光学导波纳米线及其传感应用
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摘要
将光纤技术与纳米技术结合起来,实现尺寸更小、性能更佳、集成度更高的纳米光子学器件,是当前纳米光子学领域研究的一大热点。本论文着眼于光学纳米线的独特性质,研究制备新型纳米线,发现其新的物理现象和效应,并将其应用于新的微纳光子器件中,从而为解决科学和技术中的难题提供新的思路。
在本工作的第一部分,研究了光学纳米线的导波光学特性。首先通过激发光光直接照射法和导波激发法两种作用方式的比较,发现导波激发法可以使光与纳米线的作用大大增强。然后研究了光在光学单纳米线里面传输时的一些独特的光学特性,如大范围的倏逝场调控能力,很高的空间分辨率,模式偏振的调控能力及异常波导色散和表面增强效应等特性,并指出这些特性在传感等领域中的潜在应用。
本文第二部分研究了高分子纳米线及其气体传感应用。首先从高分子溶液中拉制出低损耗的高分子纳米线,并研究了其导波光学特性。然后研究了掺有荧光染料的纳米线的光学特性,发现导波激发能使纳米线的发光强度提高几个数量级。最后利用高分子纳米线搭建了光学气体传感器。在这个传感器中,利用一根拉锥微纳光纤通过倏逝波耦合将信号光输入高分子纳米线,并用另一根拉锥微纳光纤耦合输出,从而形成传输光信号变化的光学气体传感器。该传感器具有响应速度快、灵敏度高、小型化和结构简单等特点。如单根溴百里香酚蓝掺杂的PMMA纳米线可以检测到ppm量级的NH3,响应速度比传统薄膜传感器快1-2个数量级。另外,还使用双波长检测技术,在单根PANI/PS内米线上实现了氨气和湿度的选择性检测。
在本文第三部分,通过纳米压印技术制备了高分子微纳光纤布拉格光栅。该制备方法简单高效,成本低,适宜于大批量生产。利用压印的PMMA光纤光栅进行了应变传感,发现比传统二氧化硅光纤光栅的灵敏度高。同时,还对应力传感中的布拉格波长蓝移现象作了定性的解释。
在本文第四部分将光通过倏逝波耦合法输入到半导体纳米线里,研究纳米线的光电导效应。发现相对于体材料来说,半导体纳米线中的非本征光电导效应得到很大的增强。同时当入射光波长增加时,发现了负光电导效应和光电导淬灭效应。通过研究光电导与输入光功率的关系和时间响应特性,对这些非本征光电导效应做了定性分析和解释。最后从昆虫小眼的光检测结构中受到启发,利用在高温生长过程中移动蒸发源的方法,制备了类仿生结构的带隙梯度联系变化的CdSSe纳米线。基于本征光电导效应和光电导淬灭效应,在这些带隙梯度变化的CdSSe纳米线中实现了从可见到近红外区的宽光谱响应。
在本文第五部分,提出用一维金属纳米线来制备表面等离激元(SPP)型传感器。首先对比了介质纳米线和金属纳米线中导波特性,指出了SPP型传感器的高灵敏和快响应潜在优势。然后把银纳米线放在对湿度敏感的PAM薄膜上,发现银纳米线对外界湿度的响应时间在几个ms量级,比PAM纳米线对湿度的响应快1到2个数量级。接着利用表面镀有钯膜的金纳米线来对氢气进行检测,发现金纳米线中1530nm探测光的透过率变化达到13dB,大大高于目前报道的基于钯的光学传感器的结果。最后研究了单晶的钯纳米线对氢气的响应,发现钯纳米线中有明显的滞后现象,在同一氢气浓度下的光强差可达20dB。该现象表明单晶钯纳米线有很好的储氢特性,有可能发展基于SPP的逻辑线路器件。
It is promising to develop more miniature, more function and high density nanophotonic sensing and detection devices by combining the optical fiber technique" and nanotechnique.
The first part in this thesis is about the waveguiding properties of the single photonic nanowires. Firstly we compared the direct irradiation and waveguiding methods. Then we investigate the unique properties in waveguiding nanowires, such as the highly tunable evanescent wave fraction, high spatial resolution and tunable mode polarization, tailorable waveguide dispersion.
The second part is about the optical sensing using waveguiding single polymer nanowires. We fabricated low-optical loss polymer nanowires by directly drawing from polymer solutions. The polymer nanowires were functionalized by doping with dyes or blending with solvated polymers before the drawing process. By waveguiding excitation light along the nanowires, we demonstrated that the interaction of light with nanowires is enhanced over3orders of magnitude compared with the irradiating excitation. Intriguing advantages such as enhanced excitation efficiency, low excitation power operation down to nW levels and high photostability are obtained. On the basis of the optical response of waveguiding polymer single nanowires when exposed to specimens, functionalized polymer nanowires were used for humidity sensing with a response time of30ms and for NO2and NH3detection down to subparts-per-million level. Selective detection of gas mixture of ammonia and humidity with ppm sensitivity were also demonstrated by using dual-wavelength analysis.
The third part is about the photodetection using waveguiding single semiconductor nanowires. We demonstrated a large defect-induced sub-bandgap photoresponse in CdS nanowires over a broad spectral range. We also demonstrated infrared quenching of photoconductivity in CdSe single nanowires. Furthermore, inspired by natural ommatidium of compound eyes of insects, we also developed a source-moving thermal evaporation route and first realized the growth of a novel CdSSe alloy nanowires. Along the length of these achieved nanowires, the composition can be continuously tuned from pure CdS at one end to pure CdSe at the other end of the same wire. Via waveguiding excitation, we combined the intrinsic photoconductive effect and the infrared quenching of photoconductivity effect in the same structural schemes and demonstrated response from400nm to1.5-μm wavelength in composition-graded CdSSe alloy single nanowires.
在本工作的第一部分,研究了光学纳米线的导波光学特性。首先通过激发光光直接照射法和导波激发法两种作用方式的比较,发现导波激发法可以使光与纳米线的作用大大增强。然后研究了光在光学单纳米线里面传输时的一些独特的光学特性,如大范围的倏逝场调控能力,很高的空间分辨率,模式偏振的调控能力及异常波导色散和表面增强效应等特性,并指出这些特性在传感等领域中的潜在应用。
本文第二部分研究了高分子纳米线及其气体传感应用。首先从高分子溶液中拉制出低损耗的高分子纳米线,并研究了其导波光学特性。然后研究了掺有荧光染料的纳米线的光学特性,发现导波激发能使纳米线的发光强度提高几个数量级。最后利用高分子纳米线搭建了光学气体传感器。在这个传感器中,利用一根拉锥微纳光纤通过倏逝波耦合将信号光输入高分子纳米线,并用另一根拉锥微纳光纤耦合输出,从而形成传输光信号变化的光学气体传感器。该传感器具有响应速度快、灵敏度高、小型化和结构简单等特点。如单根溴百里香酚蓝掺杂的PMMA纳米线可以检测到ppm量级的NH3,响应速度比传统薄膜传感器快1-2个数量级。另外,还使用双波长检测技术,在单根PANI/PS内米线上实现了氨气和湿度的选择性检测。
在本文第三部分,通过纳米压印技术制备了高分子微纳光纤布拉格光栅。该制备方法简单高效,成本低,适宜于大批量生产。利用压印的PMMA光纤光栅进行了应变传感,发现比传统二氧化硅光纤光栅的灵敏度高。同时,还对应力传感中的布拉格波长蓝移现象作了定性的解释。
在本文第四部分将光通过倏逝波耦合法输入到半导体纳米线里,研究纳米线的光电导效应。发现相对于体材料来说,半导体纳米线中的非本征光电导效应得到很大的增强。同时当入射光波长增加时,发现了负光电导效应和光电导淬灭效应。通过研究光电导与输入光功率的关系和时间响应特性,对这些非本征光电导效应做了定性分析和解释。最后从昆虫小眼的光检测结构中受到启发,利用在高温生长过程中移动蒸发源的方法,制备了类仿生结构的带隙梯度联系变化的CdSSe纳米线。基于本征光电导效应和光电导淬灭效应,在这些带隙梯度变化的CdSSe纳米线中实现了从可见到近红外区的宽光谱响应。
在本文第五部分,提出用一维金属纳米线来制备表面等离激元(SPP)型传感器。首先对比了介质纳米线和金属纳米线中导波特性,指出了SPP型传感器的高灵敏和快响应潜在优势。然后把银纳米线放在对湿度敏感的PAM薄膜上,发现银纳米线对外界湿度的响应时间在几个ms量级,比PAM纳米线对湿度的响应快1到2个数量级。接着利用表面镀有钯膜的金纳米线来对氢气进行检测,发现金纳米线中1530nm探测光的透过率变化达到13dB,大大高于目前报道的基于钯的光学传感器的结果。最后研究了单晶的钯纳米线对氢气的响应,发现钯纳米线中有明显的滞后现象,在同一氢气浓度下的光强差可达20dB。该现象表明单晶钯纳米线有很好的储氢特性,有可能发展基于SPP的逻辑线路器件。
It is promising to develop more miniature, more function and high density nanophotonic sensing and detection devices by combining the optical fiber technique" and nanotechnique.
The first part in this thesis is about the waveguiding properties of the single photonic nanowires. Firstly we compared the direct irradiation and waveguiding methods. Then we investigate the unique properties in waveguiding nanowires, such as the highly tunable evanescent wave fraction, high spatial resolution and tunable mode polarization, tailorable waveguide dispersion.
The second part is about the optical sensing using waveguiding single polymer nanowires. We fabricated low-optical loss polymer nanowires by directly drawing from polymer solutions. The polymer nanowires were functionalized by doping with dyes or blending with solvated polymers before the drawing process. By waveguiding excitation light along the nanowires, we demonstrated that the interaction of light with nanowires is enhanced over3orders of magnitude compared with the irradiating excitation. Intriguing advantages such as enhanced excitation efficiency, low excitation power operation down to nW levels and high photostability are obtained. On the basis of the optical response of waveguiding polymer single nanowires when exposed to specimens, functionalized polymer nanowires were used for humidity sensing with a response time of30ms and for NO2and NH3detection down to subparts-per-million level. Selective detection of gas mixture of ammonia and humidity with ppm sensitivity were also demonstrated by using dual-wavelength analysis.
The third part is about the photodetection using waveguiding single semiconductor nanowires. We demonstrated a large defect-induced sub-bandgap photoresponse in CdS nanowires over a broad spectral range. We also demonstrated infrared quenching of photoconductivity in CdSe single nanowires. Furthermore, inspired by natural ommatidium of compound eyes of insects, we also developed a source-moving thermal evaporation route and first realized the growth of a novel CdSSe alloy nanowires. Along the length of these achieved nanowires, the composition can be continuously tuned from pure CdS at one end to pure CdSe at the other end of the same wire. Via waveguiding excitation, we combined the intrinsic photoconductive effect and the infrared quenching of photoconductivity effect in the same structural schemes and demonstrated response from400nm to1.5-μm wavelength in composition-graded CdSSe alloy single nanowires.
引文
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