矿山开发的环境响应与资源环境一体化研究
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摘要
矿山资源的不可再生性和矿山开发所遗留的环境问题构成了对人类社会可持续发展的威胁。国内外学者从不同角度揭示矿山资源与环境问题,探讨污染治理的技术和路线。广西刁江流域的源头地带是我国著名的大厂矿区,较典型地反映了矿山资源开发与环境保护之间的对立关系。
本研究重点解剖了刁江流域矿山资源开发的环境响应,探讨了尾砂资源化、矿山废弃地植被恢复与重建等若干个治理矿山环境问题的技术环节,并根据可持续发展理念,探论了矿山资源环境一体化思路的必要性和做法。
主要研究内容与方法:
(1)比较全面地调查了矿山废弃地类型、自然定居植物的种类、生境,分析了它们的重金属含量;
(2)利用手持GPS 和1:1 万地形图调查了刁江流域矿山废弃地分布与面积;
(3)利用南方n200GPS 定位系统测量了刁江沿岸重点污染区历史洪水位,与传统的土壤采样分析相结合,分析洪水淹没区与土壤污染区的关系;
(4)在刁江沿岸设置了12 个采样断面,采了近200 个土壤样,分析土壤中污染物含量与分布规律;
(5)比较全面地收集了刁江流域矿山开发与环境监测资料;
(6)在车河坑马尾砂库上进行了一年的植被恢复与重建野外试验;
(7)在温室内进行了半年的尾砂、垃圾肥和P 肥的不同组合对银合欢生长的影响研究。
通过本项目的研究,取得如下主要认识:
(1)上游的矿山开发已造成刁江流域严重的环境问题。其影响远远超出了矿区范围,影响到了距矿区200 多公里以外的下游地带,主要影响区域包括矿区、上游的拉么溪、平村河、车河河和刁江干流沿岸历史洪水淹没区。
(2)在刁江流域上游地带存在大量矿山废弃地。包括随意堆放的尾砂、废石、尾砂库、废弃了的采矿与选矿场及因受污染而废弃了的耕地。这些废弃地中含有大量有毒有害物质且稳定性不好,是刁江流域最大的安全隐患和次生污染源。废弃地上自然定居植物体内的重金属含量高于一般植物,有可能对矿区生态系统构成长期危害。
(3)刁江河水被严重污染,河床上沉积了大量尾砂。严重的水环境污染破坏了河流水生生态系统,曾造成刁江中上游河段鱼虾绝迹。河床上的尾砂沉积范围广、厚度深,重金属As、Pb、Zn、Cd 含量非常高,除了直接危害了水环境质量外,还造成河道泄洪能力下降和洪水淹没范围的扩大,构成对沿江土壤环境和生态环
Sustainability issues and the significant environmetal problems in mining have led to increased public concerns around the world. Many people are devoting themselves to solving them from different perspectives. Years of unregulated mining and mineral extraction activities within the mining district of Dachang, located at the upper region of Diaojiang river, have caused severe environmental problems, which reflect the historical negative environmental legacies produced by unregulated mining.
On the basis of identifying the environmental impacts caused by mining activities in Diaojiang river basin, this article analyzes some technical details including the reuse of mine tailings, plant restoration and reconstruction, etc., and discusses the necessities of building an integrated system incorporating environmental protection into mining processes from a sustainable development perspective.
The main research methods and works comprise the following:
(1)Investigating the species, niches of plants colonising naturally at the abandoned mine sites, and analyzing heavy metal concentrations of the plants and the mine wastes;
(2)Investigating the distribution and area of abandoned mine sites using GPS;
(3)Investigating the flooded area using a high-tech measuring instrument n2000GPS,and analyzing the relationships between the flooded area and the polluted area along Diaojiang river;
(4)Analyzing the concentrations of heavy metals in soils along Diaojiang river;
(5)Collecting data by visiting all the related departments;
(6)Conducting field trials of revegetation at Kengma tailings pond;
(7)Conducting pot culture experiments of Leucaena leucocephala(Lamk) Dewit in a green house.
The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Severe environmental problems have been resulted due to the mining operation at the upper region of Diaojing river basin, and the pollutants extend to the lower reaches which are more than 200 kilometers away. (2) Large amounts of abandoned mine sites which include tailings, derelict mining and extraction sites, and the abandoned arable land caused by mining, are not physically stable and contain toxic elements which can serve as a more or less permanent source of threat to surroundings. The plants on the mine sites contain high levels of heavy metals which may lead to more serious detriment to local ecosystem. (3)Severe water pollution and sediment build-up at the Diaojiang river bottom have spoiled aquatic ecosystem, causing a fish kill and forcing local people to turn off their drinking water intakes, and increased the incidence and severity of overbank flooding. All of these can have a significant negative effects on the local ecosystems along the river. (4)The flooding resulted in the deposit of mine waste on the arable land, and caused severe heavy metal contamination of soils along Diaojiang river. There are obvious mine wastes in soils of upper region, so it’s relatively easy to identify the polluted area, but in the lower reaches, mine wastes are not so obvious although the concentrations of pollutants in soil are still high. The plough sole of rice land can obstruct the transport of heavy metals downwards. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in rice and corn have exceeded the national food standards, and may have serious detriment to public health. (5)There are still several kinds of valuable elements worth of reextration in the mine tailings. (6) The selection of plant species and appropriate amendment of substrate are the key to successful revegetation on the mine sites. The results of field trials at Kengma tailings pond demonstrate that Saccharum arundinaceum, Arundo donax L. and Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk) Dewit. can grow well when the substrate is amended with garbage compost, especially for L. leucocephala which bore fruits after 16 months’growth, and the three plant species can be introduced as pioneer plants for vegetation establishment on the mine wastes. The results also indicate that pure tailings inhibit the growth of L. leucocephala, but not seriously affect the growth of S. arundinaceum and A. donax. The results of pot cultivation in green house indicate that different combinations of tailings and garbage compost have different effects on the growth of L. leucocephala. Adding appropriate amount of NH4H2PO4 to the substrates composed of tailings and garbage compost can be helpful to the growth of L.
leucocephala. (7)Mineral development has been often hostile to well environment in the history of mining. It’s essential to introduce an new framework which can combine them together. The integration of mine resources and environment is a theoretical framework which contains two basic parts: First, mine resources are the components of mine environment which have economic value, so it’s inevitable for mine environment to be changed in the process of mineral development, but the environment problems are often the results of unreasonable mining operation, and the mine wastes can be seen as the unused resource. Second, only if environmental protection measures are incorporated into the whole process of mineral development, the environmental problems caused by mining could be solved soundly. The distinguishing features of this article comprise the following: (1)Analyzing the environmental impacts of mineral development in Diaojiang river basin, including the impacts on soil environment, water environment and ecological environment,etc.. (2) Conducting the field trials at Kengma tailings pond for the selection of appropriate plant species which can endure high levels of heavy metals in tailings. Conducting the pot cultivation experiments in a green house for the growth of L. leucocephala which was planted in the substrates composed of tailings and garbage compost. The results was as expected. (3) Analyzing the contaminated area by an innovative method combining sampling analysis with GPS measurement. (4) Defining an new concept “the integration of mine resources and environment”, and applying it to regulate the treatment of historical environmental problems and the development of mine resources. The innovations of this article comprise the following: (1)Defining an new concept “the integration of mine resources and environment”and putting forward a series of strategies for the treatment of historical mining legacies and prevention of new environmental problems in Diaojiang river basin. (2)Revealing the remarkable effects of mineral development on water, soil and ecosystem in Diaojiang river basin. The pollution extends to the lower reaches which are more than 200 kilometers away. (3)Proving that overbank soils along Diangjiang river have been severely contaminated by heavy metals and the plough sole of rice land can obstruct the transport of heavy metals downwards.
(4) S. arundinaceum, A. donax and L. leucocephala can be introduced as pioneer plants for revegetation on the mine wastes. Adding appropriate amount of NH4H2PO4 to the substrates composed of tailings and garbage compost can be helpful to the growth of L. leucocephala.
本研究重点解剖了刁江流域矿山资源开发的环境响应,探讨了尾砂资源化、矿山废弃地植被恢复与重建等若干个治理矿山环境问题的技术环节,并根据可持续发展理念,探论了矿山资源环境一体化思路的必要性和做法。
主要研究内容与方法:
(1)比较全面地调查了矿山废弃地类型、自然定居植物的种类、生境,分析了它们的重金属含量;
(2)利用手持GPS 和1:1 万地形图调查了刁江流域矿山废弃地分布与面积;
(3)利用南方n200GPS 定位系统测量了刁江沿岸重点污染区历史洪水位,与传统的土壤采样分析相结合,分析洪水淹没区与土壤污染区的关系;
(4)在刁江沿岸设置了12 个采样断面,采了近200 个土壤样,分析土壤中污染物含量与分布规律;
(5)比较全面地收集了刁江流域矿山开发与环境监测资料;
(6)在车河坑马尾砂库上进行了一年的植被恢复与重建野外试验;
(7)在温室内进行了半年的尾砂、垃圾肥和P 肥的不同组合对银合欢生长的影响研究。
通过本项目的研究,取得如下主要认识:
(1)上游的矿山开发已造成刁江流域严重的环境问题。其影响远远超出了矿区范围,影响到了距矿区200 多公里以外的下游地带,主要影响区域包括矿区、上游的拉么溪、平村河、车河河和刁江干流沿岸历史洪水淹没区。
(2)在刁江流域上游地带存在大量矿山废弃地。包括随意堆放的尾砂、废石、尾砂库、废弃了的采矿与选矿场及因受污染而废弃了的耕地。这些废弃地中含有大量有毒有害物质且稳定性不好,是刁江流域最大的安全隐患和次生污染源。废弃地上自然定居植物体内的重金属含量高于一般植物,有可能对矿区生态系统构成长期危害。
(3)刁江河水被严重污染,河床上沉积了大量尾砂。严重的水环境污染破坏了河流水生生态系统,曾造成刁江中上游河段鱼虾绝迹。河床上的尾砂沉积范围广、厚度深,重金属As、Pb、Zn、Cd 含量非常高,除了直接危害了水环境质量外,还造成河道泄洪能力下降和洪水淹没范围的扩大,构成对沿江土壤环境和生态环
Sustainability issues and the significant environmetal problems in mining have led to increased public concerns around the world. Many people are devoting themselves to solving them from different perspectives. Years of unregulated mining and mineral extraction activities within the mining district of Dachang, located at the upper region of Diaojiang river, have caused severe environmental problems, which reflect the historical negative environmental legacies produced by unregulated mining.
On the basis of identifying the environmental impacts caused by mining activities in Diaojiang river basin, this article analyzes some technical details including the reuse of mine tailings, plant restoration and reconstruction, etc., and discusses the necessities of building an integrated system incorporating environmental protection into mining processes from a sustainable development perspective.
The main research methods and works comprise the following:
(1)Investigating the species, niches of plants colonising naturally at the abandoned mine sites, and analyzing heavy metal concentrations of the plants and the mine wastes;
(2)Investigating the distribution and area of abandoned mine sites using GPS;
(3)Investigating the flooded area using a high-tech measuring instrument n2000GPS,and analyzing the relationships between the flooded area and the polluted area along Diaojiang river;
(4)Analyzing the concentrations of heavy metals in soils along Diaojiang river;
(5)Collecting data by visiting all the related departments;
(6)Conducting field trials of revegetation at Kengma tailings pond;
(7)Conducting pot culture experiments of Leucaena leucocephala(Lamk) Dewit in a green house.
The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Severe environmental problems have been resulted due to the mining operation at the upper region of Diaojing river basin, and the pollutants extend to the lower reaches which are more than 200 kilometers away. (2) Large amounts of abandoned mine sites which include tailings, derelict mining and extraction sites, and the abandoned arable land caused by mining, are not physically stable and contain toxic elements which can serve as a more or less permanent source of threat to surroundings. The plants on the mine sites contain high levels of heavy metals which may lead to more serious detriment to local ecosystem. (3)Severe water pollution and sediment build-up at the Diaojiang river bottom have spoiled aquatic ecosystem, causing a fish kill and forcing local people to turn off their drinking water intakes, and increased the incidence and severity of overbank flooding. All of these can have a significant negative effects on the local ecosystems along the river. (4)The flooding resulted in the deposit of mine waste on the arable land, and caused severe heavy metal contamination of soils along Diaojiang river. There are obvious mine wastes in soils of upper region, so it’s relatively easy to identify the polluted area, but in the lower reaches, mine wastes are not so obvious although the concentrations of pollutants in soil are still high. The plough sole of rice land can obstruct the transport of heavy metals downwards. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in rice and corn have exceeded the national food standards, and may have serious detriment to public health. (5)There are still several kinds of valuable elements worth of reextration in the mine tailings. (6) The selection of plant species and appropriate amendment of substrate are the key to successful revegetation on the mine sites. The results of field trials at Kengma tailings pond demonstrate that Saccharum arundinaceum, Arundo donax L. and Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk) Dewit. can grow well when the substrate is amended with garbage compost, especially for L. leucocephala which bore fruits after 16 months’growth, and the three plant species can be introduced as pioneer plants for vegetation establishment on the mine wastes. The results also indicate that pure tailings inhibit the growth of L. leucocephala, but not seriously affect the growth of S. arundinaceum and A. donax. The results of pot cultivation in green house indicate that different combinations of tailings and garbage compost have different effects on the growth of L. leucocephala. Adding appropriate amount of NH4H2PO4 to the substrates composed of tailings and garbage compost can be helpful to the growth of L.
leucocephala. (7)Mineral development has been often hostile to well environment in the history of mining. It’s essential to introduce an new framework which can combine them together. The integration of mine resources and environment is a theoretical framework which contains two basic parts: First, mine resources are the components of mine environment which have economic value, so it’s inevitable for mine environment to be changed in the process of mineral development, but the environment problems are often the results of unreasonable mining operation, and the mine wastes can be seen as the unused resource. Second, only if environmental protection measures are incorporated into the whole process of mineral development, the environmental problems caused by mining could be solved soundly. The distinguishing features of this article comprise the following: (1)Analyzing the environmental impacts of mineral development in Diaojiang river basin, including the impacts on soil environment, water environment and ecological environment,etc.. (2) Conducting the field trials at Kengma tailings pond for the selection of appropriate plant species which can endure high levels of heavy metals in tailings. Conducting the pot cultivation experiments in a green house for the growth of L. leucocephala which was planted in the substrates composed of tailings and garbage compost. The results was as expected. (3) Analyzing the contaminated area by an innovative method combining sampling analysis with GPS measurement. (4) Defining an new concept “the integration of mine resources and environment”, and applying it to regulate the treatment of historical environmental problems and the development of mine resources. The innovations of this article comprise the following: (1)Defining an new concept “the integration of mine resources and environment”and putting forward a series of strategies for the treatment of historical mining legacies and prevention of new environmental problems in Diaojiang river basin. (2)Revealing the remarkable effects of mineral development on water, soil and ecosystem in Diaojiang river basin. The pollution extends to the lower reaches which are more than 200 kilometers away. (3)Proving that overbank soils along Diangjiang river have been severely contaminated by heavy metals and the plough sole of rice land can obstruct the transport of heavy metals downwards.
(4) S. arundinaceum, A. donax and L. leucocephala can be introduced as pioneer plants for revegetation on the mine wastes. Adding appropriate amount of NH4H2PO4 to the substrates composed of tailings and garbage compost can be helpful to the growth of L. leucocephala.
引文
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