中国农村居民健康收入效应的经验研究
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摘要
依据中国健康与营养调查和中国家庭收入项目调查数据,本文从劳动参与、劳动时间和劳动生产率三个方面,应用微观经济计量方法,对中国农村居民的健康收入效应进行了经验研究。本文的主要内容如下:
首先,本文论述了健康收入效应理论的内涵和和作用机制,并对主客观健康指标的优缺点进行了分析,论述了多种健康测度指标的选择问题;对国内外健康收入效应的经验研究方法和研究结果进行了回顾,发现虽然相关研究使用的数据方法存在差异,但所得结论大都强有力地支持了健康对劳动参与、劳动时间和劳动生产率的积极作用。
其次,探讨了健康的“内生性”及相应的处理方法,对重要的健康测度之间的相互关系,包括身高、体重、BMI、卡路里和蛋白质摄入、疾病情况、自评健康状况,进行了统计视角的审视,在此基础上提出了客观健康指标的构建方法。客观健康状况——身高、BMI、卡路里、蛋白质摄入和四周患病情况,从不同角度反映了个体健康状况,全面代表了个体的长、中、短期健康状况及不可预知事件——疾病对个体健康的影响,适合做为构建客观健康指标的组成要素。根据健康测度的重要程度赋予不同的权重,以得出客观健康指标的综合得分。
第三,运用多元Logit模型、面板数据的工具变量法和广义最小二乘法,本文分析了务农群体的健康收入效应。研究结果表明,客观健康指标提高1单位,男性的劳动参与、劳动时间和小时收入分别提高了1.72%、0.81%和1.08%,女性则分别提高了2.41%、0.48%和1.15%。健康状况并不是决定年轻男性个体是否参与务农的主要因素。同时,男性做为家庭农业生产的主要劳动力,其劳动时间明显受到了身体健康状况的影响,健康状况对男性的影响明显高于女性,而且年龄越大,健康对劳动时间的影响(包括女性)也越大。健康状况对男性劳动生产率的影响略高于女性,但健康对女性的影响范围更广;年轻男性做为农业生产的主要劳动力,身体健康状况普遍较好,且受到农村自然资源的限制,务农是其“无奈”或者是唯一的选择,健康对其劳动参与、劳动时间和小时收入未产生显著影响或影响较小。女性主要从事家庭照料或非市场的家庭生产经营活动,健康状况对各年龄组务农收入的影响更为均衡;在农村地区“人地”资源矛盾的存在,对健康发挥作用的时间产生了一定的限制,健康发挥作用更多的是体现在对劳动生产率的提高。
第四,运用多元Logit模型、面板数据的工具变量法和广义最小二乘法,本文分析了非农就业群体的健康收入效应。研究结果表明,客观健康指标提高1单位,男性的小时收入提高了0.35%,女性的劳动参与和小时收入分别提高了1.88%和1.53%,健康并未对工作时间产生显著影响,健康状况对女性的影响高于对男性的影响,非农就业收入更多地受到了职业和单位类型的影响;健康主要作用于男性年龄偏大群体,对年轻男性的影响较小。与男性群体相比,健康状况对女性群体的影响更偏重于年轻群体,这与女性群体从事服务业和其他职业类型的比例高于男性群体有关;健康状况对非农就业收入的影响最主要的是体现在对劳动生产率的提高,对男性和女性群体的影响范围更为广泛。非农就业尤其在国有企业或政府部门单位工作,由于体制的原因,非农就业的劳动参与主要受个体的社会资本的影响。由于工作制度的限制,非农就业个体的工作时间决定受到了一定影响。
第五,运用二元Logit模型、最小二乘法和分位数回归模型,本文分析了进城务工群体的健康收入效应。研究结果表明,自评健康状况增加1个单位,男性的劳动参与和工作时间分别提高了510.16%和2.27%,女性的小时收入提高了5.83%。男性个体工作时间越长,健康的影响也越大。女性个体小时收入越低,健康的影响也越大。健康状况对男性和女性的影响方式存在不同,主要是由于男性和女性从事的职业对体力的要求程度不同有关。
第六,运用差中差方法和面板数据的广义最小二乘法,本文分析了新农村合作医疗制度的健康效应和收入效应。研究结果表明,务农男性和女性健康状况分别提高了3.54%和3.64%,年收入分别提高了5.80%和5.16%,成本收益率分别为663.20%和460.61%,健康投资效益明显。新农合未对非农就业群体的健康状况产生显著影响。新农合对务农群体的健康效应和收入效应显著,对女性群体的健康效应大于男性群体,对男性群体的收入效应大于女性群体。
本文所得出的结论有助于更加清晰地理解健康对农村居民收入的影响程度和作用机制,并对新农村合作医疗制度的实施具有一定的借鉴意义。
Using the microeconometrics methods, based on the data form China Health and Nutrition Survey and Chinese Household Income Project, this paper studies the health income effects on rural residents in China in terms of three aspects: labor force participation, work hour, labor force productivity. The framework as follows:
This paper first reviews the content and mechanism of action of the health income effects theory, and analyzes and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of subjective and objective health indicators, and introduces the choice of a variety of health indicators; This paper reviews the empirical research methods and findings of domestic and foreign literatures, although the data and methods varied, yet most of the conclusions strongly supported the positive effects of health on labor force participation, work hour and labor force productivity.
This paper second discusses the health "endogeneity" and the corresponding treatment and gives a review of the relationship among important health measurements in statistical perspective: height, weight, Body Mass Index, calorie and protein intake, illness, Self Reported Health, based on the review this paper presents the construction methods of objective health indicator. The objective health status-- height, BMI, calorie and protein intake and four-week prevalence rate reflects the health status of individual from different angles, completely embodies the individual's long, medium and short-term health status and the impact of unanticipated events-- diseases on individual health, so they are suitable to construct the objective health indicator. According to its importance, this paper assigns different weights of it to calculate the composite score of objective health indicator.
Third, using the multi Logit model, the panel data Instrumental Variable method and Generalized Least Squares, this paper analyzes the health income effects on farmer groups. The results show that objective health indicator increases by 1 unit, the participation rate/ work hour and hourly earnings of male respectively increases by 1.72% / 0.81% and 1.08%, the participation rate/ work hour and hourly earnings of female respectively increases by 2.41% / 0.48% and 1.15%. Health status is not the major factors whether young men engaged in agriculture. At the same time, the male is the main labor force in household agricultural production, and the health status affects his labor time significantly, the effects of health on male is bigger than on female, and the older the age is, the bigger the health effect (include the female) becomes. The effect of health status on labor force productivity of male is slightly higher than female, however, there’re a wider sphere of influence in female. Groups of young men as the main labor force in agricultural production, generally good physical health, and by the limitations of natural resources in rural areas, farming is the "have to" or the only option, the health effects on labor forceparticipation, work hours and hourly earnings is less affected or not significant. Groups of female engaged in family care or non-market household production and business activities, health effects on farming activities of all age groups is in a more balanced condition; Since the exist of“conflicts between territory and human”in rural areas, which limited the time that health play a role, the effects of health is more reflected in the increase of labor force productivity.
Fourthly, using the multi Logit model, the panel data Instrumental Variable method and Generalized Least Squares, this paper analyzes the health income effects on off-farm employment groups. The results show that objective health indicator increases by 1 unit, hourly earnings of male increases by 0.35%, the participation rate and hourly earnings of female respectively increases by 1.88% and 1.53%. The health effects on female is bigger than male, off-farm employment earnings is more affected by occupation and type of unit; The health effects on groups of older men is more than younger. Compared with male groups, the health effects on female is more emphasis on younger age groups, because the proportion of female groups in the service industry and other professional types is higher than male groups. The health effects on off-farm employment income is most reflected in improvement of labor productivity, and there’s a broader effect on male and female groups. Off-farm employment, especially in state-owned enterprises or government work units, due to institutional reasons, is mainly affected by the social capital of individuals. As a result of system constraints, the work hours of off-farm employment of individual decisions has been affected to some extent.
Fifthly, using binary Logit model, OLS and the quantile regression model, this paper analyzes the health income effects of migrant workers groups. The results show that Self Reported Health increases by 1 unit, the participation rate and work hour of male respectively increases by 510.16% and 2.27%, the hourly earnings of female increases by 5.83%. The longer male works, the stronger effect the health plays. The lower the hourly earnings of female is, the greater effect the health plays. The role of health effect on male and female is different because men and women are engaged in occupations related to different physical power.
Finally, using the Difference in Difference methods and panel data Generalized Least Squares, this paper analyzes the health effect and income effect of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme. The results show that health status of male and female of farmer groups respectively increases by 3.54% and 3.64%, annual income respectively increases by 5.80% and 5.16%, Cost-Benefit Rates respectively are 663.20% and 460.61%, so the benefits of health investment are significant. The New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme has no siganidicant effects on off-farm employment groups; The effect on farmer groups is significant, the health effect on female is stronger than that on male, the income effect on male is stronger than that on female.
The results form this paper contribute to a better understanding of the health income effects on rural residents, and will be beneficial to the implementation of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme.
首先,本文论述了健康收入效应理论的内涵和和作用机制,并对主客观健康指标的优缺点进行了分析,论述了多种健康测度指标的选择问题;对国内外健康收入效应的经验研究方法和研究结果进行了回顾,发现虽然相关研究使用的数据方法存在差异,但所得结论大都强有力地支持了健康对劳动参与、劳动时间和劳动生产率的积极作用。
其次,探讨了健康的“内生性”及相应的处理方法,对重要的健康测度之间的相互关系,包括身高、体重、BMI、卡路里和蛋白质摄入、疾病情况、自评健康状况,进行了统计视角的审视,在此基础上提出了客观健康指标的构建方法。客观健康状况——身高、BMI、卡路里、蛋白质摄入和四周患病情况,从不同角度反映了个体健康状况,全面代表了个体的长、中、短期健康状况及不可预知事件——疾病对个体健康的影响,适合做为构建客观健康指标的组成要素。根据健康测度的重要程度赋予不同的权重,以得出客观健康指标的综合得分。
第三,运用多元Logit模型、面板数据的工具变量法和广义最小二乘法,本文分析了务农群体的健康收入效应。研究结果表明,客观健康指标提高1单位,男性的劳动参与、劳动时间和小时收入分别提高了1.72%、0.81%和1.08%,女性则分别提高了2.41%、0.48%和1.15%。健康状况并不是决定年轻男性个体是否参与务农的主要因素。同时,男性做为家庭农业生产的主要劳动力,其劳动时间明显受到了身体健康状况的影响,健康状况对男性的影响明显高于女性,而且年龄越大,健康对劳动时间的影响(包括女性)也越大。健康状况对男性劳动生产率的影响略高于女性,但健康对女性的影响范围更广;年轻男性做为农业生产的主要劳动力,身体健康状况普遍较好,且受到农村自然资源的限制,务农是其“无奈”或者是唯一的选择,健康对其劳动参与、劳动时间和小时收入未产生显著影响或影响较小。女性主要从事家庭照料或非市场的家庭生产经营活动,健康状况对各年龄组务农收入的影响更为均衡;在农村地区“人地”资源矛盾的存在,对健康发挥作用的时间产生了一定的限制,健康发挥作用更多的是体现在对劳动生产率的提高。
第四,运用多元Logit模型、面板数据的工具变量法和广义最小二乘法,本文分析了非农就业群体的健康收入效应。研究结果表明,客观健康指标提高1单位,男性的小时收入提高了0.35%,女性的劳动参与和小时收入分别提高了1.88%和1.53%,健康并未对工作时间产生显著影响,健康状况对女性的影响高于对男性的影响,非农就业收入更多地受到了职业和单位类型的影响;健康主要作用于男性年龄偏大群体,对年轻男性的影响较小。与男性群体相比,健康状况对女性群体的影响更偏重于年轻群体,这与女性群体从事服务业和其他职业类型的比例高于男性群体有关;健康状况对非农就业收入的影响最主要的是体现在对劳动生产率的提高,对男性和女性群体的影响范围更为广泛。非农就业尤其在国有企业或政府部门单位工作,由于体制的原因,非农就业的劳动参与主要受个体的社会资本的影响。由于工作制度的限制,非农就业个体的工作时间决定受到了一定影响。
第五,运用二元Logit模型、最小二乘法和分位数回归模型,本文分析了进城务工群体的健康收入效应。研究结果表明,自评健康状况增加1个单位,男性的劳动参与和工作时间分别提高了510.16%和2.27%,女性的小时收入提高了5.83%。男性个体工作时间越长,健康的影响也越大。女性个体小时收入越低,健康的影响也越大。健康状况对男性和女性的影响方式存在不同,主要是由于男性和女性从事的职业对体力的要求程度不同有关。
第六,运用差中差方法和面板数据的广义最小二乘法,本文分析了新农村合作医疗制度的健康效应和收入效应。研究结果表明,务农男性和女性健康状况分别提高了3.54%和3.64%,年收入分别提高了5.80%和5.16%,成本收益率分别为663.20%和460.61%,健康投资效益明显。新农合未对非农就业群体的健康状况产生显著影响。新农合对务农群体的健康效应和收入效应显著,对女性群体的健康效应大于男性群体,对男性群体的收入效应大于女性群体。
本文所得出的结论有助于更加清晰地理解健康对农村居民收入的影响程度和作用机制,并对新农村合作医疗制度的实施具有一定的借鉴意义。
Using the microeconometrics methods, based on the data form China Health and Nutrition Survey and Chinese Household Income Project, this paper studies the health income effects on rural residents in China in terms of three aspects: labor force participation, work hour, labor force productivity. The framework as follows:
This paper first reviews the content and mechanism of action of the health income effects theory, and analyzes and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of subjective and objective health indicators, and introduces the choice of a variety of health indicators; This paper reviews the empirical research methods and findings of domestic and foreign literatures, although the data and methods varied, yet most of the conclusions strongly supported the positive effects of health on labor force participation, work hour and labor force productivity.
This paper second discusses the health "endogeneity" and the corresponding treatment and gives a review of the relationship among important health measurements in statistical perspective: height, weight, Body Mass Index, calorie and protein intake, illness, Self Reported Health, based on the review this paper presents the construction methods of objective health indicator. The objective health status-- height, BMI, calorie and protein intake and four-week prevalence rate reflects the health status of individual from different angles, completely embodies the individual's long, medium and short-term health status and the impact of unanticipated events-- diseases on individual health, so they are suitable to construct the objective health indicator. According to its importance, this paper assigns different weights of it to calculate the composite score of objective health indicator.
Third, using the multi Logit model, the panel data Instrumental Variable method and Generalized Least Squares, this paper analyzes the health income effects on farmer groups. The results show that objective health indicator increases by 1 unit, the participation rate/ work hour and hourly earnings of male respectively increases by 1.72% / 0.81% and 1.08%, the participation rate/ work hour and hourly earnings of female respectively increases by 2.41% / 0.48% and 1.15%. Health status is not the major factors whether young men engaged in agriculture. At the same time, the male is the main labor force in household agricultural production, and the health status affects his labor time significantly, the effects of health on male is bigger than on female, and the older the age is, the bigger the health effect (include the female) becomes. The effect of health status on labor force productivity of male is slightly higher than female, however, there’re a wider sphere of influence in female. Groups of young men as the main labor force in agricultural production, generally good physical health, and by the limitations of natural resources in rural areas, farming is the "have to" or the only option, the health effects on labor forceparticipation, work hours and hourly earnings is less affected or not significant. Groups of female engaged in family care or non-market household production and business activities, health effects on farming activities of all age groups is in a more balanced condition; Since the exist of“conflicts between territory and human”in rural areas, which limited the time that health play a role, the effects of health is more reflected in the increase of labor force productivity.
Fourthly, using the multi Logit model, the panel data Instrumental Variable method and Generalized Least Squares, this paper analyzes the health income effects on off-farm employment groups. The results show that objective health indicator increases by 1 unit, hourly earnings of male increases by 0.35%, the participation rate and hourly earnings of female respectively increases by 1.88% and 1.53%. The health effects on female is bigger than male, off-farm employment earnings is more affected by occupation and type of unit; The health effects on groups of older men is more than younger. Compared with male groups, the health effects on female is more emphasis on younger age groups, because the proportion of female groups in the service industry and other professional types is higher than male groups. The health effects on off-farm employment income is most reflected in improvement of labor productivity, and there’s a broader effect on male and female groups. Off-farm employment, especially in state-owned enterprises or government work units, due to institutional reasons, is mainly affected by the social capital of individuals. As a result of system constraints, the work hours of off-farm employment of individual decisions has been affected to some extent.
Fifthly, using binary Logit model, OLS and the quantile regression model, this paper analyzes the health income effects of migrant workers groups. The results show that Self Reported Health increases by 1 unit, the participation rate and work hour of male respectively increases by 510.16% and 2.27%, the hourly earnings of female increases by 5.83%. The longer male works, the stronger effect the health plays. The lower the hourly earnings of female is, the greater effect the health plays. The role of health effect on male and female is different because men and women are engaged in occupations related to different physical power.
Finally, using the Difference in Difference methods and panel data Generalized Least Squares, this paper analyzes the health effect and income effect of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme. The results show that health status of male and female of farmer groups respectively increases by 3.54% and 3.64%, annual income respectively increases by 5.80% and 5.16%, Cost-Benefit Rates respectively are 663.20% and 460.61%, so the benefits of health investment are significant. The New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme has no siganidicant effects on off-farm employment groups; The effect on farmer groups is significant, the health effect on female is stronger than that on male, the income effect on male is stronger than that on female.
The results form this paper contribute to a better understanding of the health income effects on rural residents, and will be beneficial to the implementation of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme.
引文
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