基于可持续发展的高科技产业集群治理研究
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摘要
知识经济时代到来后,信息科学与技术为代表的高科技产业迅速发展,成为世界经济发展的动力和衡量国家综合国力的重要指标;作为高科技产业微观单元的高科技企业是各国发展高科技产业和建立国家创新体系的重要主体,是推动产业升级、提高经济综合竞争力的基本力量。然而,由于高科技企业所从事的是以日新月异的科学技术新发明、新创造为基础的技术商品化活动,需要集成复杂的知识,面对的是迅速变化的市场环境,不确定性因素众多,竞争往往也更加激烈,因而呈现出高投入和高风险的特点。高科技企业的高风险性及其经营环境的不确定性决定了高科技企业的成长是一个复杂的演进过程,而在这一过程中各种影响企业成长的因素相互作用,共同构成了高科技企业成长机制。其中,集群化的影响是一个日益受到关注的因素。如美国的硅谷、波士顿128公路、英国爱尔兰国家科技园、剑桥工业园、德国法兰克福周围、印度的班加罗尔、日本的筑波科学城、台湾新竹科技园、法国的索菲亚、芬兰的赫尔辛基、我国的中关村等等,是高科技产业集群化成长的成功案例。国内外大量事实表明,以集群化形式存在的高科技企业表现出蓬勃的生命力和强劲的竞争力。
然而,高科技产业集群的衰退风险是嵌入在集群生命周期中而渐进发生的过程。集群风险的存在会导致集群动力机制陷入锁定或失效,无法将产业集群的生产要素资源转化为持续的竞争优势。那么,是否由于风险的存在,产业集群就注定无法可持续发展而最终走向衰败呢?大量的实力证明,产业集群完全可以通过不同的途径获得可持续性的发展,而其关键就在于首先要识别出集群风险产生的原因,并制定相关的规避政策。目前,国内学者的研究重点主要集中在集群的竞争优势以及对区域乃至国家经济的促进方面,对高科技产业集群的衰退风险也有学者从路径依赖和锁定效应方面进行了深入分析。但是这些研究缺乏系统性,同时也没有说明集群衰退的风险的根本原因。
本论文从理论和实证研究的双重角度进行深入研究。首先,介绍了高科技企业及高科技产业群集相关概念,对国内外产业集群及集群治理的理论进行了综述;其次,分析了高科技产业集群衰退的风险因素,设计调查问卷收集客观数据,利用SPSS统计软件进行因子分析,确定了高科技产业集群衰退的八大主要因素;再次,在以上研究的基础上,分析高科技产业集群治理的治理机制和治理结构及可以治理的主体;最后,在前面研究的基础上,就如何完善集群机制、利用和整合集群资源,充分发挥集群正效应和有效规避负效应,促进高新技术企业集群化成长,从政府治理、行业协会的治理、企业家治理及企业自身的战略治理等方面了有战略意义的对策和建议。
After the arrival of knowledge economy era, high-tech industries represented as information science and technology rapid develop. They become the driving force of world economic development and an important indicator which measure the country's comprehensive national strength. As a micro-unit of high-tech industry, high-tech enterprise is the important subject that states develop high-tech industries and establish the system of a national innovation. It is also the fundamental forces to promote industrial upgrading and improve our overall economic competitiveness. However, due to high-tech enterprise engaged in technology commercialization activities based on ever-changing science and technology and new inventions, new creation. Facing a rapidly changing market environment and many factors of uncertainty, competition is often more intense, thus showing a high input and high-risk characteristics. The high-risk of high-tech enterprise and its uncertainty business environment determine that the growth of high-tech companies is a complex process of evolution. In this process, a variety of factors that affect the growth of interaction, they together constitute the business growth mechanism of high-tech. Among them, the impact of clustering is a growing concern factor. At home and abroad a large number of facts show that High-tech Enterprises, existing in the form of clustering, have demonstrated strong vitality and competitiveness. Places like Silicon Valley, Route 128 in US, Irish National Technology Park in UK, the Cambridge industrial park, the surrounding Frankfurt in Germany, Sofia in France, Helsinki of Finland, Bangalore in India, Tsukuba in Japan, H sin chu in Taiwan, and Zhongguancun in China.
However, the recession risk of high-tech industry clusters is embedded in the cluster life cycle and the gradual process of occurring. At present, the study of many Chinese scholars focus on the cluster's competitive edge as well as the promotion of regional and national economies, the study of high-tech industry cluster downside risks, there are scholars from the path dependence and lock-in effect carried out in-depth analysis. However, these studies lack of systematic, but also didn’t specify the cluster root causes of the risk of a recession.
This thesis fills the research gap from the dual—theoretical and empirical research perspective. Firstly, this thesis introduces the related definitions and characteristics of High-tech Enterprises and makes a classified summary about industrial cluster at home and abroad. Second, it analyses the recession risk factors of high-tech industry cluster and establishes factors system of recession of high-tech industry cluster. By using this system to design the questionnaires to collect objective data, taking use of the SPSS statistics software to analyze the factors, seven tremendous main influencing factors of recession of Clustering growth of High-tech Enterprises are determined. Thirdly, based on the study, it analyses governance mechanisms and governance structures of high-tech industry cluster and identifies the main body of high-tech industry cluster’s governance.
At last, based on the previous researches and the present developing situation of clustering growth of High-tech Enterprises, this thesis brings out some strategic countermeasures and suggestions from Governance, trade associations, entrepreneurship and strategic of corporate sides to how to improve the cluster mechanisms, take good use of and integrate cluster resources, give full play to the positive effects and avoid negative effects and promote the clustering growth of High-tech Enterprises.
然而,高科技产业集群的衰退风险是嵌入在集群生命周期中而渐进发生的过程。集群风险的存在会导致集群动力机制陷入锁定或失效,无法将产业集群的生产要素资源转化为持续的竞争优势。那么,是否由于风险的存在,产业集群就注定无法可持续发展而最终走向衰败呢?大量的实力证明,产业集群完全可以通过不同的途径获得可持续性的发展,而其关键就在于首先要识别出集群风险产生的原因,并制定相关的规避政策。目前,国内学者的研究重点主要集中在集群的竞争优势以及对区域乃至国家经济的促进方面,对高科技产业集群的衰退风险也有学者从路径依赖和锁定效应方面进行了深入分析。但是这些研究缺乏系统性,同时也没有说明集群衰退的风险的根本原因。
本论文从理论和实证研究的双重角度进行深入研究。首先,介绍了高科技企业及高科技产业群集相关概念,对国内外产业集群及集群治理的理论进行了综述;其次,分析了高科技产业集群衰退的风险因素,设计调查问卷收集客观数据,利用SPSS统计软件进行因子分析,确定了高科技产业集群衰退的八大主要因素;再次,在以上研究的基础上,分析高科技产业集群治理的治理机制和治理结构及可以治理的主体;最后,在前面研究的基础上,就如何完善集群机制、利用和整合集群资源,充分发挥集群正效应和有效规避负效应,促进高新技术企业集群化成长,从政府治理、行业协会的治理、企业家治理及企业自身的战略治理等方面了有战略意义的对策和建议。
After the arrival of knowledge economy era, high-tech industries represented as information science and technology rapid develop. They become the driving force of world economic development and an important indicator which measure the country's comprehensive national strength. As a micro-unit of high-tech industry, high-tech enterprise is the important subject that states develop high-tech industries and establish the system of a national innovation. It is also the fundamental forces to promote industrial upgrading and improve our overall economic competitiveness. However, due to high-tech enterprise engaged in technology commercialization activities based on ever-changing science and technology and new inventions, new creation. Facing a rapidly changing market environment and many factors of uncertainty, competition is often more intense, thus showing a high input and high-risk characteristics. The high-risk of high-tech enterprise and its uncertainty business environment determine that the growth of high-tech companies is a complex process of evolution. In this process, a variety of factors that affect the growth of interaction, they together constitute the business growth mechanism of high-tech. Among them, the impact of clustering is a growing concern factor. At home and abroad a large number of facts show that High-tech Enterprises, existing in the form of clustering, have demonstrated strong vitality and competitiveness. Places like Silicon Valley, Route 128 in US, Irish National Technology Park in UK, the Cambridge industrial park, the surrounding Frankfurt in Germany, Sofia in France, Helsinki of Finland, Bangalore in India, Tsukuba in Japan, H sin chu in Taiwan, and Zhongguancun in China.
However, the recession risk of high-tech industry clusters is embedded in the cluster life cycle and the gradual process of occurring. At present, the study of many Chinese scholars focus on the cluster's competitive edge as well as the promotion of regional and national economies, the study of high-tech industry cluster downside risks, there are scholars from the path dependence and lock-in effect carried out in-depth analysis. However, these studies lack of systematic, but also didn’t specify the cluster root causes of the risk of a recession.
This thesis fills the research gap from the dual—theoretical and empirical research perspective. Firstly, this thesis introduces the related definitions and characteristics of High-tech Enterprises and makes a classified summary about industrial cluster at home and abroad. Second, it analyses the recession risk factors of high-tech industry cluster and establishes factors system of recession of high-tech industry cluster. By using this system to design the questionnaires to collect objective data, taking use of the SPSS statistics software to analyze the factors, seven tremendous main influencing factors of recession of Clustering growth of High-tech Enterprises are determined. Thirdly, based on the study, it analyses governance mechanisms and governance structures of high-tech industry cluster and identifies the main body of high-tech industry cluster’s governance.
At last, based on the previous researches and the present developing situation of clustering growth of High-tech Enterprises, this thesis brings out some strategic countermeasures and suggestions from Governance, trade associations, entrepreneurship and strategic of corporate sides to how to improve the cluster mechanisms, take good use of and integrate cluster resources, give full play to the positive effects and avoid negative effects and promote the clustering growth of High-tech Enterprises.
引文
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