低孔低渗储层含水饱和度模型的确定及在松南地区的应用
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摘要
在低孔低渗储层评价中含水饱和度难于确定,而它却在储层评价中起着非常重要的作用,本文就这种问题对含水饱和度解释模型进行了深入研究。
本文通过对低孔低渗储层的成因、岩石学特征、孔隙结构特征、物性特征、岩电参数特征和测井曲线特征的研究,并依据岩心分析数据对研究区电阻率的影响因素进行分析,总结了影响低孔低渗岩石电阻率两个主要原因:一是泥质的附加导电性,二是由于泥质含量的增加使孔隙结构变复杂而使岩石电阻率值增加。
本文从泥质对岩石电阻率影响的上述两个相反因素进行考虑,依据岩样分析数据,提出了适合于低孔低渗储层的含水饱和度模型。本文提出的模型可以减少孔隙结构变化及泥质附加导电性对电阻率值的影响,从而突出孔隙流体的相对贡献值,更准确的计算含水饱和度。
本文建立了低孔低渗储层测井评价的方法,并开发了处理软件,将模型应用在松南八屋-四五家子地区,实际处理了9口井的测井资料,取得了很好的应用效果。
Low porosity and Low permeability reservoir is the main reservoir type of china’s current lithostratigraphy hydrocarbon exploration and development,and it is the main source of China's future oil and gas reserve and output. The log evaluation of low porosity and low permeability reservoir is always one difficult point. The determination of saturation is a very important task on reservoir evaluation. However, the complexity of its pore structure make rock’s conductivity and satuation deviate from Archie relationship, result in the rock becoming non-Archied rock. Usually, the property of low porosity and permeability leads to complicate log response, at the same time, it exacerbates the difficulty of saturation evaluation.
For sandshale profile, the logging evaluation of reservoir in middle -high porosity has accumulated a set of very mature approach to explain,and it can really provides more reliable evaluation results. However, for the oil and gas logging evaluation of sandstone reservoir with low porosity, abundant shale, low permeability and low oil saturation,logging technology has shown a lack of capacity,and log interpretation mostly uses the methods and thinking in middle-high porosity and permeability reservoir. For explaining theory, Archie principle has been using during past several decades, but it is the product under uniform medium and ideal conditions, using it to solve the low porosity and low permeability reservoir, its accuracy can be imagined. So it is important to work out a water saturation model which can evaluate low porosity and low permeability more effectively.
Basing on the study of a number of areas of low porosity and low permeability of the reservoir causes, rock characteristics, pore structure characteristics, physical characteristics, the characteristics of rock parameters and logging features,sumed up that the low porosity and low permeability reservoir is mainly due to material source, sedimentary environment, diagenesis and the role of tectonic stress. To a large extent, the content of plastic minerals of rock in source area determines the quality of properties. In depositional environment, the best lake water medium for reservoir is fresh water and brackish water. The properties of reservoir are transformed by digenesis, such as compaction, cementation, dissolution, metasomasis and cataclasis, of which compaction and cementation are the main reasons to destroy the primary pore. The impact of tectonic stress to properties has two sides, the positive aspect is that fissure and dissolution make properties improved, and the negative aspect is that compression stress makes rock denser. Usually, on low porosity and low permeability reservoir, debris content is relatively high ,fine-grained rock composition is much more and cementation occurred frequently. Pore structure is complex, and usually the primary pore, secondary pore and fissure is being simultaneous. Rock electrical parameter a of low porosity is usually higher than that of high porosity, and m in low porosity is usually lower than that of high porosity. In many low porosity and low permeability reservoirs, partition is needed basing on the relationship of F and porosity, therefore, a and m is selected respectively. Resistivity log curve is mostly effected by rock pore structure and shale. As a result, it lays the foundation for proposing satuation model which is suitable for low porosity and low permeability reservoir.
In the paper, the Southern of SongLiao basin BaWu-SiWuJiaZi is study area. The reservoir of the area is low porosity and low permeability reservoir. The resistivity of oil layer changes in the scope of great value. Reservoir of the study area can’t be evaluated correctly with Archie equation and identical rock electrical parameters. Through study the characteristics of petrophysical analysis data of 81 rock samples, sumed up two main reasons which affect low porosity and low permeability rock’s resistivity value. First, the extra conductivity of shale itself. Second, because of fine rock particles, poor separating and high clay content. However, the increased clay content in the process will cause all reservoir rock particles structure to become fine, and pore structure also tends to be complicated. The result is equivalent to the average conductive cross-section becomes smaller and conductive length becomes longer, which causes resistivity of clay sandstone to be increased. Therefore, in the study area, extra conductive of shale itself and increased resistivity caused by the change of the pore structure are at least two coexist contrary factors.
In the paper, the above two contrary factors of shale effect the rock resistivity are considered. Based on the analysis data of samples, satuation model which is suitable for low porosity and low permeability reservoir is proposed. Model displayed the three affecting factors of resistivity value. First, Archie equation. Second, the extra conductivity of shale itself. Third, the increased clay content in the process will cause pore structure tends to be complicated, the result is equivalent to the average conductive cross-section becomes smaller and conductive length becomes longer, which causes resistivity of clay sandstone to be increased.The proposed model can describe well the effects from the change of the pore structure and extra conductive of shale for resistivity. Thus the relative contribution of pore fluid value is highlighted and saturation can be calculated more accurately.
In this paper, the log evaluation methods of low porosity and low permeability are established and the processing software is developed. Comparing the results of the model proposed in the paper and other general models, the result calculated by the model proposed in the paper mactched best with the Ro measured in laboratory, therefore, the model proposed in the paper can better reflect the conductivity of rock.The model is applied in the study area and 9 wells are handled actually, the interpretation results can reflect the test results and sealed coring results well. Therefore, the model proposed in the paper can calculate the water satuation of low porosity and low permeability reservoir well.
本文通过对低孔低渗储层的成因、岩石学特征、孔隙结构特征、物性特征、岩电参数特征和测井曲线特征的研究,并依据岩心分析数据对研究区电阻率的影响因素进行分析,总结了影响低孔低渗岩石电阻率两个主要原因:一是泥质的附加导电性,二是由于泥质含量的增加使孔隙结构变复杂而使岩石电阻率值增加。
本文从泥质对岩石电阻率影响的上述两个相反因素进行考虑,依据岩样分析数据,提出了适合于低孔低渗储层的含水饱和度模型。本文提出的模型可以减少孔隙结构变化及泥质附加导电性对电阻率值的影响,从而突出孔隙流体的相对贡献值,更准确的计算含水饱和度。
本文建立了低孔低渗储层测井评价的方法,并开发了处理软件,将模型应用在松南八屋-四五家子地区,实际处理了9口井的测井资料,取得了很好的应用效果。
Low porosity and Low permeability reservoir is the main reservoir type of china’s current lithostratigraphy hydrocarbon exploration and development,and it is the main source of China's future oil and gas reserve and output. The log evaluation of low porosity and low permeability reservoir is always one difficult point. The determination of saturation is a very important task on reservoir evaluation. However, the complexity of its pore structure make rock’s conductivity and satuation deviate from Archie relationship, result in the rock becoming non-Archied rock. Usually, the property of low porosity and permeability leads to complicate log response, at the same time, it exacerbates the difficulty of saturation evaluation.
For sandshale profile, the logging evaluation of reservoir in middle -high porosity has accumulated a set of very mature approach to explain,and it can really provides more reliable evaluation results. However, for the oil and gas logging evaluation of sandstone reservoir with low porosity, abundant shale, low permeability and low oil saturation,logging technology has shown a lack of capacity,and log interpretation mostly uses the methods and thinking in middle-high porosity and permeability reservoir. For explaining theory, Archie principle has been using during past several decades, but it is the product under uniform medium and ideal conditions, using it to solve the low porosity and low permeability reservoir, its accuracy can be imagined. So it is important to work out a water saturation model which can evaluate low porosity and low permeability more effectively.
Basing on the study of a number of areas of low porosity and low permeability of the reservoir causes, rock characteristics, pore structure characteristics, physical characteristics, the characteristics of rock parameters and logging features,sumed up that the low porosity and low permeability reservoir is mainly due to material source, sedimentary environment, diagenesis and the role of tectonic stress. To a large extent, the content of plastic minerals of rock in source area determines the quality of properties. In depositional environment, the best lake water medium for reservoir is fresh water and brackish water. The properties of reservoir are transformed by digenesis, such as compaction, cementation, dissolution, metasomasis and cataclasis, of which compaction and cementation are the main reasons to destroy the primary pore. The impact of tectonic stress to properties has two sides, the positive aspect is that fissure and dissolution make properties improved, and the negative aspect is that compression stress makes rock denser. Usually, on low porosity and low permeability reservoir, debris content is relatively high ,fine-grained rock composition is much more and cementation occurred frequently. Pore structure is complex, and usually the primary pore, secondary pore and fissure is being simultaneous. Rock electrical parameter a of low porosity is usually higher than that of high porosity, and m in low porosity is usually lower than that of high porosity. In many low porosity and low permeability reservoirs, partition is needed basing on the relationship of F and porosity, therefore, a and m is selected respectively. Resistivity log curve is mostly effected by rock pore structure and shale. As a result, it lays the foundation for proposing satuation model which is suitable for low porosity and low permeability reservoir.
In the paper, the Southern of SongLiao basin BaWu-SiWuJiaZi is study area. The reservoir of the area is low porosity and low permeability reservoir. The resistivity of oil layer changes in the scope of great value. Reservoir of the study area can’t be evaluated correctly with Archie equation and identical rock electrical parameters. Through study the characteristics of petrophysical analysis data of 81 rock samples, sumed up two main reasons which affect low porosity and low permeability rock’s resistivity value. First, the extra conductivity of shale itself. Second, because of fine rock particles, poor separating and high clay content. However, the increased clay content in the process will cause all reservoir rock particles structure to become fine, and pore structure also tends to be complicated. The result is equivalent to the average conductive cross-section becomes smaller and conductive length becomes longer, which causes resistivity of clay sandstone to be increased. Therefore, in the study area, extra conductive of shale itself and increased resistivity caused by the change of the pore structure are at least two coexist contrary factors.
In the paper, the above two contrary factors of shale effect the rock resistivity are considered. Based on the analysis data of samples, satuation model which is suitable for low porosity and low permeability reservoir is proposed. Model displayed the three affecting factors of resistivity value. First, Archie equation. Second, the extra conductivity of shale itself. Third, the increased clay content in the process will cause pore structure tends to be complicated, the result is equivalent to the average conductive cross-section becomes smaller and conductive length becomes longer, which causes resistivity of clay sandstone to be increased.The proposed model can describe well the effects from the change of the pore structure and extra conductive of shale for resistivity. Thus the relative contribution of pore fluid value is highlighted and saturation can be calculated more accurately.
In this paper, the log evaluation methods of low porosity and low permeability are established and the processing software is developed. Comparing the results of the model proposed in the paper and other general models, the result calculated by the model proposed in the paper mactched best with the Ro measured in laboratory, therefore, the model proposed in the paper can better reflect the conductivity of rock.The model is applied in the study area and 9 wells are handled actually, the interpretation results can reflect the test results and sealed coring results well. Therefore, the model proposed in the paper can calculate the water satuation of low porosity and low permeability reservoir well.
引文
[1] Archie, “The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics”[J], Trans.AIME, 1942,Vol. 146, P.54.
[2]Clavier.C,Coates.G,Dumanoir.J,The theoretical and experimental bases for the Dual-Water model for interpretation of shaly sands[C]. SPE, 1977,Paper No.6859.
[3]Givens-W-Wendell .A conductive rock matrix model (CRMM) for the analysis of low-contrast resistivity formations[J]. The Log Analyst. 1987,28; 2, Pages 138-151.
[4]Swanson-Ben-F .Microporosity in reservoir rocks; its measurement and influence on electrical resistivity[J]. Transactions of the SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium. 1985,26; 1, Pages F1-F17.
[5]Waxman-M-H; Smits-J-M .Electrical conductivities in oil-bearing shaly sands[J].SPE Reprint 1986,Series. 21; Pages 315-330.
[6]David Kennedy.The Porosity-Water Saturation-Conductivity Relationship:An Alternative to Archie’s Model[J]. SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, 2006,June 4-7.
[7]杨超华.塔巴庙区块上古生界低渗透砂岩气层测井解释技术[J].测井技术, 2002, 26(6):490～495.
[8]冯春珍,林忠霞,崔丽香.低孔低渗储层含水饱和度的确定[J].国外测井技术,2007,22(1):27-30.
[9]张龙海,周灿灿,刘国强,刘忠华,张莉. 不同类型低孔低渗储集层的成因、物性差异及测井评价对策[J].石油勘探与开发. 2007,34(6):702-710.
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[12]赵发展,王贇,王界益,英建胜,蔡云. 准噶尔和塔里木盆地不同岩性岩电参数研究[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2006,21(4):1258-1265.
[13]郑庆林,王钰森,赵雨.低孔隙度条件下阿尔奇含水饱和度解释模型改进[J].测 井技术,2006,30(1):57-59.
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[2]Clavier.C,Coates.G,Dumanoir.J,The theoretical and experimental bases for the Dual-Water model for interpretation of shaly sands[C]. SPE, 1977,Paper No.6859.
[3]Givens-W-Wendell .A conductive rock matrix model (CRMM) for the analysis of low-contrast resistivity formations[J]. The Log Analyst. 1987,28; 2, Pages 138-151.
[4]Swanson-Ben-F .Microporosity in reservoir rocks; its measurement and influence on electrical resistivity[J]. Transactions of the SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium. 1985,26; 1, Pages F1-F17.
[5]Waxman-M-H; Smits-J-M .Electrical conductivities in oil-bearing shaly sands[J].SPE Reprint 1986,Series. 21; Pages 315-330.
[6]David Kennedy.The Porosity-Water Saturation-Conductivity Relationship:An Alternative to Archie’s Model[J]. SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, 2006,June 4-7.
[7]杨超华.塔巴庙区块上古生界低渗透砂岩气层测井解释技术[J].测井技术, 2002, 26(6):490～495.
[8]冯春珍,林忠霞,崔丽香.低孔低渗储层含水饱和度的确定[J].国外测井技术,2007,22(1):27-30.
[9]张龙海,周灿灿,刘国强,刘忠华,张莉. 不同类型低孔低渗储集层的成因、物性差异及测井评价对策[J].石油勘探与开发. 2007,34(6):702-710.
[10]郑雷清,杨斌,赵海燕,左新玉.吐哈盆地特低孔渗性砂岩储层.测井评价方法[J]. 2006,11(4):368-371.
[11] 张明禄,石玉江.复杂孔隙结构砂岩储层岩电参数研究.测井技术,2005,29(5):447-448.
[12]赵发展,王贇,王界益,英建胜,蔡云. 准噶尔和塔里木盆地不同岩性岩电参数研究[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2006,21(4):1258-1265.
[13]郑庆林,王钰森,赵雨.低孔隙度条件下阿尔奇含水饱和度解释模型改进[J].测 井技术,2006,30(1):57-59.
[14]李亮,宋子齐,路向伟,王静,于小龙. 克拉玛依油田J1b5油层有效厚度研究[J]. 特种油气藏,2006,13(3):45-48.
[15]张龙海,周灿灿,刘国强,修立军,李长喜,刘中华. 孔隙结构对低孔低渗储集层电性及测井解释评价的影响[J].石油勘探与开发.2006,33(6):671-676.
[16]贺承祖,华明琪.低渗砂岩气藏的孔隙结构与物性特征[J].新疆石油地质.2005, 26(3):280-284.
[17]孙小平等.复杂孔隙结构储层含气饱和度评价方法[J].天然气工业,2000,20(3) :41-44.
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