谐振腔中的XPM实现对探测光相位大范围调制的基础上，提出把微环谐振腔与马赫-曾德尔干涉仪结合实现超宽带(UWB)脉冲的产生，采用两环级联实现一阶(Monocycle)和二阶(Doublet)UWB信号产生，采用单个微环与MZI结合实现二阶UWB信号脉冲产生。详细讨论了器件延时，输入功率，泵浦脉冲宽度等对UWB频谱分布的影响。
(6)本论文的方案中广泛使用了微环谐振腔的相移特性，而这里微环谐振腔传输相位移动本质上是由微环谐振腔内的有效折射率变化造成的。实现有效折射率变化可以通过电光效应，双光子吸收，自相位调制和交叉相位调制等实现，我们对它们做了一个简单描述并分析使用倍频效应与单光子吸收产生自由载流子从而实现对微环谐振腔内有效折射率进行控制的可能性。
With the development of human society, people’s demand for information is boomingday by day, and communication and network has penetrated into every corner of humansociety. The rapid development of the various services, such as voice, data and multimedia,has boosted the communication technology, especially optical fiber communicationtechnology. The all-optical network with data and information exchange based on usingall-optical methods hopefully solves the bottlenecks of O-E-O in traditional optical network,which has become an inevitable trend and consensus in the optical network field. Theconstruction of all-optical network is required various signal processings, such aswavelength conversion, format conversion, logic switches, routing selection and3Rregeneration and so on, all of which can be achieved by using all-optical methods.
All-optical signal processing can be obtained using optical nonlinear effects in thenonlinear materials. The all-optical signal processing based on optical nonlinear effects hasdistinct advantages of ultra-fast response, high-capacity communication. Meanwhile, withthe development of semiconductor technology, optoelectronic devices are developingtowards miniaturization and integration. AlGaAs, with characteristic of great second-orderand third-order nonlinearity effects, mature production technology and easy to be integratedwith other semiconductor devices, makes itself as an ideal material for all-optical signalprocessing devices. In nonlinearity application, there is a positive correspondence betweennonlinearity conversion efficiency and the light intensity in optical devices. Microringresonator can increase the time of interaction between the light and matter with the increaseof the light intensity, which has greatly improved the nonlinearity conversion efficiency.
All-optical signal processing, such as all-optical wavelength conversion, all-opticallogic gates, all-optical computing, all-optical UWB signal generation and so on, can beobtained with the help of microring resonator and the second-order or third-ordernonlinearity effects based on AlGaAs, the detailed contents can be found as follows:
(1) The material properties and nonlinear characteristics of AlGaAs are discussed indetails; nonlinearity effect expression equation has been derived based on Maxwellequation. For second-order nonlinearity effect, various current methods of phase matchingin isotropy media are presented. Considering the design of most devices in this thesis is based on microring resonator, details about microring resonator are theorecticallyinvestigated. Microring resonator transfer functions and other related functions at stablestate are derived. Evaluation parameters for microring resonator performance are alsointroduced and explained. Here focus on phase transfer functions of microring resonator,analyze phase shift characteristics with different coupling coefficient and the amplitude ofvibration, finally, and discuss the manufacture technology of AlGaAs devices.
(2) AQPM matching conditions are theorectically derived based on the process ofnonlinear polarization generation. To avoid too small bending radius in AQPM withAlGaAs bend waveguide, we propose to use in combining the form birefringence andAQPM in microring resonator to realize effective Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG),analyze the impacts of coupling coefficient, waveguide losses, input power, microring Qfactor on the conversion efficiency, present the theoretical conversion efficiency in differentconditions, as well as provide the possibilities for making birefringence microring resonator.On that basis, we further analyze to utilize AQPM and form birefringence to realize theeffective wavelength conversion in bent waveguide.
(3) We propose to use a method of combining of cross phase modulation (XPM) inAlGaAs with microring resonator to obtain large phase modulation in the conditions oflower power input. And this dissertation puts forward to realize all-optical XOR、XNOR、NOT logical operation based on microring resonators cascade，and then a deformable MZIis used in combination with microring resonators to obtain all of the seven logicaloperations: AND、NAND、OR、NOR、NOT、XOR and XNOR. On this basis, a devicedesigned to combine AlGaAs microring resonators with waveguide to obtain four basiclogical computation (half adder, half subtracter，full adder，full subtracter) is presented inthis dissertation. The switching between the above mentioned logical computation isdepends on the use of different signal input ports and input intensity.
(4) DPSK has been widely used in optical communications, but to correctly transmitsignals, it needs to pre-code the transmitting information. It is known that traditional DPSKpre-coding is completed in the electrical domain. In this dissertation, we propose to useall-optical XOR logical operation to achieve DPSK pre-coding in the optical domain basedon the fact that the realization of DPSK pre-coding depends on XOR logical operation.
(5) Based on the discussion of using XPM in AlGaAs microring resonator to obtainphase modulation in a wide range for the probe light, we propose to combine microringresonator with MZI to obtain UWB generation, utilize two ring cascade to achieveMonocycle and Doublet UWB signal generation, and use single microring, in combinationwith MZI to obtain Doublet UWB pulse signal generating. The impacts of device timedelay, input power, the pump pulse width on the UWB spectrum distribution are analyzedin details.
(6) A scheme of using phase shift characteristic in microring resonator is presented inthis thesis, and the phase shift here, essentially, is caused by the effective refractive indexchanges in microring resonator. The effective refractive index changes can be achievedthrough the electro-optics effect, two-photon absorption, self phase modulation and crossphase modulation. We describe this in brief and analyze using SHG and single photonabsorptiometry (SPA) to generate free charge carriers, so as to achieve the possibility on thecontrol of effective refractive index changes in microring resonator.
引文
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