利益相关者治理对突破性创新绩效影响机理研究
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摘要
从当今经济全球化格局、信息技术革命和产业发展的角度看,企业的竞争正在加速由生产阶段前移到研究开发阶段,或者后移到品牌营销阶段,而具有竞争优势的高技术产品和新概念服务主要来源于突破性创新成果。对大多数企业,尤其是大型成熟企业的生存和发展而言,实施突破性创新的必要性正变得日益突出。突破性创新不同于一般创新。突破性创新是指能够提供全新产品性能或大幅度提高已有性能或显著降低成本,并能够显著地改变企业的相对竞争优势,乃至改变整个行业的竞争态势的创新。虽然善于思考的管理者们认识到了突破性创新的重要性,但是几乎没有人熟悉突破性创新的整个发展过程和将要面临的技术和市场的不确定性。但有一点是肯定的,突破性创新的发展主要是由个人的主动性来推动的。因此如何激励那些参与突破性创新项目的人员,促进成员间的信任和知识交流的程度与效率对突破性创新绩效的提高具有战略性的理论意义和现实意义,本研究正是围绕这个核心问题展开的。
此外,对智力资本的测度尚缺乏良好的系统。已有智力资本的很多相关研究主要着眼于人力资本和结构资本,对社会资本和关系资本往往忽略。且已有研究主要在于建立智力资本的各维度与创新绩效的关系,且各维度指标的界定往往不能为企业现实应用提供有针对性的可操作建议。由于利益相关者的参与能为知识生成这个过程带来许多重要的益处,利益相关者治理能够提升关系资本和社会资本,从利益相关者视角出发研究智力资本和企业突破性创新绩效之间的正相关关系具有很好的可操作性。
本文首先在综述国内外智力资本和利益相关者治理相关理论基础上,将利益相关者理论与智力资本理论相结合,进而从利益相关者视角构建了系统而全面的智力资本分析框架。在此基础上,结合国内外突破性创新理论,提出一系列理论假设,构建了利益相关者、智力资本和企业突破性创新绩效概念模型,其中包含了智力资本各因素,如专家经验、通才经验、编码知识、规则方法、知识转移、连通性、心理安全、关系依附度、关系深度和关系广度对企业突破性创新绩效影响的理论假设。该概念模型不但考虑了利益相关者智力资本各因素对突破性创新的直接影响,还考虑了各因素间的交互性；由于道德氛围会影响企业成员间和单位间的资源信息交流,进而对创新具有重要影响,因而该模型中也引入了道德氛围因素。
本文采用规范分析与实证研究相结合的方法,通过文献阅读、实地访谈、问卷分析进行实证研究,研究结论主要有以下几个方面：
(1)利益相关者智力资本包括人力资本、结构资本、社会资本、关系资本四个因素,其中通才经验、知识转移、心理安全、关系依附度、关系深度均对突破性创新绩效有不同程度的正向影响,知识转移对突破性创新绩效的影响最大,这表明进行员工交流或者将利益相关者纳入到研究顾问组中对双方来说是互惠互利的。要想改变知识交流过程及其成果必须得克服这些参与倾向之间的差异性。总的来说,在研究项目的执行过程中,要在早期阶段花费更大的力气,关注知识交流和利益相关者的参与。
(2)利益相关者智力资本要素互动对突破性创新绩效的影响均不显著,我们并未发现心理安全会进一步加强通才经验与突破性创新绩效的联系、削弱知识转移对突破性创新绩效的影响。这表明个人的知识融入到社交网络中,通过社交关系进行分享,通道传递,心理安全对知识的创造并没有显著作用；另一方面,企业已经结构化编码化的程序和规则中会进行信息的流动和交流,而企业内部或跨企业的个人和团体之间的心理安全和相互关系也可能不会显著降低这种流动的效率。
(3)道德氛围在社会资本与突破性创新绩效的关系中起调节作用和驱动作用。这说明,不同道德氛围的情况下,连通性和心理安全对突破性创新绩效的影响显著不同,高道德氛围情况下,连通性和心理安全对创新绩效的预测效果更好。这可能是当组织和个人的信任程度高时,人们更倾向于进行广泛意义上的社交活动,并进行特定的合作,而信任程度低时则不是如此。信任能够增加潜在交易的数量,并通过降低投机取巧减少监察的成本以及缩减强制实施的需求。
最后,结合实证研究结果,提出了基于利益相关者治理的突破性创新绩效提升策略,总的来看,本研究的理论和实证研究结论丰富和完善了智力资本、突破性创新理论,为我国企业提升持续竞争优势、提高突破性创新绩效提供了新的,切实可行的视角与思路。
From the perspective of the present pattern of economic globalization, information technology revolution and industrial development, the competitions between enterprises are rapidly changing from the competitions in the production stage to the research and development stage or the brand marketing stage, while the high-tech products and services of new concept with competitive advantage are mainly the results of radical innovation. It is increasingly necessary to execute radical innovation for most enterprises, especially large mature enterprises to remain existing and developing. Radical innovation is different from the general innovation. Radical innovation is such an innovation that is able to provide completely new product performance or substantially improve the existing performance or significantly reduce costs; and can significantly change the relative competitive advantage of the companies, and even change the competitive situation of the whole industry. Although managers who are good at thinking recognize the importance of radical innovation, hardly anyone is familiar with the whole development process of radical innovation and the uncertainties of technologies and market they will face. However, it is certain that the development of radical innovation is driven by individual initiative. Therefore, how to stimulate the personnel who participate in the radical innovation projects and promote the trust among members and the degree and efficiency of knowledge exchange has strategic theoretical significance and practical significance for improving the radical innovation performance. This core issue is exactly the central point of this study.
In addition, there is still not a good system for the measure of the intellectual capital. Many related researches on the existing intellectual capital are mainly focused on human capital and structural capital, while social capital and relational capital are often overlooked. Moreover, the existing researches are mainly intended to establish the relationship between the various dimensions of the intellectual capital and the innovation performance, and the definition of each dimension index often cannot provide specific operational recommendations for the real-world applications for the enterprises. Because the participation of the stakeholders can bring many significant benefits to this process of knowledge generation, the stakeholder governance can enhance the relational capital and social capital. It is highly operable to study the positive correlation between the intellectual capital and the enterprise radical innovation performance from the perspective of the stakeholders.
Firstly, by combining the stakeholder theory and the intellectual capital theory on the basis of the review of related theories of the domestic and foreign intellectual capital and stakeholder governance, a systematic and comprehensive intellectual capital analysis framework is built from the perspective of the stakeholders. On this basis, combining the domestic and foreign radical innovation theories, a series of theoretical assumptions are put forward and a conceptual model of stakeholder, intellectual capital and enterprise radical innovation performance is built. The theoretical assumptions include the theoretical assumptions of the influence of various factors of intellectual capital, such as expertise, generalist experience, coding knowledge, rules&methods, knowledge transfer, connectivity, psychological security, relationship dependency degree, relationship depth and the relationship breadth, on the enterprise radical innovation performance. The conceptual model does not only consider the direct influence of the various factors of the stakeholder intellectual capital on the radical innovation, and also takes into account the interactivity between the various factors; because the moral atmosphere would affect the exchange of resources and information among the members and units of enterprises and in turn have a great influence on the innovation, the factor of the moral atmosphere is also introduced in the model.
In this paper, a combination of normative analysis and empirical study is adopted. The empirical study is done through literature reading, field interview and questionnaire analysis, and the conclusions of the study include:
(1)The stakeholder intellectual capital consists of four factors of human capital, structural capital, social capital and relational capital. Generalist experience, knowledge transfer, psychological security, relationship dependency degree and relationship depth all have different degrees of positive influences on the radical innovation performance, of which the influence of knowledge transfer is the highest, which indicates that employee communications or having the stakeholders included in the research advisory group are mutually beneficial for the both sides. In order to change the process and results of the knowledge exchange, the differences between these participation propensities must be overcome. In general, in the process of executing research projects, more energy should be spent in the early stage to focus on the participation of the knowledge exchange and the stakeholders.
(2)The interactions between the factors of the stakeholder intellectual capital do not have significant influence on the radical innovation performance. We do not find that the psychological security would further strengthen the ties between the generalist experience and the radical innovation performance or weaken the influence of the knowledge transfer on the radical innovation performance. This indicates that the knowledge of an individual is incorporated into the social network, shared through social relations and transferred through channels, while the psychological security does not play a significant role in the creation of knowledge; On the other side, the flow and exchange of information would occur in the structured and codified processes and rules of enterprises, while the psychological security and mutual relations between the inner-enterprise or inter-enterprise individuals and groups may not significantly reduce the efficiency of such flow either.
(3)The moral atmosphere plays a regulatory role and has a driving effect in the relationship between the social capital and the radical innovation performance. This indicates that in different moral atmospheres, the influences of the connectivity and the psychological security on the radical innovation performance are significantly different. In a heavy moral atmosphere, the predictive effect of the connectivity and the psychological security on the innovation performance is better. It is probable that when there is a high level of trust among organizations and individuals, people tend to undertake social activities in the broad sense and develop specific cooperation, while the situation is different when there is a low level of trust. Trust can increase the number of potential transactions and reduce the costs of monitoring and the needs of enforcement through decreasing free riding.
Finally, combining the empirical study results, the improvement strategies for the radical innovation performance based on the stakeholder governance are put forward. Overall, the conclusions of the theoretical and empirical studies of this study enrich and improve the theories of intellectual capital and radical innovation and provide new and practical perspectives and ideas for Chinese enterprises to improve their sustainable competitive advantage and radical innovation performance.
此外,对智力资本的测度尚缺乏良好的系统。已有智力资本的很多相关研究主要着眼于人力资本和结构资本,对社会资本和关系资本往往忽略。且已有研究主要在于建立智力资本的各维度与创新绩效的关系,且各维度指标的界定往往不能为企业现实应用提供有针对性的可操作建议。由于利益相关者的参与能为知识生成这个过程带来许多重要的益处,利益相关者治理能够提升关系资本和社会资本,从利益相关者视角出发研究智力资本和企业突破性创新绩效之间的正相关关系具有很好的可操作性。
本文首先在综述国内外智力资本和利益相关者治理相关理论基础上,将利益相关者理论与智力资本理论相结合,进而从利益相关者视角构建了系统而全面的智力资本分析框架。在此基础上,结合国内外突破性创新理论,提出一系列理论假设,构建了利益相关者、智力资本和企业突破性创新绩效概念模型,其中包含了智力资本各因素,如专家经验、通才经验、编码知识、规则方法、知识转移、连通性、心理安全、关系依附度、关系深度和关系广度对企业突破性创新绩效影响的理论假设。该概念模型不但考虑了利益相关者智力资本各因素对突破性创新的直接影响,还考虑了各因素间的交互性；由于道德氛围会影响企业成员间和单位间的资源信息交流,进而对创新具有重要影响,因而该模型中也引入了道德氛围因素。
本文采用规范分析与实证研究相结合的方法,通过文献阅读、实地访谈、问卷分析进行实证研究,研究结论主要有以下几个方面：
(1)利益相关者智力资本包括人力资本、结构资本、社会资本、关系资本四个因素,其中通才经验、知识转移、心理安全、关系依附度、关系深度均对突破性创新绩效有不同程度的正向影响,知识转移对突破性创新绩效的影响最大,这表明进行员工交流或者将利益相关者纳入到研究顾问组中对双方来说是互惠互利的。要想改变知识交流过程及其成果必须得克服这些参与倾向之间的差异性。总的来说,在研究项目的执行过程中,要在早期阶段花费更大的力气,关注知识交流和利益相关者的参与。
(2)利益相关者智力资本要素互动对突破性创新绩效的影响均不显著,我们并未发现心理安全会进一步加强通才经验与突破性创新绩效的联系、削弱知识转移对突破性创新绩效的影响。这表明个人的知识融入到社交网络中,通过社交关系进行分享,通道传递,心理安全对知识的创造并没有显著作用；另一方面,企业已经结构化编码化的程序和规则中会进行信息的流动和交流,而企业内部或跨企业的个人和团体之间的心理安全和相互关系也可能不会显著降低这种流动的效率。
(3)道德氛围在社会资本与突破性创新绩效的关系中起调节作用和驱动作用。这说明,不同道德氛围的情况下,连通性和心理安全对突破性创新绩效的影响显著不同,高道德氛围情况下,连通性和心理安全对创新绩效的预测效果更好。这可能是当组织和个人的信任程度高时,人们更倾向于进行广泛意义上的社交活动,并进行特定的合作,而信任程度低时则不是如此。信任能够增加潜在交易的数量,并通过降低投机取巧减少监察的成本以及缩减强制实施的需求。
最后,结合实证研究结果,提出了基于利益相关者治理的突破性创新绩效提升策略,总的来看,本研究的理论和实证研究结论丰富和完善了智力资本、突破性创新理论,为我国企业提升持续竞争优势、提高突破性创新绩效提供了新的,切实可行的视角与思路。
From the perspective of the present pattern of economic globalization, information technology revolution and industrial development, the competitions between enterprises are rapidly changing from the competitions in the production stage to the research and development stage or the brand marketing stage, while the high-tech products and services of new concept with competitive advantage are mainly the results of radical innovation. It is increasingly necessary to execute radical innovation for most enterprises, especially large mature enterprises to remain existing and developing. Radical innovation is different from the general innovation. Radical innovation is such an innovation that is able to provide completely new product performance or substantially improve the existing performance or significantly reduce costs; and can significantly change the relative competitive advantage of the companies, and even change the competitive situation of the whole industry. Although managers who are good at thinking recognize the importance of radical innovation, hardly anyone is familiar with the whole development process of radical innovation and the uncertainties of technologies and market they will face. However, it is certain that the development of radical innovation is driven by individual initiative. Therefore, how to stimulate the personnel who participate in the radical innovation projects and promote the trust among members and the degree and efficiency of knowledge exchange has strategic theoretical significance and practical significance for improving the radical innovation performance. This core issue is exactly the central point of this study.
In addition, there is still not a good system for the measure of the intellectual capital. Many related researches on the existing intellectual capital are mainly focused on human capital and structural capital, while social capital and relational capital are often overlooked. Moreover, the existing researches are mainly intended to establish the relationship between the various dimensions of the intellectual capital and the innovation performance, and the definition of each dimension index often cannot provide specific operational recommendations for the real-world applications for the enterprises. Because the participation of the stakeholders can bring many significant benefits to this process of knowledge generation, the stakeholder governance can enhance the relational capital and social capital. It is highly operable to study the positive correlation between the intellectual capital and the enterprise radical innovation performance from the perspective of the stakeholders.
Firstly, by combining the stakeholder theory and the intellectual capital theory on the basis of the review of related theories of the domestic and foreign intellectual capital and stakeholder governance, a systematic and comprehensive intellectual capital analysis framework is built from the perspective of the stakeholders. On this basis, combining the domestic and foreign radical innovation theories, a series of theoretical assumptions are put forward and a conceptual model of stakeholder, intellectual capital and enterprise radical innovation performance is built. The theoretical assumptions include the theoretical assumptions of the influence of various factors of intellectual capital, such as expertise, generalist experience, coding knowledge, rules&methods, knowledge transfer, connectivity, psychological security, relationship dependency degree, relationship depth and the relationship breadth, on the enterprise radical innovation performance. The conceptual model does not only consider the direct influence of the various factors of the stakeholder intellectual capital on the radical innovation, and also takes into account the interactivity between the various factors; because the moral atmosphere would affect the exchange of resources and information among the members and units of enterprises and in turn have a great influence on the innovation, the factor of the moral atmosphere is also introduced in the model.
In this paper, a combination of normative analysis and empirical study is adopted. The empirical study is done through literature reading, field interview and questionnaire analysis, and the conclusions of the study include:
(1)The stakeholder intellectual capital consists of four factors of human capital, structural capital, social capital and relational capital. Generalist experience, knowledge transfer, psychological security, relationship dependency degree and relationship depth all have different degrees of positive influences on the radical innovation performance, of which the influence of knowledge transfer is the highest, which indicates that employee communications or having the stakeholders included in the research advisory group are mutually beneficial for the both sides. In order to change the process and results of the knowledge exchange, the differences between these participation propensities must be overcome. In general, in the process of executing research projects, more energy should be spent in the early stage to focus on the participation of the knowledge exchange and the stakeholders.
(2)The interactions between the factors of the stakeholder intellectual capital do not have significant influence on the radical innovation performance. We do not find that the psychological security would further strengthen the ties between the generalist experience and the radical innovation performance or weaken the influence of the knowledge transfer on the radical innovation performance. This indicates that the knowledge of an individual is incorporated into the social network, shared through social relations and transferred through channels, while the psychological security does not play a significant role in the creation of knowledge; On the other side, the flow and exchange of information would occur in the structured and codified processes and rules of enterprises, while the psychological security and mutual relations between the inner-enterprise or inter-enterprise individuals and groups may not significantly reduce the efficiency of such flow either.
(3)The moral atmosphere plays a regulatory role and has a driving effect in the relationship between the social capital and the radical innovation performance. This indicates that in different moral atmospheres, the influences of the connectivity and the psychological security on the radical innovation performance are significantly different. In a heavy moral atmosphere, the predictive effect of the connectivity and the psychological security on the innovation performance is better. It is probable that when there is a high level of trust among organizations and individuals, people tend to undertake social activities in the broad sense and develop specific cooperation, while the situation is different when there is a low level of trust. Trust can increase the number of potential transactions and reduce the costs of monitoring and the needs of enforcement through decreasing free riding.
Finally, combining the empirical study results, the improvement strategies for the radical innovation performance based on the stakeholder governance are put forward. Overall, the conclusions of the theoretical and empirical studies of this study enrich and improve the theories of intellectual capital and radical innovation and provide new and practical perspectives and ideas for Chinese enterprises to improve their sustainable competitive advantage and radical innovation performance.
引文
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