“乖行为”与乖孩子的初步研究
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摘要
在我国,部分父母用“乖”或“不乖”来评价儿童的一切行为表现,“乖孩子”就是“好孩子”的标准。但近年来,“乖孩子”有严重的心理问题,甚至是自杀的报道屡有见诸报端。部分教育工作者更是旗帜鲜明地提出“教育的目的不是培养乖孩子”。国内针对“乖孩子”的专题研究才刚刚起步,无论是理论研究还是实践研究都很欠缺,目前的研究现状是经验总结多,量化研究少,没有适合的有针对性的测量工具,缺少成熟系统的理论指导。因此,本研究拟通过探索“乖孩子”在家庭中的表现来探寻中国式“乖孩子”的具体形象,并进一步编制儿童家庭表现量表,探讨“乖孩子”家庭表现的总体状况以及它们与家庭教养方式及儿童成年后人格之间的关系。期望本研究可填补这方面的空白,为建立健康的家庭教育模式提供理论参考。
本研究采用文献法、访谈法、问卷调查法,使用自编儿童家庭表现量表、卡特尔十六种个性因素测验(16PF)、父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)。以在校大学生及其父母为被试,使用邮政投递、集中填答两种方式进行施测。首先,采用文献法、访谈法、问卷调查法发现父母眼中“乖孩子”的家庭表现项目,籍此编制了儿童家庭表现量表,其次采用t检验和相关分析探讨了“乖孩子”家庭表现的总体状况以及它们与儿童成年后人格及父母养育方式之间的关系。
研究结果表明:
1.在父母眼里,“乖孩子”的童年家庭表现主要表现在四个方面:学习表现、孝顺表现、勤劳表现、懂事表现。
2.儿童期被父母评价为“乖”或“不乖”的孩子,成年后在人格的乐群性、聪慧性、稳定性(情绪)、持强性、敢为性、实验性、独立性、自律性8个维度上没有显著差异。
3.父亲过分干涉与儿童期的孝顺表现、勤劳表现呈负相关。
In China,some parents valuate children with the only standard of guai,which is a unique concept in Chinese culture.Guai means obeying,smartness,honesty,and diligence.A guai child never bothers his or her parents,so some parents hold the opinion that a good child is a guai child.Recently,some educational experts proposed that,the aim of education is not to cultivate guai children.The study of guai children just starts, consequently either theoretical or experimental research is lacking.In spite of many experience summaries in this field,there are few quantitative research,suitable measurement tools,and mature theories.In this thesis,this phenomenon was studied by exploring the behaviors of guai children in families.A rating scale of children behaviors in families was made up to study the guai children behaviors in families,and discover the relation between these behaviors and their personalities in adult period.This study may provide theoretical guide to build up healthy home education model.
This study follows the reference method,interview method,and questionnaire method,and the home-built children family behavior rating scale,Catteii the Sixteen Personality Pactor Text or Questionnaire,Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfost are used. The college students and their parents were measured with these rating scales.Firstly,the family behavior items of guai children are found through the reference method,interview method,and questionnaire method,and the home-built children family behavior rating scale was made up based on these items.Secondly,the whole status of guai children in families and the relation between the adult personality and the education approach were studied with T-test and correlating analysis.
The research result contains the following two sections.
1.In the parents' view,the family behaviors of guai children are expressed as four aspects:study,fealty,diligence,and intelligence.
2.There are not remarkable difference between guai and nonguai children in the following eight dimensions after they grew up,prosocial,intelligent,stability, ambition,courage,creativity,independence,self-discipline.
3.There is negative correlation between the over intervene of father and the fealty and diligence of child.
本研究采用文献法、访谈法、问卷调查法,使用自编儿童家庭表现量表、卡特尔十六种个性因素测验(16PF)、父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)。以在校大学生及其父母为被试,使用邮政投递、集中填答两种方式进行施测。首先,采用文献法、访谈法、问卷调查法发现父母眼中“乖孩子”的家庭表现项目,籍此编制了儿童家庭表现量表,其次采用t检验和相关分析探讨了“乖孩子”家庭表现的总体状况以及它们与儿童成年后人格及父母养育方式之间的关系。
研究结果表明:
1.在父母眼里,“乖孩子”的童年家庭表现主要表现在四个方面:学习表现、孝顺表现、勤劳表现、懂事表现。
2.儿童期被父母评价为“乖”或“不乖”的孩子,成年后在人格的乐群性、聪慧性、稳定性(情绪)、持强性、敢为性、实验性、独立性、自律性8个维度上没有显著差异。
3.父亲过分干涉与儿童期的孝顺表现、勤劳表现呈负相关。
In China,some parents valuate children with the only standard of guai,which is a unique concept in Chinese culture.Guai means obeying,smartness,honesty,and diligence.A guai child never bothers his or her parents,so some parents hold the opinion that a good child is a guai child.Recently,some educational experts proposed that,the aim of education is not to cultivate guai children.The study of guai children just starts, consequently either theoretical or experimental research is lacking.In spite of many experience summaries in this field,there are few quantitative research,suitable measurement tools,and mature theories.In this thesis,this phenomenon was studied by exploring the behaviors of guai children in families.A rating scale of children behaviors in families was made up to study the guai children behaviors in families,and discover the relation between these behaviors and their personalities in adult period.This study may provide theoretical guide to build up healthy home education model.
This study follows the reference method,interview method,and questionnaire method,and the home-built children family behavior rating scale,Catteii the Sixteen Personality Pactor Text or Questionnaire,Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfost are used. The college students and their parents were measured with these rating scales.Firstly,the family behavior items of guai children are found through the reference method,interview method,and questionnaire method,and the home-built children family behavior rating scale was made up based on these items.Secondly,the whole status of guai children in families and the relation between the adult personality and the education approach were studied with T-test and correlating analysis.
The research result contains the following two sections.
1.In the parents' view,the family behaviors of guai children are expressed as four aspects:study,fealty,diligence,and intelligence.
2.There are not remarkable difference between guai and nonguai children in the following eight dimensions after they grew up,prosocial,intelligent,stability, ambition,courage,creativity,independence,self-discipline.
3.There is negative correlation between the over intervene of father and the fealty and diligence of child.
引文
林治波.教育的目的不是培养乖孩子.人民论坛,(3):33
王益明.当心“好孩子”.心理科学,1994,17(3):175-176
张丽.“好孩子”“乖孩子”“坏孩子”-兼论中国民间文化中的儿童观及其演变.教育导刊,2005,(20):8-9
陈会昌,夏美萍.近50年来关于儿童顺从行为的研究.心理发展与教育,2006,(4):119-123
李冬晖,陈会昌,侯静.父母控制与儿童顺从行为的研究综述。心理学动态,(2001)9(4):341-346
侯静,陈会昌,王争艳,李苗.亲子互动研究及其进展。心理科学进展,2002,10(2):185-190
侯静,陈会昌,陈欣银.中国家庭中的亲子互动行为与儿童行为抑制性的发展.心理科学,2005,28(4):820-825
陈会昌,李冬晖,侯静,陈欣银.家庭游戏中的母亲控制策略与儿童顺从行为.心理学报,2003,35(2):209-215
王茜,陈会昌.父母监控与青少年问题行为的关系及对干预的启示.教育理论与实践,2007,(5):33-35
江光荣.心理咨询的理论与实务.北京:高等教育出版社.2005.236,188-192
汪向东,王希林,马弘.心理卫生评定量表手册。中国心理卫生杂志社(增订版)。1999,49-59,167-167
林崇德.发展心理学.杭州:浙江教育出版社.2002.
范娟,杜亚松,王立伟.Conners父母用症状问卷的中国城市常模和信度研究.上海精神医学,2005,17(6):321-323
苏林雁、李雪荣、万国斌、杨志伟、罗学荣.Achenbach儿童行为量表的湖南常模.中国临床心理学杂志,1996,4(1):24-28
王玉风.北京市城区2432名学龄儿童行为问题调查报告.中国心理卫生杂志,1988,2(3):114-117
黄希庭.人格心理学.杭州:浙江教育出版社.2002.5
孟昭兰.普通心理学.北京:北京大学出版社.1994.528
张春兴.现代心理学-现代人研究自身问题的科学.上海:上海人民出版社.1991.354-355
郭永玉.人格心理学-人性及其差异的研究.北京:中国社会科学出版社.2005.5,45
王重鸣.心理学研究方法.北京:人民教育出版社。1990.
程涛.大学生认知方式及父母养育方式与应对方式之间的关系研究.硕士学位论文.济南:山东师范大学.2004.
岳冬梅.父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU).中国心理卫生杂志,1993年增刊.
岳冬梅,李鸣杲.父母养育方式:EMBU的初步修订及其在神经症患者的应用.中国心理卫生杂志,1993,7(3).
钱铭怡,肖广兰.青少年心理健康水平,自我效能感与父母养育方式的相关研究.心理科学,1998,21(6).
钱铭怡,夏国华.青少年人格与父母养育方式的相关研究.中国心理卫生杂志,1996,10(2).
黄悦勤,云淑梅.中学生人格偏离与父母养育方式及相关因素的研究.中国心理卫生杂志,2000.14(2).
戚昕.中国文化背景下关于成年的界定及其不同年龄群体间的差异.硕士学位论文.济南:山东师范大学.2004.
黄河清.中美家庭教育的跨文化比较.外国中小学教育,2003,11.10-15
在线新华字典.http://Xh.5156edu.com/htm/1658.html.2007.
高殉.中国法文化传统的形成基础及其思考.http://WWW.1aw-1ib.com/1w/1w_view.asp?no=1074&page=2.2008
陈茵,鲍莹.中美不同的“乖孩子”.http://news。xinhuanet.com/overseas/2005-11/16/content 3787662.htm.2005
邱佩君.江西初三男生留下遗书卧轨 生前是个“乖孩子”.http://news.sohu.com/20070430/n249808011.shtml,2007
冯秋瑜.孩子太乖未必好.http://gzdaily.dayoo.com/html/2007-09/22/content_55223.htm.2007
Erikson E H(1963).childhood and society.New York:Norton.
Koop C B(1982).Antecedents of Self-regulation:A developmental perspective.Developmental Psychology.18:199-214.
Kuczynski,Grazyna Kochanska(1990).Development of children's noncompliance strategies form riddler hood to age 5.developmental Psychology.126(3):398-408.
Parpal M, Maccoby E E (1985):Maternal Responsiveness and Subsequent Child Compliance.Child development,56:1326-1334
Maccoby E E ,Martin C N(1983):Socialization in the Context of family:Parent-Child Interaction.In: Mussen P H(Series Ed),Hetherington E M(Vol,Ed).Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol.4. Socialization,Personslity and Social Devlopment. New York:JohnWiley,1-110.
Lepper M R(1981).Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in Children: Detrimental effects of superfluous social controls In:Collins N A ed. Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology.Minnesota Press,155-214.
Julia、Molly&Cynthia(1997).Compliance and noncompliance: the roles of maternal contorl and child temperament Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,18:411-428
Kochanska G(1997).Mutually responsive orientation between mothers and their young children: Implication for early socialization.Child Development. 1:94-112
Ujile T(1997).How do Japanese mothers treat children's negativism. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 18:467-483.
Kochanska G(1995).Child's temperament,mother' discipline, and security of attachment: multiple pathways to emerging internalization.Child Development 66:597-615.
Forehand R(1977).Child noncompliance to parental requests:Behavioral analysis and treatment. In:Hersen M,Eisler R M,Miller P M ed.Progress in behavior modification(Vol.5).New York:Academic Press.
Patterson G R(1982).DeBaryshe B D,Ramsey E.A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist,44:329-335.
Patterson G R,Forgatch M(1987).Parents and adolescents: Living together. Eugene, OR:Castalia.
Kuczynsiki L、 Kochanska G、Radke — Yarrow M&Girnius-Brown O(1987).A Developmental Interpretation of Young Children's Noncompliance.Developmental Psychology,23:799-806.
王益明.当心“好孩子”.心理科学,1994,17(3):175-176
张丽.“好孩子”“乖孩子”“坏孩子”-兼论中国民间文化中的儿童观及其演变.教育导刊,2005,(20):8-9
陈会昌,夏美萍.近50年来关于儿童顺从行为的研究.心理发展与教育,2006,(4):119-123
李冬晖,陈会昌,侯静.父母控制与儿童顺从行为的研究综述。心理学动态,(2001)9(4):341-346
侯静,陈会昌,王争艳,李苗.亲子互动研究及其进展。心理科学进展,2002,10(2):185-190
侯静,陈会昌,陈欣银.中国家庭中的亲子互动行为与儿童行为抑制性的发展.心理科学,2005,28(4):820-825
陈会昌,李冬晖,侯静,陈欣银.家庭游戏中的母亲控制策略与儿童顺从行为.心理学报,2003,35(2):209-215
王茜,陈会昌.父母监控与青少年问题行为的关系及对干预的启示.教育理论与实践,2007,(5):33-35
江光荣.心理咨询的理论与实务.北京:高等教育出版社.2005.236,188-192
汪向东,王希林,马弘.心理卫生评定量表手册。中国心理卫生杂志社(增订版)。1999,49-59,167-167
林崇德.发展心理学.杭州:浙江教育出版社.2002.
范娟,杜亚松,王立伟.Conners父母用症状问卷的中国城市常模和信度研究.上海精神医学,2005,17(6):321-323
苏林雁、李雪荣、万国斌、杨志伟、罗学荣.Achenbach儿童行为量表的湖南常模.中国临床心理学杂志,1996,4(1):24-28
王玉风.北京市城区2432名学龄儿童行为问题调查报告.中国心理卫生杂志,1988,2(3):114-117
黄希庭.人格心理学.杭州:浙江教育出版社.2002.5
孟昭兰.普通心理学.北京:北京大学出版社.1994.528
张春兴.现代心理学-现代人研究自身问题的科学.上海:上海人民出版社.1991.354-355
郭永玉.人格心理学-人性及其差异的研究.北京:中国社会科学出版社.2005.5,45
王重鸣.心理学研究方法.北京:人民教育出版社。1990.
程涛.大学生认知方式及父母养育方式与应对方式之间的关系研究.硕士学位论文.济南:山东师范大学.2004.
岳冬梅.父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU).中国心理卫生杂志,1993年增刊.
岳冬梅,李鸣杲.父母养育方式:EMBU的初步修订及其在神经症患者的应用.中国心理卫生杂志,1993,7(3).
钱铭怡,肖广兰.青少年心理健康水平,自我效能感与父母养育方式的相关研究.心理科学,1998,21(6).
钱铭怡,夏国华.青少年人格与父母养育方式的相关研究.中国心理卫生杂志,1996,10(2).
黄悦勤,云淑梅.中学生人格偏离与父母养育方式及相关因素的研究.中国心理卫生杂志,2000.14(2).
戚昕.中国文化背景下关于成年的界定及其不同年龄群体间的差异.硕士学位论文.济南:山东师范大学.2004.
黄河清.中美家庭教育的跨文化比较.外国中小学教育,2003,11.10-15
在线新华字典.http://Xh.5156edu.com/htm/1658.html.2007.
高殉.中国法文化传统的形成基础及其思考.http://WWW.1aw-1ib.com/1w/1w_view.asp?no=1074&page=2.2008
陈茵,鲍莹.中美不同的“乖孩子”.http://news。xinhuanet.com/overseas/2005-11/16/content 3787662.htm.2005
邱佩君.江西初三男生留下遗书卧轨 生前是个“乖孩子”.http://news.sohu.com/20070430/n249808011.shtml,2007
冯秋瑜.孩子太乖未必好.http://gzdaily.dayoo.com/html/2007-09/22/content_55223.htm.2007
Erikson E H(1963).childhood and society.New York:Norton.
Koop C B(1982).Antecedents of Self-regulation:A developmental perspective.Developmental Psychology.18:199-214.
Kuczynski,Grazyna Kochanska(1990).Development of children's noncompliance strategies form riddler hood to age 5.developmental Psychology.126(3):398-408.
Parpal M, Maccoby E E (1985):Maternal Responsiveness and Subsequent Child Compliance.Child development,56:1326-1334
Maccoby E E ,Martin C N(1983):Socialization in the Context of family:Parent-Child Interaction.In: Mussen P H(Series Ed),Hetherington E M(Vol,Ed).Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol.4. Socialization,Personslity and Social Devlopment. New York:JohnWiley,1-110.
Lepper M R(1981).Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in Children: Detrimental effects of superfluous social controls In:Collins N A ed. Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology.Minnesota Press,155-214.
Julia、Molly&Cynthia(1997).Compliance and noncompliance: the roles of maternal contorl and child temperament Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,18:411-428
Kochanska G(1997).Mutually responsive orientation between mothers and their young children: Implication for early socialization.Child Development. 1:94-112
Ujile T(1997).How do Japanese mothers treat children's negativism. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 18:467-483.
Kochanska G(1995).Child's temperament,mother' discipline, and security of attachment: multiple pathways to emerging internalization.Child Development 66:597-615.
Forehand R(1977).Child noncompliance to parental requests:Behavioral analysis and treatment. In:Hersen M,Eisler R M,Miller P M ed.Progress in behavior modification(Vol.5).New York:Academic Press.
Patterson G R(1982).DeBaryshe B D,Ramsey E.A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist,44:329-335.
Patterson G R,Forgatch M(1987).Parents and adolescents: Living together. Eugene, OR:Castalia.
Kuczynsiki L、 Kochanska G、Radke — Yarrow M&Girnius-Brown O(1987).A Developmental Interpretation of Young Children's Noncompliance.Developmental Psychology,23:799-806.