毛竹根际土壤肥力质量变化及苗期营养管理研究
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摘要
毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)用途广泛,易栽培、周期短,具有较高的经济价值和生态效益,提高现有毛竹林生产力和扩大其栽培面积,成为亟需解决的问题。施肥是提高毛竹林生产力的重要措施,而毛竹实生苗造林是快速扩大毛竹栽培面积的有效手段之一。本文以安徽省黄山区无人为经营毛竹林为研究对象,对其不同生长阶段根际土壤化学性质、酶活性等动态变化进行了研究,以期为毛竹根区精准施肥,提高肥效提供理论参考;同时,分析了毛竹实生苗苗期施肥效应,建立了DRIS营养诊断方法,旨在为指导毛竹苗期营养管理提供理论依据。通过研究,主要结论如下:
1、不同生长阶段毛竹根际土壤化学性质和酶活性变化规律不同。其中,有机质含量、全N含量、有效N含量、全P含量、磷酸酶活性、蛋白酶活性随毛竹生长而增长;pH值、速效P含量、有效Fe含量、有效Mn含量、蔗糖酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性随毛竹生长先升高再降低;速效K含量在整个毛竹生长周期内呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势;有效Zn含量变化规律不明显,而全K含量和土壤脲酶活性变化较平稳。
2、不同生长阶段毛竹根际土壤综合因子得分排列顺序为:成竹期>Ⅳ度>Ⅲ度>Ⅱ度>Ⅰ度,分别是1.0741、1.0201、0.9856、0.9652、0.065,可见土壤质量呈先衰退后增强的趋势。成竹期由于根系未完全形成,对其根际土壤的影响较小,因而成竹期得分最高,随着毛竹生长,根系渐渐发达,对其根际土壤的影响日渐扩大,造成根际土壤得分渐低,后期毛竹生长逐渐减弱,对其根际土壤的影响也随之减少,加上林中凋落物的增加和微生物活动增强,其根际土壤的质量有所增加。
3、不同生长阶段毛竹对营养元素的需求有所不同。具体分析结果为,成竹期毛竹各器官营养元素含量高于其它生长阶段。不同阶段毛竹生物量与土壤养分回归分析表明,各器官生物量与大量元素、土壤酶及有机质显著相关。根据研究结果建议实际生产穴施方式施肥时,幼竹生长期后期及Ⅰ度竹期间,在不伤及根鞭情况下,尽量靠近根区穴施。
4、施单肥和配方施肥对毛竹苗期生长特性有不同影响。施N肥各个处理中,以0.3g/株时,毛竹苗高均最高,达13.2cm,施N肥时,毛竹幼苗体内P元素含量增加,K、Cu、Fe、Mn元素含量呈降低趋势;施P肥各个处理中以0.3g/株时,毛竹苗最高,达10.5cm,施P肥时,N、P元素含量增加,K元素含量降低,CuFe元素含量先降后升,Zn元素增加,Mn元素先增加后减少;施K肥,各个处理以0.2g/株时苗高最高,达10.8cm,0.3g/株时生物量最大,达1.48g,毛竹体内N、K元素呈上升趋势,P元素和Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn元素均下降;配方施肥,多施N肥,适量施P肥、少施K肥可使苗高增加;各个处理中生物量变化并不明显,0.1g/株N肥+0.4g/株P肥和0.2g/株N肥+0.1g/株P肥+0.3g/株K肥的两种施肥组合可以促进毛竹幼苗对养分元素的吸收,说明毛竹幼苗对各营养元素的吸收有协同或拮抗作用。DRIS营养诊断结果表明,其标准为N/P=14.0718,P/K=0.1632,N/K=2.2518。
5、施肥对毛竹光合特性也有显著影响。施N肥一定程度上增加毛竹幼苗最大净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度与气孔导度,降低了CO2补偿点和光
补偿点,提高了CO2和光能利用率,叶绿素含量有所增加。施K肥,毛竹幼苗的最大净光合速率随施肥量增加呈先升高后降低并趋于稳定的变化趋势,气孔导度、蒸腾速率与最大净光合速率变化趋势相似,胞间CO2浓度下降,CO2补偿点和光补偿点均增加,降低了CO2和光能利用率,叶绿素含量变化不明显。施P肥,最大净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率先降低后升高,CO2补偿点和光补偿点均增加,叶绿素含量变化不明显。配方施肥,除少N适量P和K的配方处理毛竹幼苗光合特性有所增强,其余处理变化不明显。
Phyllostachys pubescens is widely used in many aspects and easy to cultivate. It has short growth cycle, high economic value and ecological benefits. So it is an urgent need to enhance the productivity and to expand the cultivation of bamboo forest area. Cultivating seedling planted bamboo is an effective means to expand bamboo cultivation area.This paper took bamboo forest which is in the district of Huangshan in Anhui Province without human disturbance as the research object, making research on dynamic changes of chemical properties and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil at different growth stages of bamboo, aiming at providing theoretical basis for precise fertilization in root region of bamboo, and improving fertilizer efficiency. At the same time, we made an analysis about the effects of fertilization on bamboo seedlings, and established the DRIS nutritional diagnosis to provide theoretical basis for the management of seedling bamboo nutrition. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The changes of soil chemical properties and enzyme activities were different in rhizosphere soil of Moso bamboo at different growth period. Contents of organic matter,total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, activities of phosphatase and protease increased with time. While pH, available phosphorus, available Fe, available Mn, invertase and catalase decreased and then increased with the growth of Moso bamboo. During the whole growth period of Moso bamboo, available potassinum was decreasing, the change of available Zn was not evident, and the change of total potassinum and urease were relatively steady.
2.The comprehensive factor scores of rhizosphere soil of Moso bamboo at different growth period were in the order of growth period >Ⅳdu>Ⅲdu>Ⅱdu >Ⅰdu. The scores are 1.0741、1.0201、0.9856、0.9652、0.065 respectively. It is clear that the soil quality was increasing after decreasing. At growth period of Moso bamboo, because the root has not grown completely and has little influence on rhizosphere soil, so the score was the highest. The score of rhizosphere soil decreases as the growth and root gradual development of Moso bamboo. The rhizosphere soil quality increased at later stage of Moso bamboo because of gradually weakened growth and the increased litter and microorganism activity.
3.The demands for nutrients of Moso bamboo at different growth periods were different. It was different in the demand for nutrients of Moso bamboo at different growth period. The results showed that the nutrient contents of different organs at growth stage were higher than those at other stages. Regression analysis showed that the organ biomass was significantly correlated to macroelement, soil enzymes and organic matter at the different growth stages of Moso bamboo.
4.Different fertilizers had different effects on the growth characteristics of Moso bamboo seedlings. When the fertilization of phosphorus and nitrogen are both 0.3g per plant, the heights of Moso bamboo seedlings were the highest, 13.2cm and 10.5cm in average, respectively. After nitrogen fertilizer was applied, the phosphorus content in Moso bamboo seedlings increased, while nitrogen, potassium, Cu, Fe and Mn contents in Moso bamboo seedlings decreased after phosphorus was applied, the elements of nitrogen and phosphorus increase, potassium decreases, Cu and Fe increased after the first drop, Zn increases, Mn inreased and then decreased. After potassium was applied, the height of Moso bamboo seedlings was the highest, averaging 10.8 cm at 0.2g/plant; the organ biomass of Moso bamboo seedlings was the highest, averaging 1.48 g at 0.3g/plant; and the contents of nitrogen and potassium increased, phosphorus, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn decreased. Formula fertilization, more nitrogen fertilization, proper amount of phosphorus fertilization and less potassium fertilization can increased the height of Moso bamboo seedlings. The changes of organ biomass were not obvious at all treatments when fertilizer phosphorus. Application of 0.1g nitrogen plus 0.4g phosphorus per plant, or 0.2g nitrogen plus 0.1g phosphorus and 0.3g potassium per plant could promote the absorption of nutrient of bamboo seedlings. DRIS nutrition diagnosis results showed that the fertilizer application standard is N/P=14.0718,P/K=0.1632,N/K=2.2518.
5.Fertilization had significant effect on the photosynthetic characteristics of Moso bamboo. Application of nitrogenous fertilizer increased the maximum net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, and stomatal conductance of bamboo seedlings, reduced the CO2 compensation point and light compensation point, and increased solar energy utilization and chlorophyll content. After application of K fertilizer, the net photosynthetic rate increases and then decreases and becomes stable; stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and the maximum net photosynthetic rate had the similar trend of decline; intercellular CO2 concentration, CO2 compensation point and light compensation points are increasing, but CO2 and light energy utilization rate were reducing. Chlorophyll content did not change significantly. Applying P fertilizer the maximum net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate increased after the decreasing in the beginning, CO2 compensation point and light compensation point increase, while chlorophyll content did not change significantly. Formula Fertilization, except that the combination of small amount of N with appropriate P and K can increase photosynthetic characteristics, the rest do not have significant effects.
1、不同生长阶段毛竹根际土壤化学性质和酶活性变化规律不同。其中,有机质含量、全N含量、有效N含量、全P含量、磷酸酶活性、蛋白酶活性随毛竹生长而增长;pH值、速效P含量、有效Fe含量、有效Mn含量、蔗糖酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性随毛竹生长先升高再降低;速效K含量在整个毛竹生长周期内呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势;有效Zn含量变化规律不明显,而全K含量和土壤脲酶活性变化较平稳。
2、不同生长阶段毛竹根际土壤综合因子得分排列顺序为:成竹期>Ⅳ度>Ⅲ度>Ⅱ度>Ⅰ度,分别是1.0741、1.0201、0.9856、0.9652、0.065,可见土壤质量呈先衰退后增强的趋势。成竹期由于根系未完全形成,对其根际土壤的影响较小,因而成竹期得分最高,随着毛竹生长,根系渐渐发达,对其根际土壤的影响日渐扩大,造成根际土壤得分渐低,后期毛竹生长逐渐减弱,对其根际土壤的影响也随之减少,加上林中凋落物的增加和微生物活动增强,其根际土壤的质量有所增加。
3、不同生长阶段毛竹对营养元素的需求有所不同。具体分析结果为,成竹期毛竹各器官营养元素含量高于其它生长阶段。不同阶段毛竹生物量与土壤养分回归分析表明,各器官生物量与大量元素、土壤酶及有机质显著相关。根据研究结果建议实际生产穴施方式施肥时,幼竹生长期后期及Ⅰ度竹期间,在不伤及根鞭情况下,尽量靠近根区穴施。
4、施单肥和配方施肥对毛竹苗期生长特性有不同影响。施N肥各个处理中,以0.3g/株时,毛竹苗高均最高,达13.2cm,施N肥时,毛竹幼苗体内P元素含量增加,K、Cu、Fe、Mn元素含量呈降低趋势;施P肥各个处理中以0.3g/株时,毛竹苗最高,达10.5cm,施P肥时,N、P元素含量增加,K元素含量降低,CuFe元素含量先降后升,Zn元素增加,Mn元素先增加后减少;施K肥,各个处理以0.2g/株时苗高最高,达10.8cm,0.3g/株时生物量最大,达1.48g,毛竹体内N、K元素呈上升趋势,P元素和Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn元素均下降;配方施肥,多施N肥,适量施P肥、少施K肥可使苗高增加;各个处理中生物量变化并不明显,0.1g/株N肥+0.4g/株P肥和0.2g/株N肥+0.1g/株P肥+0.3g/株K肥的两种施肥组合可以促进毛竹幼苗对养分元素的吸收,说明毛竹幼苗对各营养元素的吸收有协同或拮抗作用。DRIS营养诊断结果表明,其标准为N/P=14.0718,P/K=0.1632,N/K=2.2518。
5、施肥对毛竹光合特性也有显著影响。施N肥一定程度上增加毛竹幼苗最大净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度与气孔导度,降低了CO2补偿点和光
补偿点,提高了CO2和光能利用率,叶绿素含量有所增加。施K肥,毛竹幼苗的最大净光合速率随施肥量增加呈先升高后降低并趋于稳定的变化趋势,气孔导度、蒸腾速率与最大净光合速率变化趋势相似,胞间CO2浓度下降,CO2补偿点和光补偿点均增加,降低了CO2和光能利用率,叶绿素含量变化不明显。施P肥,最大净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率先降低后升高,CO2补偿点和光补偿点均增加,叶绿素含量变化不明显。配方施肥,除少N适量P和K的配方处理毛竹幼苗光合特性有所增强,其余处理变化不明显。
Phyllostachys pubescens is widely used in many aspects and easy to cultivate. It has short growth cycle, high economic value and ecological benefits. So it is an urgent need to enhance the productivity and to expand the cultivation of bamboo forest area. Cultivating seedling planted bamboo is an effective means to expand bamboo cultivation area.This paper took bamboo forest which is in the district of Huangshan in Anhui Province without human disturbance as the research object, making research on dynamic changes of chemical properties and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil at different growth stages of bamboo, aiming at providing theoretical basis for precise fertilization in root region of bamboo, and improving fertilizer efficiency. At the same time, we made an analysis about the effects of fertilization on bamboo seedlings, and established the DRIS nutritional diagnosis to provide theoretical basis for the management of seedling bamboo nutrition. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The changes of soil chemical properties and enzyme activities were different in rhizosphere soil of Moso bamboo at different growth period. Contents of organic matter,total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, activities of phosphatase and protease increased with time. While pH, available phosphorus, available Fe, available Mn, invertase and catalase decreased and then increased with the growth of Moso bamboo. During the whole growth period of Moso bamboo, available potassinum was decreasing, the change of available Zn was not evident, and the change of total potassinum and urease were relatively steady.
2.The comprehensive factor scores of rhizosphere soil of Moso bamboo at different growth period were in the order of growth period >Ⅳdu>Ⅲdu>Ⅱdu >Ⅰdu. The scores are 1.0741、1.0201、0.9856、0.9652、0.065 respectively. It is clear that the soil quality was increasing after decreasing. At growth period of Moso bamboo, because the root has not grown completely and has little influence on rhizosphere soil, so the score was the highest. The score of rhizosphere soil decreases as the growth and root gradual development of Moso bamboo. The rhizosphere soil quality increased at later stage of Moso bamboo because of gradually weakened growth and the increased litter and microorganism activity.
3.The demands for nutrients of Moso bamboo at different growth periods were different. It was different in the demand for nutrients of Moso bamboo at different growth period. The results showed that the nutrient contents of different organs at growth stage were higher than those at other stages. Regression analysis showed that the organ biomass was significantly correlated to macroelement, soil enzymes and organic matter at the different growth stages of Moso bamboo.
4.Different fertilizers had different effects on the growth characteristics of Moso bamboo seedlings. When the fertilization of phosphorus and nitrogen are both 0.3g per plant, the heights of Moso bamboo seedlings were the highest, 13.2cm and 10.5cm in average, respectively. After nitrogen fertilizer was applied, the phosphorus content in Moso bamboo seedlings increased, while nitrogen, potassium, Cu, Fe and Mn contents in Moso bamboo seedlings decreased after phosphorus was applied, the elements of nitrogen and phosphorus increase, potassium decreases, Cu and Fe increased after the first drop, Zn increases, Mn inreased and then decreased. After potassium was applied, the height of Moso bamboo seedlings was the highest, averaging 10.8 cm at 0.2g/plant; the organ biomass of Moso bamboo seedlings was the highest, averaging 1.48 g at 0.3g/plant; and the contents of nitrogen and potassium increased, phosphorus, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn decreased. Formula fertilization, more nitrogen fertilization, proper amount of phosphorus fertilization and less potassium fertilization can increased the height of Moso bamboo seedlings. The changes of organ biomass were not obvious at all treatments when fertilizer phosphorus. Application of 0.1g nitrogen plus 0.4g phosphorus per plant, or 0.2g nitrogen plus 0.1g phosphorus and 0.3g potassium per plant could promote the absorption of nutrient of bamboo seedlings. DRIS nutrition diagnosis results showed that the fertilizer application standard is N/P=14.0718,P/K=0.1632,N/K=2.2518.
5.Fertilization had significant effect on the photosynthetic characteristics of Moso bamboo. Application of nitrogenous fertilizer increased the maximum net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, and stomatal conductance of bamboo seedlings, reduced the CO2 compensation point and light compensation point, and increased solar energy utilization and chlorophyll content. After application of K fertilizer, the net photosynthetic rate increases and then decreases and becomes stable; stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and the maximum net photosynthetic rate had the similar trend of decline; intercellular CO2 concentration, CO2 compensation point and light compensation points are increasing, but CO2 and light energy utilization rate were reducing. Chlorophyll content did not change significantly. Applying P fertilizer the maximum net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate increased after the decreasing in the beginning, CO2 compensation point and light compensation point increase, while chlorophyll content did not change significantly. Formula Fertilization, except that the combination of small amount of N with appropriate P and K can increase photosynthetic characteristics, the rest do not have significant effects.
引文
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