快速心房起搏后脑利钠肽和肾素—血管紧张素—醛固酮系统的变化及其联系
|
摘要
背景:脑利钠肽(BNP)在心血管疾病中的应用日趋广泛,有可能成为一项心血管疾病预后判断和死亡危险分层的“生化标志物”。有证据显示BNP血浆浓度与心房颤动(AF)有密切的联系,AF时BNP和肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAs)均参与神经内分泌调节,但两者的联系及其意义尚不明确。
目的:观察快速心房起搏对实验犬血浆和心肌组织BNP的影响,分析BNP与RAS的变化,探讨两者在神经内分泌和心肌组织局部调控中的作用和相互联系,明确BNP对于心房颤动评估中的意义。
方法:经右侧颈外静脉植入电极建立心房快速起搏(RAP)犬的动物模型,RAP组(n=5)给予400次/分高频电刺激6h,而假手术组(Sham)不给予电刺激(n=6)。分别于0h、1h、2h、4h、6h取血,ELISA法测血浆BNP、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和醛固酮(ALD);快速心房起搏6h后取左心室游离壁、右心室游离壁、右心房侧壁和左心房侧壁组织标本,用免疫组织化学法(IHC)和免疫荧光法观察BNP在心肌组织中的分布与表达,免疫印迹法(WesternBlot)测定心肌组织BNP浓度,逆转录-PCR法(RT-PCR)检测BNP、A型钠尿肽受体(NPR-A)、B型钠尿肽受体(NPR-B)、血管紧张素原(AGT)、血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)的mRNA表达。
结果:快速心房起搏犬血浆BNP水平迅速升高,并随起搏刺激的存在而维持在较高水平(1h:45.3±14.6 VS 23.0±6.9 pg/ml;2h:71.5±24.5 VS28.7±13.1;4h:76.5±15.3 VS 32.5±8.3:6h:85.7±29.1 VS 85.7±29.1。与Sham组比较,p均＜0.01);AngⅡ水平则在2h之后出现升高(2h:88.6±22.2 VS 47.7±11.2 pg/ml;4h:102.18±35.8 VS 46.1±15.7;6h:104.94±13.6 VS 47.1±21.2,与Sham组比较,P均＜0.01)。血浆BNP水平与AngⅡ水平呈明显正相关(r=0.737,P＜0.01)。血浆ALD水平的变化无统计学差异。免疫组化染色和免疫荧光染色结果显BNP表达主要位于胞浆内,可见局灶性聚集现象。激光共聚焦显微镜观察到RAP组心房有较强的BNP表达,以右心房最为显著;RAP组左心室和右心室组织BNP染色强度均显著高于Sham组(0.61±0.06 VS 0.29±0.13;0.47±0.09 VS 0.32±0.11,P均＜0.05)。Western Blot显示RAP组心房、心室的BNP蛋白水平均显著高于对照组(P均＜0.05)。RAP组心房的BNP水平高于其心室,且右心室BNP蛋白水平显著高于左心室。与Sham组相比:RAP组左心室BNP mRNA下调(P＜0.05),而右心室BNP mRNA上调(P＜0.01);左右心室NPR-A mRNA均下调(P均＜0.01);心室和心房肌NPR-B mRNA上调(P均＜0.05);AGT mRNA在右心房则上调(P＜0.01),在其它心房心室则下调(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);左心室、左心房的ACE mRNA表达下调(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),而右心房和右心室的ACE mRNA上调(P＜0.01,P＜0.05)。
结论:快速心房起搏数小时即可引起血浆和心肌组织BNP的变化,BNP对AF的评估有重要意义。快速心房起搏后BNP在心房和心室的表达均增加,且心房的BNP水平高于心室,心房是BNP的主要来源。右心房BNP mRNA增加并与AGT、ACE共表达,提示BNP和RAS除通过内分泌途径发挥调节作用外,也作为局部自分泌和/或旁分泌因子参与急性心房颤动的调节。
Background Previous studies have suggested extensive applications of brain natriuretic peptide(BNP) in cardiovascular diseases.There is increasing evidence showing that BNP is related to atrial fibrillation(AF) and it may be a potential predictor of AF.Both BNP and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) play important roles in AF regulation,but their correlations have not been studied clearly,particularly in blood and cardiac tissue.
Objective To study the effect of rapid atrial pacing(RAP) on BNP and RAS, as well as their correlations,furthermore,to analyse the role of BNP in acute AF assessment.
Methods Acute AF model was established by implanting electrodes through canine right external jugular vein,RAP group(n=5) received continuous pacing of 400 beats per min(bpm) for 6 hours,while sham group(n=6) underwent no electronic stimulation.Serum BNP,angiotensinⅡ(AngⅡ) and aldosterone(ALD) were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) on 0h,1h,2h,4h and 6h after pacing.At the time point of 6h,samples from free wall of right ventricle(RV) and left ventricle(LV),lateral wall of right atrium(RA) and left atrium(LA) were collected,distribution and expression of BNP in them were observed by immunohistochemical method(IHC) and immunofluorescence. Protein level of BNP was tested by Western Blot.Furthermore,mRNA of BNP, natriuretic peptide receptor-A(NPR-A),natriuretic peptide receptor-b(NPR-B), angiotensinogen(AGT) and angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) were measured by reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR).
Results The BNP level was significantly increased after RAP in the pacing group(1h:45.3±14.6 pg/ml VS 23.0±6.9 pg/ml;2h:71.5±24.5 pg/ml VS 28.7±13.1 pg/ml;4h:76.5±15.3 pg/ml VS 32.5±8.3 pg/ml;6h:85.7±29.1 pg/ml VS 85.7±29.1 pg/ml,respectively,all P＜0.05 vs.Sham):AngⅡincreased since 2h after pacing(2h:88.6±22.2 pg/ml VS 47.7±11.2 pg/ml:4h:102.18±35.8 pg/ml VS 46.1±15.7 pg/ml;6h:104.94±13.6 pg/ml VS 47.1±21.2 pg/ml,respectively, P＜0.01 vs.Sham).Regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between Serum BNP and AngⅡ(r=0.737,P＜0.01 vs.Sham).Serum ALD showed no obvious changes in 6h after RAP.IHC and immunofluorescence observation showed BNP positive grains and some focal aggregation in intracytoplasm.After RAP,the intensity of positive dyeing turned to be more intensive in atrium and ventricle,especially in right atrium.Significant difference was noted in the desity of positive BNP dots(0.61±0.06 VS 0.29±0.13;0.47±0.09 VS 0.32±0.11,both P＜0.05 vs Sham).Western Blot showed that RAP group had higher atrial and ventricular BNP levels than sham group(P＜0.05).RAP group had decreased LV BNP mRNA(P＜0.05 vs.Sham) and increased BNP mRNA in RV and RA; NPR-A mRNA downregulated in ventricles(P＜0.01 vs.Sham) while significant NPR-B mRNA upregulation was observed in cardiocyte(LV P＜0.01 vs.Sham, atria and RV P＜0.05 vs.Sham);significant AGT mRNA expression was observed only in RA(P＜0.01 vs.Sham);ACE mRNA downregulated in LA and LV(P＜0.05 vs.Sham,P＜0.01 vs.Sham),while it increased both in RA and RV(P＜0.01 vs.Sham,P＜0.05 vs.Sham).
Conclusion Short-term RAP results in rapid changes of BNP in blood and myocardium tissue,and there is parallel expression of AGT mRNA,ACE mRNA and BNP mRNA in right atrium.There may be a relationship between BNP and AngⅡindicating BNP and RAS act as autocrine or paracrine secretion factors in local tissue regulation except for its neruocrine functions.BNP may be a useful predictor of acute AF.
目的:观察快速心房起搏对实验犬血浆和心肌组织BNP的影响,分析BNP与RAS的变化,探讨两者在神经内分泌和心肌组织局部调控中的作用和相互联系,明确BNP对于心房颤动评估中的意义。
方法:经右侧颈外静脉植入电极建立心房快速起搏(RAP)犬的动物模型,RAP组(n=5)给予400次/分高频电刺激6h,而假手术组(Sham)不给予电刺激(n=6)。分别于0h、1h、2h、4h、6h取血,ELISA法测血浆BNP、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和醛固酮(ALD);快速心房起搏6h后取左心室游离壁、右心室游离壁、右心房侧壁和左心房侧壁组织标本,用免疫组织化学法(IHC)和免疫荧光法观察BNP在心肌组织中的分布与表达,免疫印迹法(WesternBlot)测定心肌组织BNP浓度,逆转录-PCR法(RT-PCR)检测BNP、A型钠尿肽受体(NPR-A)、B型钠尿肽受体(NPR-B)、血管紧张素原(AGT)、血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)的mRNA表达。
结果:快速心房起搏犬血浆BNP水平迅速升高,并随起搏刺激的存在而维持在较高水平(1h:45.3±14.6 VS 23.0±6.9 pg/ml;2h:71.5±24.5 VS28.7±13.1;4h:76.5±15.3 VS 32.5±8.3:6h:85.7±29.1 VS 85.7±29.1。与Sham组比较,p均＜0.01);AngⅡ水平则在2h之后出现升高(2h:88.6±22.2 VS 47.7±11.2 pg/ml;4h:102.18±35.8 VS 46.1±15.7;6h:104.94±13.6 VS 47.1±21.2,与Sham组比较,P均＜0.01)。血浆BNP水平与AngⅡ水平呈明显正相关(r=0.737,P＜0.01)。血浆ALD水平的变化无统计学差异。免疫组化染色和免疫荧光染色结果显BNP表达主要位于胞浆内,可见局灶性聚集现象。激光共聚焦显微镜观察到RAP组心房有较强的BNP表达,以右心房最为显著;RAP组左心室和右心室组织BNP染色强度均显著高于Sham组(0.61±0.06 VS 0.29±0.13;0.47±0.09 VS 0.32±0.11,P均＜0.05)。Western Blot显示RAP组心房、心室的BNP蛋白水平均显著高于对照组(P均＜0.05)。RAP组心房的BNP水平高于其心室,且右心室BNP蛋白水平显著高于左心室。与Sham组相比:RAP组左心室BNP mRNA下调(P＜0.05),而右心室BNP mRNA上调(P＜0.01);左右心室NPR-A mRNA均下调(P均＜0.01);心室和心房肌NPR-B mRNA上调(P均＜0.05);AGT mRNA在右心房则上调(P＜0.01),在其它心房心室则下调(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);左心室、左心房的ACE mRNA表达下调(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),而右心房和右心室的ACE mRNA上调(P＜0.01,P＜0.05)。
结论:快速心房起搏数小时即可引起血浆和心肌组织BNP的变化,BNP对AF的评估有重要意义。快速心房起搏后BNP在心房和心室的表达均增加,且心房的BNP水平高于心室,心房是BNP的主要来源。右心房BNP mRNA增加并与AGT、ACE共表达,提示BNP和RAS除通过内分泌途径发挥调节作用外,也作为局部自分泌和/或旁分泌因子参与急性心房颤动的调节。
Background Previous studies have suggested extensive applications of brain natriuretic peptide(BNP) in cardiovascular diseases.There is increasing evidence showing that BNP is related to atrial fibrillation(AF) and it may be a potential predictor of AF.Both BNP and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) play important roles in AF regulation,but their correlations have not been studied clearly,particularly in blood and cardiac tissue.
Objective To study the effect of rapid atrial pacing(RAP) on BNP and RAS, as well as their correlations,furthermore,to analyse the role of BNP in acute AF assessment.
Methods Acute AF model was established by implanting electrodes through canine right external jugular vein,RAP group(n=5) received continuous pacing of 400 beats per min(bpm) for 6 hours,while sham group(n=6) underwent no electronic stimulation.Serum BNP,angiotensinⅡ(AngⅡ) and aldosterone(ALD) were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) on 0h,1h,2h,4h and 6h after pacing.At the time point of 6h,samples from free wall of right ventricle(RV) and left ventricle(LV),lateral wall of right atrium(RA) and left atrium(LA) were collected,distribution and expression of BNP in them were observed by immunohistochemical method(IHC) and immunofluorescence. Protein level of BNP was tested by Western Blot.Furthermore,mRNA of BNP, natriuretic peptide receptor-A(NPR-A),natriuretic peptide receptor-b(NPR-B), angiotensinogen(AGT) and angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) were measured by reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR).
Results The BNP level was significantly increased after RAP in the pacing group(1h:45.3±14.6 pg/ml VS 23.0±6.9 pg/ml;2h:71.5±24.5 pg/ml VS 28.7±13.1 pg/ml;4h:76.5±15.3 pg/ml VS 32.5±8.3 pg/ml;6h:85.7±29.1 pg/ml VS 85.7±29.1 pg/ml,respectively,all P＜0.05 vs.Sham):AngⅡincreased since 2h after pacing(2h:88.6±22.2 pg/ml VS 47.7±11.2 pg/ml:4h:102.18±35.8 pg/ml VS 46.1±15.7 pg/ml;6h:104.94±13.6 pg/ml VS 47.1±21.2 pg/ml,respectively, P＜0.01 vs.Sham).Regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between Serum BNP and AngⅡ(r=0.737,P＜0.01 vs.Sham).Serum ALD showed no obvious changes in 6h after RAP.IHC and immunofluorescence observation showed BNP positive grains and some focal aggregation in intracytoplasm.After RAP,the intensity of positive dyeing turned to be more intensive in atrium and ventricle,especially in right atrium.Significant difference was noted in the desity of positive BNP dots(0.61±0.06 VS 0.29±0.13;0.47±0.09 VS 0.32±0.11,both P＜0.05 vs Sham).Western Blot showed that RAP group had higher atrial and ventricular BNP levels than sham group(P＜0.05).RAP group had decreased LV BNP mRNA(P＜0.05 vs.Sham) and increased BNP mRNA in RV and RA; NPR-A mRNA downregulated in ventricles(P＜0.01 vs.Sham) while significant NPR-B mRNA upregulation was observed in cardiocyte(LV P＜0.01 vs.Sham, atria and RV P＜0.05 vs.Sham);significant AGT mRNA expression was observed only in RA(P＜0.01 vs.Sham);ACE mRNA downregulated in LA and LV(P＜0.05 vs.Sham,P＜0.01 vs.Sham),while it increased both in RA and RV(P＜0.01 vs.Sham,P＜0.05 vs.Sham).
Conclusion Short-term RAP results in rapid changes of BNP in blood and myocardium tissue,and there is parallel expression of AGT mRNA,ACE mRNA and BNP mRNA in right atrium.There may be a relationship between BNP and AngⅡindicating BNP and RAS act as autocrine or paracrine secretion factors in local tissue regulation except for its neruocrine functions.BNP may be a useful predictor of acute AF.
引文
[1]Maisel A.B-type natriuretic peptide levels:a potential novel “white count” for congestive heart failure[J].J Card Fail,2001,7(2):183-193.
[2]Zugck C,Haunstetter A,Kruger C et al.Impact of beta-blocker treatment on the prognostic value of currently used risk predictors in congestive heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol 2002,39:1615-1622.
[3]Vasan RS,Benjamin EJ,Larson MG,et al.Plasma natriuretic peptides for community screening for left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction:the Framingham heart study.JAMA.2002,288:1252-1259.
[4]Tsuchida K,Tanabe K.Influence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation attack on brain natriuretic peptide secretion J Cardiol.2004,44(1):1-11.
[5]Scherlag BJ,Hou YL,Lin J,et al.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.2008, 19(5):519-527
[6]Ogawa H,Ishikawa T,Matsushita K,et al.Effects of right atrial pacing preference in prevention of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation:Atrial Pacing Preference study(APP study).Circ J.2008 May;72(5):700-704.
[7]A Zhao W,Ahokas RA,Weber KT,et al.ANG Ⅱ-induced cardiac molecular and cellular events:role of aldosterone.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.2006,291(1):336-343.
[8]Gallagher PE,Chappell MC,Ferrario CM,et al.Distinct roles for ANG Ⅱ and ANG-(1-7) in the regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in rat astrocytes.2006,290(2):C420-426.
[9]Ma R,Zhu GQ,Wang W.Interaction of central Ang Ⅱ and NO on the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in dogs.Auton Neurosci.2005,118(1-2):51-60.
[10]王学东,贾三庆,胡大一,等.心房颤动患者循环血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮的变化及临床意义[J].中国心血管杂志2004,9(5);339-341.
[11]Leistad E,Aksnes G,Verburg E,et al.Atrial contractile dysfunction after short-term atrial fibrillation is reduced by verapamil but increased by BAY K8644.Circulation.1996,93(9):1747-1754.
[12]Bosch RF,Zeng X,Grammer JB,et al.Ionic mechanisms of electrical remodeling in human atrial fibrillation.Cardiovasc Res.1999,44(1):121-131.
[13]Chen K,Mehta JL,Li D,Joseph L,et al.Transforming growth factor beta receptor endoglin is expressed in cardiac fibroblasts and modulates profibrogenic actions of angiotensin Ⅱ.Circ Res.2004,95(12):1167-1173.
[14]Touyz RM,Yao G,Schiffrin EL.Role of the actin cytoskeleton in angiotensin Ⅱ signaling in human vascular smooth muscle cells.Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005 ,83(1):91-97.
[15]Yahiro E,Ideishi M,Wang LX,et al.Reperfusion-induced arrhythmias are suppressed by inhibition of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor.Cardiology.2003;99(2):61-67.
[16]Jayachandran JV,Zipes DP,Weksler J,et al.Role of the Na(+)/H(+)exchanger in short-term atrial electrophysiological remodeling.Circulation.2000,101(15):1861-1866.
[17]Sanna T,Sonaglioni A,Pieroni M,et al.Baseline NT-Pro-BNP Levels and Arrhythmia Recurrence in Outpatients Undergoing Elective Cardioversion of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation:A Survival Analysis.Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J.2009,9(1):15-24..
[18]Sadowski M,Wozakowska-Kaplon B.The influence of permanent cardiac pacing on plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with sick sinus syndrome.Cardiol J.2008;15(l):39-42.
[19]Watanabe D,Shizuka K,Koyama S,et al.Plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels indicating thromboembolism in very elderly patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.Circ J.2007,71(9):1446-1451.
[20]Dixen U,Ravn L,Soeby-Rasmussen C,et al.Raised plasma aldosterone and natriuretic peptides in atrial fibrillation.Cardiology.2007;108(l):35-39.
[1]Gould PA,D'Agostino J,Schneider HG,et al.Influence of atrial fibrillation on cardiac brain natriuretic peptide release during haemodynamic stress in heart failure.Eur J Heart Fail.2006,8(3):263-269.
[2]Matsuura H,Murakami T,Hina K,et al.Association of elevated plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Clin Biochem.2008,134-139.
[3]Ellinor PT,Low AF,Patton KK,et al.Discordant atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide levels in lone atrial fibrillation[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2005,45(1):82-86.
[4]Asselbergs FW,van den Berg MP,Bakker S J,et al.N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels predict newly detected atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort.Neth Heart J.2008,16(3):73-78.
[5]Pieroni M,Bellocci F,Sanna T,et al.Increased brain natriuretic peptide secretion is a marker of disease progression in nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.J Card Fail.2007,13(5):380-388.
[6]Goetze JP,Friis-Hansen L,Rehfeld JF,et al.Atrial secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide.Eur Heart J.2006,27(14):1648-1650.
[7]Inoue S,Murakami Y,Sano K,et al.Atrium as a source of brain natriuretic polypeptide in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Card Fail,2000,6(2):92-96.
[8]Therkelsen SK,Groenning BA,Kjaer A,et al.ANP and BNP in atrial fibrillation before and after cardioversion-and their relationship to cardiac volume and function[J].Int J Cardiol,2008,127(3):396-399.
[9]Tsuchida K,Tanabe K.Influence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation attack on brain natriuretic peptide secretion[J].Cardiol,2004,44(1):1-11.
[10]Jourdain P,Jondeau G,Funck F,et al..Plasma brain natriuretic peptide-guided therapy to improve outcome in heart failure:the STARS-BNP Multicenter Study[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2007,49(16):1733-1739
[11]Ohta Y,Shimada T,Yoshitomi H,et al.Drop in plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels after successful direct current cardioversion in chronic atrial fibrillation[J].Can J Cardiol,2001,17(4):415-420.
[12]Freestone B,Gustafsson F,Chong AY,et al.Influence of atrial fibrillation on plasma von willebrand factor,soluble E-selectin,and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels in systolic heart failure[J].Chest,2008,133(5):1203-1208.
[13]Watanabe T,Iwai-Takano M,Oikawa M,et al.Optimal noninvasive assessment of diastolic heart failure in patients with atrial fibrillation:comparison of tissue doppler echocardiography,left atrium size,and brain natriuretic peptide[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2008,21(6):689-696.
[14]Byrne M,Kaye DM,Power J.The synergism between atrial fibrillation and heart failure[J].Card Fail,2008,14(4):320-326.
[15]Knudsen CW,Omland T,Clopton P,et al.Impact of atrial fibrillation on the diagnostic performance of B-type natriuretic peptide concentration in dyspneic patients:an analysis from the breathing not properly multinational study[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2005,46(5):838-844.
[16]Rossi A,Enriquez-Sarano M,Burnett JC Jr et al.Natriuretic peptide levels in atrial fibrillation:a prospective hormonal and Doppler-echocardiographic study[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2000,35(5):1256-1262.
[17]Danicek V,Theodorovich N,Bar-Chaim S,et al.Sinus rhythm restoration after atrial fibrillation:the clinical value of N-terminal pro-BNP measurements[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2008,31(8):955-960.
[18]Tveit A,Seljeflot I,Grundvold I,et al.Candesartan,NT-proBNP and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion.Int J Cardiol.2009,131(2):234-239.
[19]Mabuchi N,Tsutamoto T,Maeda K,et al.Plasma cardiac natriuretic peptides as biochemical markers of recurrence of atrial fibrillation in patients with mild congestive heart failure[J].Jpn Circ,2000,64(10):765-771.
[20]Sacher F,Corcuff JB,Schraub P,et al.Chronic atrial fibrillation ablation impact on endocrine and mechanical cardiac functions[J].Eur Heart J,2008,29(10):1290-1295.
[21]Bettencourt P,Azevedo A.Plasma brain natriuretic peptide level after hybrid therapy with pulmonary vein isolation and antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation[J].Int Heart,2008,49(2):143-151.
[22]Nakashima H,Kumagai K.Reverse-remodeling effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker in a canine atrial fibrillation model.Circ J.2007,71(12):1977-1982.
[23]Huang WS,Lee MS,Perng HW,et al.Circulating brain natriuretic peptide values in healthy men before and after exercise.Metabolism.2002,51(11):1423-1426.
[24]Tuinenburg AE,Brundel BJ,Van Gelder IC et al.Gene expression of the natriuretic peptide system in atrial tissue of patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation[J]. Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 1999,10(6):827-835.
[25]Inoue S,Murakami Y,Sano K,et al.Atrium as a source of brain natriuretic polypeptide in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Card Fail,2000,6(2):92-96.
[1]Cataliotti A,Boerrigter G,Costello-Boerrigter LC,et al.Brain natriuretic peptide enhances renal actions of furosemide and suppresses furosemide-induced aldosterone activation in experimental heart failure.Circulation.2004,109(13):1680-1685.
[2]Woodard GE,Rosado JA.Natriuretic peptides in vascular physiology and pathology.Int Rev Cell Mol Biol.2008,268:59-93.
[3]Mikkelsen KV,Bie P,Moller JE,et al.Neurohormonal activation and diagnostic value of cardiac peptides in patients with suspected mild heart failure.Int J Cardiol,2006,110(3):324-333.
[4]Walther T,Klostermann K,Heringer-Walther S,et al.Fibrosis rather than blood pressure determines cardiac BNP expression in mice[J].Regul Pept,2003,116(1-3):95-100.
[5]Hobbs RE,Mills RM.Endogenous B-type natriuretic peptide:a limb of the regulatory response to acutely decompensated heart failure[J].Clin Cardiol,2008,31(9):407-412.
[6]Vittorini S,Masini M,Clerico A.The cardiac natriuretic peptides.Minerva Med.2006 Feb;97(1):79-93.
[7]Li L,Yi-Ming W,Li ZZ,et al.Local RAS and inflammatory factors are involved in cardiovascular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats.Pharmacol Res.2008,58(3-4):196-201.
[8]Chou CC,Nihei M,Zhou S,et al.Intracellular calcium dynamics and anisotropic reentry in isolated canine pulmonary veins and left atrium.Circulation.2005 ,111(22):2889-2897.
[9]Ogawa T,Veinot JP,Kuroski de Bold ML,et al.Angiotensin II receptor antagonism reverts the selective cardiac BNP upregulation and secretion observed in myocarditis.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.2008,294(6):H2596-2603.
[10]Atlas SA.The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system:pathophysiological role and pharmacologic inhibition.J Manag Care Pharm.2007 ,13(8):9-20.
[11]Goette A,ArndtM,Rocken C,et al.Regulation of angiotensin II receptor subtypes during atrial fibrillation in humans.Circulation,2000,101:2678-2681.
[12]Li D,Shinagawa K,Pang L,et al.Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the development of the atrial fibrillation substrate in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced congestive heart failure.Circulation.2001,104(21):2608-2614.
[13]Kim S,Iwao H.Molecular and cellular mechanisms of angiotensin11-mediated Cardiovascular and renal diseases.Pharmacol Rev,2000,52(l):11-34.
[14]Kawakami R,Saito Y,Kishimoto I,Overexpression of brain natriuretic peptide facilitates neutrophil infiltration and cardiac matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression after acute myocardial infarction.Circulation,2004,110(21):3306-3312.
[15]Haugen E,Chen J,Wikstrom J,et al.Parallel gene expressions of IL-6 and BNP during cardiac hypertrophy complicated with diastolic dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats.Int J Cardiol,2007,115(1):24-28.
[16]Chiurchiu V,Izzi V,D'Aquilio F,et al.Brain Natriuretic Peptide(BNP)regulates the production of inflammatory mediators in human THP-1 macrophages.Regul Pept,2008,148(l-3):26-32.
[17]Casco VH,Veinot JP,Kuroski de Bold ML,et al.Natriuretic peptide system gene expression in human coronary arteries.J Histochem Cytochem,2002,50(6):799-809.
[1]Inoue S,Murakami Y,Sano K,et al.Atrium as a source of brain natriuretic polypeptide in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Card Fail,2000,6(2):92-96.
[2]Ellinor PT,Low AF,Patton KK,et al.Discordant atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide levels in lone atrial fibrillation[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2005,45(l):82-86.
[3]Therkelsen SK, Groenning BA, Kjaer A,et al.ANP and BNP in atrial fibrillation before and after cardioversion-and their relationship to cardiac volume and function[J].Int J Cardiol,2008,127(3):396-399
[4]Tsuchida K,Tanabe K.Influence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation attack on brain natriuretic peptide secretion[J].Cardiol,2004,44(1):1-11.
[5]Jourdain P,Jondeau G,Funck F,et al..Plasma brain natriuretic peptide-guided therapy to improve outcome in heart failure:the STARS-BNP Multicenter Study[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2007,49(16):1733-1739
[6]Goetze JP,Friis-Hansen L,Rehfeld JF et al.Atrial secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide[J].Eur Heart J,2006,27(14):1648-1650.
[7]Tuinenburg AE,Brundel BJ,Van Gelder IC et al.Gene expression of the natriuretic peptide system in atrial tissue of patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation[J].Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,1999,10(6):827-835.
[8]Ohta Y,Shimada T,Yoshitomi H,et al.Drop in plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels after successful direct current cardioversion in chronic atrial fibrillation[J].Can J Cardiol,2001,17(4):415-420.
[9]Freestone B,Gustafsson F,Chong AY,et al.Influence of atrial fibrillation on plasma von willebrand factor,soluble E-selectin,and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels in systolic heart failure[J].Chest,2008,133(5):1203-1208.
[10]Watanabe T,Iwai-Takano M,Oikawa M et al.Optimal noninvasive assessment of diastolic heart failure in patients with atrial fibrillation:comparison of tissue doppler echocardiography,left atrium size,and brain natriuretic peptide[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2008,21(6):689-696.
[11]Byrne M,Kaye DM,Power J.The synergism between atrial fibrillation and heart failure[J].Card Fail,2008,14(4):320-326.
[12]Knudsen CW,Omland T,Clopton P,et al.Impact of atrial fibrillation on the diagnostic performance of B-type natriuretic peptide concentration in dyspneic patients:an analysis from the breathing not properly multinational study[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2005,46(5):838-844.
[13]Rossi A,Enriquez-Sarano M,Burnett JC Jr et al.Natriuretic peptide levels in atrial fibrillation:a prospective hormonal and Doppler-echocardiographic study[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2000,35(5):1256-1262.
[14]Asselbergs FW,van den Berg MP,BakkerSJ,et al.N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels predict newly detected atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort[J].Neth Heart J,2008,16(3):73-78.
[15]Horie H,Tsutamoto T,Minai K,et al.Brain natriuretic peptide predicts chronic atrial fibrillation after ventricular pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome[J].Jpn Circ,2000,64(12):965-970.
[16]Chiladakis JA,Koutsogiannis N,KalogeropoulosA,et al.Acute effects of VVI pacing on ventricular diastolic performance in elderly patients with normal left ventricular systolic function[J].Int J Cardiol,2007,119(1):117-118.
[17]Braga SS,Vaninetti R,Pedretti RF.Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide predicts atrial fibrillation during rehabilitation after cardiac surgery[J].Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil,2008,15(4):460-466.
[18]Turk T,Ata Y,Ay D Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide after Isolated On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting:Prediction of Postoperative Adverse Outcomes[J].Heart Surg Forum,2008,11(2):E84-E89.
[19]Danicek V,Theodorovich N,Bar-Chaim S,et al.Sinus rhythm restoration after atrial fibrillation:the clinical value of N-terminal pro-BNP measurements[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2008,31(8):955-960.
[20]Mabuchi N,Tsutamoto T,Maeda K,et al.Plasma cardiac natriuretic peptides as biochemical markers of recurrence of atrial fibrillation in patients with mild congestive heart failure[J].Jpn Circ,2000,64(10):765-771.
[21]Sacher F,Corcuff JB,Schraub P,et al.Chronic atrial fibrillation ablation impact on endocrine and mechanical cardiac functions[J].Eur Heart J,2008,29(10):1290-1295.
[22]Bettencourt P,Azevedo A.Plasma brain natriuretic peptide level after hybrid therapy with pulmonary vein isolation and antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation[J].Int Heart,2008,49(2):143-151.
[23]Ueda R,Yokouchi M,Suzuki T,et al.Prognostic value of high plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentrations in very elderly persons[J],Am J Med,2003,114(4):266-270.
[24]Tousoulis D,Kampoli AM,Stefanadi E,et al.New biochemical markers in acute coronary syndromes[J].Curr Med Chem,2008,15(13):1288-1296.
[1]Maisel A.B-type natriuretic peptide levels:a potential novel “white count” for congestive heart failure[J].J Card Fail,2001,7(2):183-193.
[2]Steen H,Futterer S,Merten C,et al.Relative role of NT-pro BNP and cardiac troponin T at 96 hours for estimation of infarct size and left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction[J].J Cardiovasc Magn Reson.2007,9(5):749-758.
[3]Drewniak W,Snopek G,Zarukiewicz M,et al.Prognostic value of the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in the elderly with acute myocardial infarction[J].Kardiol Pol,2008 ,66(7):750-757.
[4]Kuklinska AM,Sobkowicz B,Mroczko B,et al.Prognostic significance of the admission plasma B-type natriuretic peptide measurement in patients with first ST-elevation myocardial infarction in comparison with C-reactive protein and TIMI risk score[J].Clin Chim Acta,2007,382(1-2):106-1011.
[5]Goetze JP,Friis-Hansen L,Rehfeld JF,et al.Atrial secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide[J].Eur Heart J,2006 ,27(14):1648-1650.
[6]Mikkelsen KV,Bie P,M(?)ller JE,et al.Neurohormonal activation and diagnostic value of cardiac peptides in patients with suspected mild heart failure[J].Int J Cardiol,2006,110(3):324-333.
[7]Walther T,Klostermann K,Heringer-Walther S,et al.Fibrosis rather than blood pressure determines cardiac BNP expression in mice[J].Regul Pept,2003,116(1-3):95-100.
[8]Hobbs RE,Mills RM.Endogenous B-type natriuretic peptide:a limb of the regulatory response to acutely decompensated heart failure[J].Clin Cardiol,2008,31(9):407-412.
[9]van der Zander K,Houben AJ,Kroon AA,et al.Nitric oxide and potassium channels are involved in brain natriuretic peptide induced vasodilatation in man[J].J Hypertens,2002,20(3):493-499.
[10 Huntley BK,Sandberg SM,Noser JA,et al.BNP-induced activation of cGMP in human cardiac fibroblasts:interactions with fibronectin and natriuretic peptide receptors[J].J Cell Physiol,2006,209(3):943-949.
[11]Kawakami R,Saito Y,Kishimoto I,Overexpression of brain natriuretic peptide facilitates neutrophil infiltration and cardiac matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression after acute myocardial infarction[J].Circulation,2004,110(21):3306-3312.
[12]Makikallio K,Rounioja S,Vuolteenaho O,et al.Fetal cardiac natriuretic peptide expression and cardiovascular hemodynamics in endotoxin-induced acute cardiac dysfunction in mouse.[J].Pediatr Res,2006,59(2):180-4.
[13]Haugen E,Chen J,Wikstrom J,et al.Parallel gene expressions of IL-6 and BNP during cardiac hypertrophy complicated with diastolic dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats[J].Int J Cardiol,2007,115(l):24-28.
[14]Chiurchiu V,Izzi V,D'Aquilio F,et al.Brain Natriuretic Peptide(BNP)regulates the production of inflammatory mediators in human THP-1 macrophages[J].Regul Pept,2008,148(1-3):26-32.
[15]Ikeda K,Tojo K,Udagawa T,et al.Cellular physiology of rat cardiac myocytes in cardiac fibrosis:in vitro simulation using the cardiac myocyte/cardiac non-myocyte co-culture system[J].Hypertens Res,2008,31(4):693-706.
[16]Casco VH,Veinot JP,Kuroski de Bold ML et al.Natriuretic peptide system gene expression in human coronary arteries[J].J Histochem Cytochem,2002,50(6):799-809.
[17]Sakata Y,Yamamoto K,Masuyama T,et al.Ventricular production of natriuretic peptides and ventricular structural remodeling in hypertensive heart failure[J].J Hypertens,2001,19(10):1905-1912.
[18]Hori Y,Tsubaki M,Katou A,et al.Evaluation of NT-pro BNP and CT-ANP as markers of concentric hypertrophy in dogs with a model of compensated aortic stenosis[J].J Vet Intern Med,2008,22(5):1118-1123.
[19]Magga J,Sipola P,Vuolteenaho O,et al.Significance of plasma levels of N-terminal Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide on left ventricular remodeling in non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy attributable to the Asp175Asn mutation in the alpha-tropomyosin gene[J].Am J Cardiol, 2008, 101(8):1185-1190.
[20]Orn S,Manhenke C,Squire IB,et al.Plasma MMP-2,MMP-9 and N-BNP in long-term survivors following complicated myocardial infarction:relation to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging measures of left ventricular structure and function[J].J Card Fail,2007,13(10):843-849.
[21]Milting H,Ellinghaus P,Seewald M,et al.Plasma biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis and remodeling in terminal heart failure patients supported by mechanical circulatory support devices[J].J Heart Lung Transplant,2008,27(6):589-596.
[22]Vorovich EE,Chuai S,Li M,et al.Comparison of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and brain natriuretic peptide as clinical biomarkers in chronic heart failure[J].Am Heart J,2008,155(6):992-997.
[23]Cerisano G,Pucci PD,Sulla A,et al.Relation between plasma brain natriuretic peptide,serum indexes of collagen type I turnover,and left ventricular remodeling after reperfused acute myocardial infarction[J].Am J Cardiol,2007,99(5):651-656..
[24]Cerisano G,Valenti R,Sciagra R,et al.Relationship of sustained brain natriuretic peptide release after reperfused acute myocardial infarction with gated SPECT infarct measurements and its connection with collagen turnover and left ventricular remodeling[J].J Nucl Cardiol,2008,15(5):644-654.
[25]Ishikawa C,Tsutamoto T,Fujii M,et al.Prediction of mortality by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and brain natriuretic peptide in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy[J].Circ J,2006,70(7):857-863.
[26]Morrow DA,Sabatine MS,Brennan ML,et al.Concurrent evaluation of novel cardiac biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome:myeloperoxidase and soluble CD40 ligand and the risk of recurrent ischaemic events in TACTICS-TIMI 18[J].Eur Heart J,2008,29(9):1096-1102.
[2]Zugck C,Haunstetter A,Kruger C et al.Impact of beta-blocker treatment on the prognostic value of currently used risk predictors in congestive heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol 2002,39:1615-1622.
[3]Vasan RS,Benjamin EJ,Larson MG,et al.Plasma natriuretic peptides for community screening for left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction:the Framingham heart study.JAMA.2002,288:1252-1259.
[4]Tsuchida K,Tanabe K.Influence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation attack on brain natriuretic peptide secretion J Cardiol.2004,44(1):1-11.
[5]Scherlag BJ,Hou YL,Lin J,et al.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.2008, 19(5):519-527
[6]Ogawa H,Ishikawa T,Matsushita K,et al.Effects of right atrial pacing preference in prevention of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation:Atrial Pacing Preference study(APP study).Circ J.2008 May;72(5):700-704.
[7]A Zhao W,Ahokas RA,Weber KT,et al.ANG Ⅱ-induced cardiac molecular and cellular events:role of aldosterone.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.2006,291(1):336-343.
[8]Gallagher PE,Chappell MC,Ferrario CM,et al.Distinct roles for ANG Ⅱ and ANG-(1-7) in the regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in rat astrocytes.2006,290(2):C420-426.
[9]Ma R,Zhu GQ,Wang W.Interaction of central Ang Ⅱ and NO on the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in dogs.Auton Neurosci.2005,118(1-2):51-60.
[10]王学东,贾三庆,胡大一,等.心房颤动患者循环血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮的变化及临床意义[J].中国心血管杂志2004,9(5);339-341.
[11]Leistad E,Aksnes G,Verburg E,et al.Atrial contractile dysfunction after short-term atrial fibrillation is reduced by verapamil but increased by BAY K8644.Circulation.1996,93(9):1747-1754.
[12]Bosch RF,Zeng X,Grammer JB,et al.Ionic mechanisms of electrical remodeling in human atrial fibrillation.Cardiovasc Res.1999,44(1):121-131.
[13]Chen K,Mehta JL,Li D,Joseph L,et al.Transforming growth factor beta receptor endoglin is expressed in cardiac fibroblasts and modulates profibrogenic actions of angiotensin Ⅱ.Circ Res.2004,95(12):1167-1173.
[14]Touyz RM,Yao G,Schiffrin EL.Role of the actin cytoskeleton in angiotensin Ⅱ signaling in human vascular smooth muscle cells.Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005 ,83(1):91-97.
[15]Yahiro E,Ideishi M,Wang LX,et al.Reperfusion-induced arrhythmias are suppressed by inhibition of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor.Cardiology.2003;99(2):61-67.
[16]Jayachandran JV,Zipes DP,Weksler J,et al.Role of the Na(+)/H(+)exchanger in short-term atrial electrophysiological remodeling.Circulation.2000,101(15):1861-1866.
[17]Sanna T,Sonaglioni A,Pieroni M,et al.Baseline NT-Pro-BNP Levels and Arrhythmia Recurrence in Outpatients Undergoing Elective Cardioversion of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation:A Survival Analysis.Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J.2009,9(1):15-24..
[18]Sadowski M,Wozakowska-Kaplon B.The influence of permanent cardiac pacing on plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with sick sinus syndrome.Cardiol J.2008;15(l):39-42.
[19]Watanabe D,Shizuka K,Koyama S,et al.Plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels indicating thromboembolism in very elderly patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.Circ J.2007,71(9):1446-1451.
[20]Dixen U,Ravn L,Soeby-Rasmussen C,et al.Raised plasma aldosterone and natriuretic peptides in atrial fibrillation.Cardiology.2007;108(l):35-39.
[1]Gould PA,D'Agostino J,Schneider HG,et al.Influence of atrial fibrillation on cardiac brain natriuretic peptide release during haemodynamic stress in heart failure.Eur J Heart Fail.2006,8(3):263-269.
[2]Matsuura H,Murakami T,Hina K,et al.Association of elevated plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Clin Biochem.2008,134-139.
[3]Ellinor PT,Low AF,Patton KK,et al.Discordant atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide levels in lone atrial fibrillation[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2005,45(1):82-86.
[4]Asselbergs FW,van den Berg MP,Bakker S J,et al.N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels predict newly detected atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort.Neth Heart J.2008,16(3):73-78.
[5]Pieroni M,Bellocci F,Sanna T,et al.Increased brain natriuretic peptide secretion is a marker of disease progression in nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.J Card Fail.2007,13(5):380-388.
[6]Goetze JP,Friis-Hansen L,Rehfeld JF,et al.Atrial secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide.Eur Heart J.2006,27(14):1648-1650.
[7]Inoue S,Murakami Y,Sano K,et al.Atrium as a source of brain natriuretic polypeptide in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Card Fail,2000,6(2):92-96.
[8]Therkelsen SK,Groenning BA,Kjaer A,et al.ANP and BNP in atrial fibrillation before and after cardioversion-and their relationship to cardiac volume and function[J].Int J Cardiol,2008,127(3):396-399.
[9]Tsuchida K,Tanabe K.Influence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation attack on brain natriuretic peptide secretion[J].Cardiol,2004,44(1):1-11.
[10]Jourdain P,Jondeau G,Funck F,et al..Plasma brain natriuretic peptide-guided therapy to improve outcome in heart failure:the STARS-BNP Multicenter Study[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2007,49(16):1733-1739
[11]Ohta Y,Shimada T,Yoshitomi H,et al.Drop in plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels after successful direct current cardioversion in chronic atrial fibrillation[J].Can J Cardiol,2001,17(4):415-420.
[12]Freestone B,Gustafsson F,Chong AY,et al.Influence of atrial fibrillation on plasma von willebrand factor,soluble E-selectin,and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels in systolic heart failure[J].Chest,2008,133(5):1203-1208.
[13]Watanabe T,Iwai-Takano M,Oikawa M,et al.Optimal noninvasive assessment of diastolic heart failure in patients with atrial fibrillation:comparison of tissue doppler echocardiography,left atrium size,and brain natriuretic peptide[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2008,21(6):689-696.
[14]Byrne M,Kaye DM,Power J.The synergism between atrial fibrillation and heart failure[J].Card Fail,2008,14(4):320-326.
[15]Knudsen CW,Omland T,Clopton P,et al.Impact of atrial fibrillation on the diagnostic performance of B-type natriuretic peptide concentration in dyspneic patients:an analysis from the breathing not properly multinational study[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2005,46(5):838-844.
[16]Rossi A,Enriquez-Sarano M,Burnett JC Jr et al.Natriuretic peptide levels in atrial fibrillation:a prospective hormonal and Doppler-echocardiographic study[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2000,35(5):1256-1262.
[17]Danicek V,Theodorovich N,Bar-Chaim S,et al.Sinus rhythm restoration after atrial fibrillation:the clinical value of N-terminal pro-BNP measurements[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2008,31(8):955-960.
[18]Tveit A,Seljeflot I,Grundvold I,et al.Candesartan,NT-proBNP and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion.Int J Cardiol.2009,131(2):234-239.
[19]Mabuchi N,Tsutamoto T,Maeda K,et al.Plasma cardiac natriuretic peptides as biochemical markers of recurrence of atrial fibrillation in patients with mild congestive heart failure[J].Jpn Circ,2000,64(10):765-771.
[20]Sacher F,Corcuff JB,Schraub P,et al.Chronic atrial fibrillation ablation impact on endocrine and mechanical cardiac functions[J].Eur Heart J,2008,29(10):1290-1295.
[21]Bettencourt P,Azevedo A.Plasma brain natriuretic peptide level after hybrid therapy with pulmonary vein isolation and antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation[J].Int Heart,2008,49(2):143-151.
[22]Nakashima H,Kumagai K.Reverse-remodeling effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker in a canine atrial fibrillation model.Circ J.2007,71(12):1977-1982.
[23]Huang WS,Lee MS,Perng HW,et al.Circulating brain natriuretic peptide values in healthy men before and after exercise.Metabolism.2002,51(11):1423-1426.
[24]Tuinenburg AE,Brundel BJ,Van Gelder IC et al.Gene expression of the natriuretic peptide system in atrial tissue of patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation[J]. Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 1999,10(6):827-835.
[25]Inoue S,Murakami Y,Sano K,et al.Atrium as a source of brain natriuretic polypeptide in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Card Fail,2000,6(2):92-96.
[1]Cataliotti A,Boerrigter G,Costello-Boerrigter LC,et al.Brain natriuretic peptide enhances renal actions of furosemide and suppresses furosemide-induced aldosterone activation in experimental heart failure.Circulation.2004,109(13):1680-1685.
[2]Woodard GE,Rosado JA.Natriuretic peptides in vascular physiology and pathology.Int Rev Cell Mol Biol.2008,268:59-93.
[3]Mikkelsen KV,Bie P,Moller JE,et al.Neurohormonal activation and diagnostic value of cardiac peptides in patients with suspected mild heart failure.Int J Cardiol,2006,110(3):324-333.
[4]Walther T,Klostermann K,Heringer-Walther S,et al.Fibrosis rather than blood pressure determines cardiac BNP expression in mice[J].Regul Pept,2003,116(1-3):95-100.
[5]Hobbs RE,Mills RM.Endogenous B-type natriuretic peptide:a limb of the regulatory response to acutely decompensated heart failure[J].Clin Cardiol,2008,31(9):407-412.
[6]Vittorini S,Masini M,Clerico A.The cardiac natriuretic peptides.Minerva Med.2006 Feb;97(1):79-93.
[7]Li L,Yi-Ming W,Li ZZ,et al.Local RAS and inflammatory factors are involved in cardiovascular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats.Pharmacol Res.2008,58(3-4):196-201.
[8]Chou CC,Nihei M,Zhou S,et al.Intracellular calcium dynamics and anisotropic reentry in isolated canine pulmonary veins and left atrium.Circulation.2005 ,111(22):2889-2897.
[9]Ogawa T,Veinot JP,Kuroski de Bold ML,et al.Angiotensin II receptor antagonism reverts the selective cardiac BNP upregulation and secretion observed in myocarditis.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.2008,294(6):H2596-2603.
[10]Atlas SA.The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system:pathophysiological role and pharmacologic inhibition.J Manag Care Pharm.2007 ,13(8):9-20.
[11]Goette A,ArndtM,Rocken C,et al.Regulation of angiotensin II receptor subtypes during atrial fibrillation in humans.Circulation,2000,101:2678-2681.
[12]Li D,Shinagawa K,Pang L,et al.Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the development of the atrial fibrillation substrate in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced congestive heart failure.Circulation.2001,104(21):2608-2614.
[13]Kim S,Iwao H.Molecular and cellular mechanisms of angiotensin11-mediated Cardiovascular and renal diseases.Pharmacol Rev,2000,52(l):11-34.
[14]Kawakami R,Saito Y,Kishimoto I,Overexpression of brain natriuretic peptide facilitates neutrophil infiltration and cardiac matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression after acute myocardial infarction.Circulation,2004,110(21):3306-3312.
[15]Haugen E,Chen J,Wikstrom J,et al.Parallel gene expressions of IL-6 and BNP during cardiac hypertrophy complicated with diastolic dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats.Int J Cardiol,2007,115(1):24-28.
[16]Chiurchiu V,Izzi V,D'Aquilio F,et al.Brain Natriuretic Peptide(BNP)regulates the production of inflammatory mediators in human THP-1 macrophages.Regul Pept,2008,148(l-3):26-32.
[17]Casco VH,Veinot JP,Kuroski de Bold ML,et al.Natriuretic peptide system gene expression in human coronary arteries.J Histochem Cytochem,2002,50(6):799-809.
[1]Inoue S,Murakami Y,Sano K,et al.Atrium as a source of brain natriuretic polypeptide in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Card Fail,2000,6(2):92-96.
[2]Ellinor PT,Low AF,Patton KK,et al.Discordant atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide levels in lone atrial fibrillation[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2005,45(l):82-86.
[3]Therkelsen SK, Groenning BA, Kjaer A,et al.ANP and BNP in atrial fibrillation before and after cardioversion-and their relationship to cardiac volume and function[J].Int J Cardiol,2008,127(3):396-399
[4]Tsuchida K,Tanabe K.Influence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation attack on brain natriuretic peptide secretion[J].Cardiol,2004,44(1):1-11.
[5]Jourdain P,Jondeau G,Funck F,et al..Plasma brain natriuretic peptide-guided therapy to improve outcome in heart failure:the STARS-BNP Multicenter Study[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2007,49(16):1733-1739
[6]Goetze JP,Friis-Hansen L,Rehfeld JF et al.Atrial secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide[J].Eur Heart J,2006,27(14):1648-1650.
[7]Tuinenburg AE,Brundel BJ,Van Gelder IC et al.Gene expression of the natriuretic peptide system in atrial tissue of patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation[J].Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,1999,10(6):827-835.
[8]Ohta Y,Shimada T,Yoshitomi H,et al.Drop in plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels after successful direct current cardioversion in chronic atrial fibrillation[J].Can J Cardiol,2001,17(4):415-420.
[9]Freestone B,Gustafsson F,Chong AY,et al.Influence of atrial fibrillation on plasma von willebrand factor,soluble E-selectin,and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels in systolic heart failure[J].Chest,2008,133(5):1203-1208.
[10]Watanabe T,Iwai-Takano M,Oikawa M et al.Optimal noninvasive assessment of diastolic heart failure in patients with atrial fibrillation:comparison of tissue doppler echocardiography,left atrium size,and brain natriuretic peptide[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2008,21(6):689-696.
[11]Byrne M,Kaye DM,Power J.The synergism between atrial fibrillation and heart failure[J].Card Fail,2008,14(4):320-326.
[12]Knudsen CW,Omland T,Clopton P,et al.Impact of atrial fibrillation on the diagnostic performance of B-type natriuretic peptide concentration in dyspneic patients:an analysis from the breathing not properly multinational study[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2005,46(5):838-844.
[13]Rossi A,Enriquez-Sarano M,Burnett JC Jr et al.Natriuretic peptide levels in atrial fibrillation:a prospective hormonal and Doppler-echocardiographic study[J].Am Coll Cardiol,2000,35(5):1256-1262.
[14]Asselbergs FW,van den Berg MP,BakkerSJ,et al.N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels predict newly detected atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort[J].Neth Heart J,2008,16(3):73-78.
[15]Horie H,Tsutamoto T,Minai K,et al.Brain natriuretic peptide predicts chronic atrial fibrillation after ventricular pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome[J].Jpn Circ,2000,64(12):965-970.
[16]Chiladakis JA,Koutsogiannis N,KalogeropoulosA,et al.Acute effects of VVI pacing on ventricular diastolic performance in elderly patients with normal left ventricular systolic function[J].Int J Cardiol,2007,119(1):117-118.
[17]Braga SS,Vaninetti R,Pedretti RF.Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide predicts atrial fibrillation during rehabilitation after cardiac surgery[J].Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil,2008,15(4):460-466.
[18]Turk T,Ata Y,Ay D Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide after Isolated On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting:Prediction of Postoperative Adverse Outcomes[J].Heart Surg Forum,2008,11(2):E84-E89.
[19]Danicek V,Theodorovich N,Bar-Chaim S,et al.Sinus rhythm restoration after atrial fibrillation:the clinical value of N-terminal pro-BNP measurements[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2008,31(8):955-960.
[20]Mabuchi N,Tsutamoto T,Maeda K,et al.Plasma cardiac natriuretic peptides as biochemical markers of recurrence of atrial fibrillation in patients with mild congestive heart failure[J].Jpn Circ,2000,64(10):765-771.
[21]Sacher F,Corcuff JB,Schraub P,et al.Chronic atrial fibrillation ablation impact on endocrine and mechanical cardiac functions[J].Eur Heart J,2008,29(10):1290-1295.
[22]Bettencourt P,Azevedo A.Plasma brain natriuretic peptide level after hybrid therapy with pulmonary vein isolation and antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation[J].Int Heart,2008,49(2):143-151.
[23]Ueda R,Yokouchi M,Suzuki T,et al.Prognostic value of high plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentrations in very elderly persons[J],Am J Med,2003,114(4):266-270.
[24]Tousoulis D,Kampoli AM,Stefanadi E,et al.New biochemical markers in acute coronary syndromes[J].Curr Med Chem,2008,15(13):1288-1296.
[1]Maisel A.B-type natriuretic peptide levels:a potential novel “white count” for congestive heart failure[J].J Card Fail,2001,7(2):183-193.
[2]Steen H,Futterer S,Merten C,et al.Relative role of NT-pro BNP and cardiac troponin T at 96 hours for estimation of infarct size and left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction[J].J Cardiovasc Magn Reson.2007,9(5):749-758.
[3]Drewniak W,Snopek G,Zarukiewicz M,et al.Prognostic value of the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in the elderly with acute myocardial infarction[J].Kardiol Pol,2008 ,66(7):750-757.
[4]Kuklinska AM,Sobkowicz B,Mroczko B,et al.Prognostic significance of the admission plasma B-type natriuretic peptide measurement in patients with first ST-elevation myocardial infarction in comparison with C-reactive protein and TIMI risk score[J].Clin Chim Acta,2007,382(1-2):106-1011.
[5]Goetze JP,Friis-Hansen L,Rehfeld JF,et al.Atrial secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide[J].Eur Heart J,2006 ,27(14):1648-1650.
[6]Mikkelsen KV,Bie P,M(?)ller JE,et al.Neurohormonal activation and diagnostic value of cardiac peptides in patients with suspected mild heart failure[J].Int J Cardiol,2006,110(3):324-333.
[7]Walther T,Klostermann K,Heringer-Walther S,et al.Fibrosis rather than blood pressure determines cardiac BNP expression in mice[J].Regul Pept,2003,116(1-3):95-100.
[8]Hobbs RE,Mills RM.Endogenous B-type natriuretic peptide:a limb of the regulatory response to acutely decompensated heart failure[J].Clin Cardiol,2008,31(9):407-412.
[9]van der Zander K,Houben AJ,Kroon AA,et al.Nitric oxide and potassium channels are involved in brain natriuretic peptide induced vasodilatation in man[J].J Hypertens,2002,20(3):493-499.
[10 Huntley BK,Sandberg SM,Noser JA,et al.BNP-induced activation of cGMP in human cardiac fibroblasts:interactions with fibronectin and natriuretic peptide receptors[J].J Cell Physiol,2006,209(3):943-949.
[11]Kawakami R,Saito Y,Kishimoto I,Overexpression of brain natriuretic peptide facilitates neutrophil infiltration and cardiac matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression after acute myocardial infarction[J].Circulation,2004,110(21):3306-3312.
[12]Makikallio K,Rounioja S,Vuolteenaho O,et al.Fetal cardiac natriuretic peptide expression and cardiovascular hemodynamics in endotoxin-induced acute cardiac dysfunction in mouse.[J].Pediatr Res,2006,59(2):180-4.
[13]Haugen E,Chen J,Wikstrom J,et al.Parallel gene expressions of IL-6 and BNP during cardiac hypertrophy complicated with diastolic dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats[J].Int J Cardiol,2007,115(l):24-28.
[14]Chiurchiu V,Izzi V,D'Aquilio F,et al.Brain Natriuretic Peptide(BNP)regulates the production of inflammatory mediators in human THP-1 macrophages[J].Regul Pept,2008,148(1-3):26-32.
[15]Ikeda K,Tojo K,Udagawa T,et al.Cellular physiology of rat cardiac myocytes in cardiac fibrosis:in vitro simulation using the cardiac myocyte/cardiac non-myocyte co-culture system[J].Hypertens Res,2008,31(4):693-706.
[16]Casco VH,Veinot JP,Kuroski de Bold ML et al.Natriuretic peptide system gene expression in human coronary arteries[J].J Histochem Cytochem,2002,50(6):799-809.
[17]Sakata Y,Yamamoto K,Masuyama T,et al.Ventricular production of natriuretic peptides and ventricular structural remodeling in hypertensive heart failure[J].J Hypertens,2001,19(10):1905-1912.
[18]Hori Y,Tsubaki M,Katou A,et al.Evaluation of NT-pro BNP and CT-ANP as markers of concentric hypertrophy in dogs with a model of compensated aortic stenosis[J].J Vet Intern Med,2008,22(5):1118-1123.
[19]Magga J,Sipola P,Vuolteenaho O,et al.Significance of plasma levels of N-terminal Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide on left ventricular remodeling in non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy attributable to the Asp175Asn mutation in the alpha-tropomyosin gene[J].Am J Cardiol, 2008, 101(8):1185-1190.
[20]Orn S,Manhenke C,Squire IB,et al.Plasma MMP-2,MMP-9 and N-BNP in long-term survivors following complicated myocardial infarction:relation to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging measures of left ventricular structure and function[J].J Card Fail,2007,13(10):843-849.
[21]Milting H,Ellinghaus P,Seewald M,et al.Plasma biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis and remodeling in terminal heart failure patients supported by mechanical circulatory support devices[J].J Heart Lung Transplant,2008,27(6):589-596.
[22]Vorovich EE,Chuai S,Li M,et al.Comparison of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and brain natriuretic peptide as clinical biomarkers in chronic heart failure[J].Am Heart J,2008,155(6):992-997.
[23]Cerisano G,Pucci PD,Sulla A,et al.Relation between plasma brain natriuretic peptide,serum indexes of collagen type I turnover,and left ventricular remodeling after reperfused acute myocardial infarction[J].Am J Cardiol,2007,99(5):651-656..
[24]Cerisano G,Valenti R,Sciagra R,et al.Relationship of sustained brain natriuretic peptide release after reperfused acute myocardial infarction with gated SPECT infarct measurements and its connection with collagen turnover and left ventricular remodeling[J].J Nucl Cardiol,2008,15(5):644-654.
[25]Ishikawa C,Tsutamoto T,Fujii M,et al.Prediction of mortality by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and brain natriuretic peptide in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy[J].Circ J,2006,70(7):857-863.
[26]Morrow DA,Sabatine MS,Brennan ML,et al.Concurrent evaluation of novel cardiac biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome:myeloperoxidase and soluble CD40 ligand and the risk of recurrent ischaemic events in TACTICS-TIMI 18[J].Eur Heart J,2008,29(9):1096-1102.