上海市创业政策研究
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摘要
随着我国经济结构转型的加速,创业型经济逐渐成为发展区域经济、提升综合竞争力的重要方向,创业活动也成为了经济发展的重要推动因素。此外,创业活动在创造财富的同时衍生出大量的就业岗位,这也凸显了创业在缓解地区就业压力、促进充分就业方面的价值。2007年,我国政府明确提出了以创业带动就业的方针政策,完善支持自主创业、自谋职业政策,健全创业服务体系。2009年1月,上海市政府发布了《关于进一步做好本市促进创业带动就业工作的若干意见》,并启动实施了“上海鼓励创业带动就业三年行动计划(2009年——2010年)”,促进创业工作得到了上海市政府前所未有的高度重视。因此,对于创业问题的研究具有非常重要的现实意义。
本文所研究的创业政策就是一个地区政府为了改善当地的创业环境,促进创业活动及其活力所制定的一系列干预准则。创业政策究竟如何推动创业,如何使其在创业活动中产生更有效、更显著的效应?为了回答这些问题,本文就以上海市创业政策为研究对象,参照上海市创业政策实施的实际案例提出研究框架,深入研究公共创业政策对创业者行为和地区创业环境的影响,对当前上海市创业政策体系进行评估和分析,并在此基础上提出对应的建议,为解决工作中的实际创业问题提供参考。
全文分五个部分,第一章综合论述创业政策研究的背景、研究目的和意义,对文章结构进行梳理;第二章围绕创业政策研究问题开展文献综述,回顾关于该问题的国内外研究,并进行评述;第三章从理论角度出发,阐述创业企业及其创业行为,分析其创业行为和外部环境之间的内在联系,引出研究主题,提出上海创业政策研究的理论框架;第四章通过实例系统描述上海市创业政策体系,分析各类创业政策出台的背景和目的,建立上海创业政策的研究框架,归纳创业政策的演变历程,总结创业政策的实践经验,进一步从实证角度出发,对上海市公共创业政策的制定、执行、实效进行客观评估;第五章根据研究结果对上海市创业政策提出完善建议。
本文的研究结论是:创业政策通过激发创业动机、提供创业机会和培育创业技术三个途径,有效地促进创业活动,实现缓解失业和吸收新增劳动力、促进创新和社会财富增长等目标;上海拥有居于GEM成员单位中上水平的创业环境,其中包括政策环境,但创业者的技能较弱,创业成功率不高,创业政策也有一定的局限性;应当借鉴国外经验,通过培养创业文化、健全强化法律支持、完善信用体系来为创业政策的发展提供良好的环境,同时建立一个创业政策的专门机构,从金融支持、人才培育、政策执行和创业服务等方面多管齐下,提高创业政策效益,更有效地激励创业活动。
With the acceleration of the economic restructuring in China, entrepreneurial economy has become an important direction in developing regional economy and in strengthening the general competitiveness. Hence, entrepreneurial activities have become the influential factor in economic development. Meanwhile, when entrepreneurial activities create wealth, they also brings abundant of employments, which underline their value in releasing the pressure of regional employment and in promoting full employment. Chinese government formulated a category of principles and policies of Entrepreneur Improving Employment in 2007. All these principles and policies are devoted to encouraging people to become self-employed or find jobs on their own and to developing the Innovation Service System. Great importance was attached to entrepreneurial activities by Shanghai municipal government. In January 2009, with Opinions on Further Encouraging Carve-out to Promote Employment in Shanghai being decreed, Three-Year-Plan of Action on Encouraging Carve-out to Promote Employment (2009-2010) was officially set off. Consequently, the research on entrepreneurial activities is quite significant and will affect people’s lives profoundly.
Entrepreneurial policies, discussed in this article, are serious of intervention standards aiming to reform the entrepreneurial environment, to enlarging the scale of entrepreneurial activities and to encourage the entrepreneurial energy. In order to reply the questions of how entrepreneurial policies encouraging carve-out, how remarkable influences affected by these entrepreneurial activities, entrepreneurial policies of Shanghai are selected in this article to be the object of study. Referring to the practical samples benefiting from Shanghai Entrepreneurial Support Policy, the impact of how public entrepreneurial policies have on entrepreneur behavior and entrepreneurial environment is discussed in depth here. The evaluation and analysis of entrepreneurial policy system of Shanghai are conducted in this paper. Base on the evaluation and analysis, correspondent suggestions are proposed applying to make a cross-reference to the solution of entrepreneurial problem caused in daily work.
The paper consists of five parts: The first chapter introduces the background, the objective and the significance of the research of entrepreneurial policies. And it clarifies the structure of the text. A general literature review of entrepreneurial policy research at home and abroad and its comment are elaborated in chapter two. In chapter three, enterprises, enterprises’behavior and the internal relationship between enterprises behavior and external environment are explained thoroughly. Based on the explanations, the theoretical frame of the research on entrepreneurial policies, as the theme of research, is advanced. In the fourth part, entrepreneurial policy system and its background as well as objective, are distinctly presented by different cases. In this part, the author establishes a frame of the study on entrepreneurial support policies of Shanghai of his own and deducted the evolutive process of entrepreneurial policies. To be more convincing, from a practical standpoint, the author sums up the experience from the implements of entrepreneurial policies in daily work. Consequently, he gives an evaluation with the formulation, implementation and actual effect of Shanghai Public Entrepreneurial Policy. The final part gives some suggestion on perfecting entrepreneurial policies of Shanghai according to the results hereinbefore.
The conclusion of the study is that entrepreneurial policies effectively help improve entrepreneurial activities, release the pressure of employment, find more jobs, promote innovation and create wealth by stimulating the energy of carve-out, providing the opportunities of employments and educating entrepreneurial technology. Though the entrepreneurial environment of Shanghai is above the average among GEM (including policy environment), there still exists the limitation of entrepreneurial policies. The skills of entrepreneurs are immature resulting in the low survival rates. Referring to the experience of other countries, Shanghai government should cultivate the entrepreneurial culture, improve the framework of laws, and better the credit rating system to provide a comfortable environment for the development of entrepreneurial policies. Meanwhile, the government should also establish a specialized agency to inspire entrepreneurial activities with financial supporting, experts training, policies implementing, business serving and the like.
本文所研究的创业政策就是一个地区政府为了改善当地的创业环境,促进创业活动及其活力所制定的一系列干预准则。创业政策究竟如何推动创业,如何使其在创业活动中产生更有效、更显著的效应?为了回答这些问题,本文就以上海市创业政策为研究对象,参照上海市创业政策实施的实际案例提出研究框架,深入研究公共创业政策对创业者行为和地区创业环境的影响,对当前上海市创业政策体系进行评估和分析,并在此基础上提出对应的建议,为解决工作中的实际创业问题提供参考。
全文分五个部分,第一章综合论述创业政策研究的背景、研究目的和意义,对文章结构进行梳理;第二章围绕创业政策研究问题开展文献综述,回顾关于该问题的国内外研究,并进行评述;第三章从理论角度出发,阐述创业企业及其创业行为,分析其创业行为和外部环境之间的内在联系,引出研究主题,提出上海创业政策研究的理论框架;第四章通过实例系统描述上海市创业政策体系,分析各类创业政策出台的背景和目的,建立上海创业政策的研究框架,归纳创业政策的演变历程,总结创业政策的实践经验,进一步从实证角度出发,对上海市公共创业政策的制定、执行、实效进行客观评估;第五章根据研究结果对上海市创业政策提出完善建议。
本文的研究结论是:创业政策通过激发创业动机、提供创业机会和培育创业技术三个途径,有效地促进创业活动,实现缓解失业和吸收新增劳动力、促进创新和社会财富增长等目标;上海拥有居于GEM成员单位中上水平的创业环境,其中包括政策环境,但创业者的技能较弱,创业成功率不高,创业政策也有一定的局限性;应当借鉴国外经验,通过培养创业文化、健全强化法律支持、完善信用体系来为创业政策的发展提供良好的环境,同时建立一个创业政策的专门机构,从金融支持、人才培育、政策执行和创业服务等方面多管齐下,提高创业政策效益,更有效地激励创业活动。
With the acceleration of the economic restructuring in China, entrepreneurial economy has become an important direction in developing regional economy and in strengthening the general competitiveness. Hence, entrepreneurial activities have become the influential factor in economic development. Meanwhile, when entrepreneurial activities create wealth, they also brings abundant of employments, which underline their value in releasing the pressure of regional employment and in promoting full employment. Chinese government formulated a category of principles and policies of Entrepreneur Improving Employment in 2007. All these principles and policies are devoted to encouraging people to become self-employed or find jobs on their own and to developing the Innovation Service System. Great importance was attached to entrepreneurial activities by Shanghai municipal government. In January 2009, with Opinions on Further Encouraging Carve-out to Promote Employment in Shanghai being decreed, Three-Year-Plan of Action on Encouraging Carve-out to Promote Employment (2009-2010) was officially set off. Consequently, the research on entrepreneurial activities is quite significant and will affect people’s lives profoundly.
Entrepreneurial policies, discussed in this article, are serious of intervention standards aiming to reform the entrepreneurial environment, to enlarging the scale of entrepreneurial activities and to encourage the entrepreneurial energy. In order to reply the questions of how entrepreneurial policies encouraging carve-out, how remarkable influences affected by these entrepreneurial activities, entrepreneurial policies of Shanghai are selected in this article to be the object of study. Referring to the practical samples benefiting from Shanghai Entrepreneurial Support Policy, the impact of how public entrepreneurial policies have on entrepreneur behavior and entrepreneurial environment is discussed in depth here. The evaluation and analysis of entrepreneurial policy system of Shanghai are conducted in this paper. Base on the evaluation and analysis, correspondent suggestions are proposed applying to make a cross-reference to the solution of entrepreneurial problem caused in daily work.
The paper consists of five parts: The first chapter introduces the background, the objective and the significance of the research of entrepreneurial policies. And it clarifies the structure of the text. A general literature review of entrepreneurial policy research at home and abroad and its comment are elaborated in chapter two. In chapter three, enterprises, enterprises’behavior and the internal relationship between enterprises behavior and external environment are explained thoroughly. Based on the explanations, the theoretical frame of the research on entrepreneurial policies, as the theme of research, is advanced. In the fourth part, entrepreneurial policy system and its background as well as objective, are distinctly presented by different cases. In this part, the author establishes a frame of the study on entrepreneurial support policies of Shanghai of his own and deducted the evolutive process of entrepreneurial policies. To be more convincing, from a practical standpoint, the author sums up the experience from the implements of entrepreneurial policies in daily work. Consequently, he gives an evaluation with the formulation, implementation and actual effect of Shanghai Public Entrepreneurial Policy. The final part gives some suggestion on perfecting entrepreneurial policies of Shanghai according to the results hereinbefore.
The conclusion of the study is that entrepreneurial policies effectively help improve entrepreneurial activities, release the pressure of employment, find more jobs, promote innovation and create wealth by stimulating the energy of carve-out, providing the opportunities of employments and educating entrepreneurial technology. Though the entrepreneurial environment of Shanghai is above the average among GEM (including policy environment), there still exists the limitation of entrepreneurial policies. The skills of entrepreneurs are immature resulting in the low survival rates. Referring to the experience of other countries, Shanghai government should cultivate the entrepreneurial culture, improve the framework of laws, and better the credit rating system to provide a comfortable environment for the development of entrepreneurial policies. Meanwhile, the government should also establish a specialized agency to inspire entrepreneurial activities with financial supporting, experts training, policies implementing, business serving and the like.
引文
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19科技创业.京沪深三地创业政策环境比较[J].科技创业,2005(6):32-33.
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23顾强.我国创业活动现状、问题与对策[J].中国经贸导刊,2004(24):41-42.
24杨晔,俞艳.上海创业环境的GEM模型分析和政策建议[J].上海财经大学学报,2007(4):82-89.
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[1]张茉楠.面向创业型经济的政策设计与管理模式研究[J].科学学研究,2007(6):436-446.
[2]高建,盖罗它.国外创业政策的理论研究综述[J].国外社会科学,2007(1):70-74.
[3]陈成文,孙淇庭.大学生创业政策:评价与展望[J].高等教育研究,2009(7):24-30.
[4]米加宁,王启新.面向对象的公共政策分析方法[J].公共管理学报,2009(1):13-25.
[5]熊伟.大学生创业政策体系的构建框架与实施模式[J].陕西教育学院学报,2009(3):18-23.
[6]王玉帅,黄娟,尹继东.创业政策理论框架构建及其完善措施[J].科技进步与对策,2009(19):112-115.
[7]应金萍.大学生创业取向及其对环境与政策的诉求[J].社会科学战线,2009(10):281-282.
[8]林嵩.大学生创业政策:现状评析与制度设计[J].现代管理科学,2010(2):36-38.
[9]易朝辉,夏清华.国外创业型企业成长与创业政策研究[A].第三届(2008)中国管理学年会论文集[C].北京:世界科学出版社,2008.
[10]谢明.公共政策导论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009.
[11]寅杰,杨诚虎.公共政策评估:理论与方法[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[12]王达梅,杨诚虎.公共政策分析的理论与方法[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2006.
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