论理查德·赖特的《土生子》及其新黑人艺术形象
|
摘要
理查德·赖特(Richard Wright，1908-1960年)被认为是美国黑人文学史上里程碑式的人物，是美国二十世纪三、四十年代受压迫的黑人以及关于黑人问题的最受尊敬的代言人之一。他的代表作《土生子》的问世不仅在思想上开了抗议小说的先河，而且在艺术上也标志着美国黑人文学走向了成熟。《土生子》自1940年出版以来引发了许多文学评论家对此小说的主题以及其他各方面的评论和争议。
在大量的批评资料中，虽然很多文学评论家也注意到了《土生子》中生动饱满的人物形象及细致深刻地的人物性格的心理描写和分析，但很少有人就此小说及小说的艺术技巧进行专门研究。因此，本文主要用心理学的方法对该部作品的艺术形式及小说在塑造主人公形象中的艺术技巧进行了尝试性的研究。
第一部分是文章的引论部分。简要介绍了赖特的生平，他在当今文学史上的地位、《土生子》的故事梗概、材料来源、批评回顾等，并简要说明了本文的研究重点和意义。
第二部分是对该部作品的艺术形式的研究。小说在表现主题方面主要是以第三人称透过主人公的独特的意识心理描写，突显和强化了其主题思想；小说的场景提供了使读者产生强烈反应的物质环境，有效地反映了别格的深层情感；小说的结构也使主人公形象更为丰满，因为从此起彼伏的情节中展现出了主人公的心理变化及成长，这样就从别格的具体内心体验和外在经历中创造了更为丰满、细致的主人公形象；赖特在小说的人物塑造中，对主人公别格周围的人物轻描淡写，从而用浓墨重彩着力描写了主人公的人格复杂性和他的最终觉悟；主题的分析反映了其新的时代内容，使读者看到是种族隔离和种族歧视的社会造成了别格的悲剧命运和人们的病态心理，同时也使读者看到宿命论和自由意志两种思想相互冲突和相互作用构成了小说的主题思想。
第三部分分析了小说中的心理描写和象征性语言的应用。小说中的心理描写揭示了主人公的双重的矛盾的内心世界和人格的复杂性，使别格成为具有既自负又自卑，即心怀恐惧又勇于反抗，既畏惧白人又使白人畏惧，既感到失败又充满希望的复杂个性的人物。小说中象征性语言的使用同样进一步揭示了主人公的内心活动和人格矛盾，以及人与人，尤其是白人与黑人之间的隔膜和矛盾。
第四部分是文章的结论部分。本文通过对小说文学形式方面的研究尤其是通过对小说中
几比.心wri沙t’S施谊吧吕脚助dl坦丝丝旦丝主鱼丝
的心理描写和象征性语言的研究，表明《土生子》之所以成为一部杰作在于它把艺术形式和
革命的思想内容有机地相结合，从而产生了一个反映当代美国现实生活的多层面的展撼人心
的图景.通过对别格的反抗犯罪心理的描写分析，赖特为我们塑造了一个不同于逆来顺受的
汤姆叔叔的具有反抗精神的新的黑人艺术形象。别格这一人物的出现表明美国对种族歧视问
题的自觉意识达到了一个新的高度，促使美国公众更加重视种族问题。因而别格成为美国文
学中又一个典型形象，成为黑人个人意识的又一个代名词，从而在美国黑人文学史上树立了
一个新现实主义的里程碑。
Richard Wright is considered a figure as milestone in the history of Afro-American literature and one of American most highly respected spokesmen for Black problems and the oppressed black American in the late 1930s and 1940s. In 1940 the appearance of Native Son made literary history. From its publication in 1940 to the present, Native Son has sparked a vigorous critical debate involving a wide variety of critics who have approached the novel from many revealing perspectives.
Among the different criticisms on Native Son, many critics pay attention to the profound theme and the delicate description and analysis of the hero's psycho in the characterization, but there are few critics who make thorough study on it, especially in China. The writer has tried to provide, for the first time, mainly by the psychological approach, a full- length analysis of the various aspects of the novel's form and its artistic techniques in the characterization of the hero that make Native Son remarkable.
Part One is a general introduction to Richard Wright and his novel Native Son. It briefly introduces the life of Wright, his position in the literary field, the plot, the source, the literary
review of Native Son, it also points out the significance of the thesis.
Part Two is a separate study of the various aspects of the novel's form that constitute an
organic unity that helps Wright to recreate human experience on many levels. Point of view personalizes and intensifies the novel's ideas by pushing them through the central character's unique consciousness. The setting establishes a physically substantial world that strongly arouses all the readers' senses. As we have seen, the setting also has emotional value, for it is often used brilliantly as a reflector of Digger's deepest feelings. The novel's structure also enriches the hero in the novel, as it reveals the hero's inward growth from the scenes that make simple ideas reverberate against one another, and thus helps to create a richer, more delicate image. The characterization reveals that Wright simplifies the characters surrounding Bigger to highlight the intricacies of Bigger's personality and his achievement of selfhood. Through the analysis of the theme, it reveals the revolutionary new content that the society of racial segregation and
discrimination has created and should be responsible for the tragedy of Bigger Thomas and results in people's morbid psychology. It also reveals that the novel's main theme consists of a complex interplay of the two ideas, the deterministic vision of life and the free will.
In Part Three, the writer has paid special attention to the use of the techniques such as psychological description and figurative language in the novel. The psychological description reveals Digger's paradoxical interior life and the intricacies of his personality that make him at once good and evil, proud and shameful, fearful and defiant, awful and awesome, frustrated and hopeful. And figurative language in the novel is also used to depict Bigger's ambiguous character and further highlight the discrepancy between Bigger's perception of himself and the view of him held by others.
Part Four is a conclusion of the thesis. Through the detailed analysis, especially through the analysis of the use of the psychoanalysis and figurative language, the writer finds that Native Son is a masterwork because its formal artistry and its revolutionary new content are solidly integrated to produce a complex and resonant vision of modern American reality. Bigger emerges as a rebellious, prideful, temperamental, challenging new black hero quite different from the mild and humble Uncle Tom. The emergence of Bigger shows that American racial consciousness has reached a new level and forces the whole society to take racial problem into serious consideration. Thomas Bigger, Therefore, has become another typical image in American Literature and another word standing for individual consciousness of Black people.
在大量的批评资料中，虽然很多文学评论家也注意到了《土生子》中生动饱满的人物形象及细致深刻地的人物性格的心理描写和分析，但很少有人就此小说及小说的艺术技巧进行专门研究。因此，本文主要用心理学的方法对该部作品的艺术形式及小说在塑造主人公形象中的艺术技巧进行了尝试性的研究。
第一部分是文章的引论部分。简要介绍了赖特的生平，他在当今文学史上的地位、《土生子》的故事梗概、材料来源、批评回顾等，并简要说明了本文的研究重点和意义。
第二部分是对该部作品的艺术形式的研究。小说在表现主题方面主要是以第三人称透过主人公的独特的意识心理描写，突显和强化了其主题思想；小说的场景提供了使读者产生强烈反应的物质环境，有效地反映了别格的深层情感；小说的结构也使主人公形象更为丰满，因为从此起彼伏的情节中展现出了主人公的心理变化及成长，这样就从别格的具体内心体验和外在经历中创造了更为丰满、细致的主人公形象；赖特在小说的人物塑造中，对主人公别格周围的人物轻描淡写，从而用浓墨重彩着力描写了主人公的人格复杂性和他的最终觉悟；主题的分析反映了其新的时代内容，使读者看到是种族隔离和种族歧视的社会造成了别格的悲剧命运和人们的病态心理，同时也使读者看到宿命论和自由意志两种思想相互冲突和相互作用构成了小说的主题思想。
第三部分分析了小说中的心理描写和象征性语言的应用。小说中的心理描写揭示了主人公的双重的矛盾的内心世界和人格的复杂性，使别格成为具有既自负又自卑，即心怀恐惧又勇于反抗，既畏惧白人又使白人畏惧，既感到失败又充满希望的复杂个性的人物。小说中象征性语言的使用同样进一步揭示了主人公的内心活动和人格矛盾，以及人与人，尤其是白人与黑人之间的隔膜和矛盾。
第四部分是文章的结论部分。本文通过对小说文学形式方面的研究尤其是通过对小说中
几比.心wri沙t’S施谊吧吕脚助dl坦丝丝旦丝主鱼丝
的心理描写和象征性语言的研究，表明《土生子》之所以成为一部杰作在于它把艺术形式和
革命的思想内容有机地相结合，从而产生了一个反映当代美国现实生活的多层面的展撼人心
的图景.通过对别格的反抗犯罪心理的描写分析，赖特为我们塑造了一个不同于逆来顺受的
汤姆叔叔的具有反抗精神的新的黑人艺术形象。别格这一人物的出现表明美国对种族歧视问
题的自觉意识达到了一个新的高度，促使美国公众更加重视种族问题。因而别格成为美国文
学中又一个典型形象，成为黑人个人意识的又一个代名词，从而在美国黑人文学史上树立了
一个新现实主义的里程碑。
Richard Wright is considered a figure as milestone in the history of Afro-American literature and one of American most highly respected spokesmen for Black problems and the oppressed black American in the late 1930s and 1940s. In 1940 the appearance of Native Son made literary history. From its publication in 1940 to the present, Native Son has sparked a vigorous critical debate involving a wide variety of critics who have approached the novel from many revealing perspectives.
Among the different criticisms on Native Son, many critics pay attention to the profound theme and the delicate description and analysis of the hero's psycho in the characterization, but there are few critics who make thorough study on it, especially in China. The writer has tried to provide, for the first time, mainly by the psychological approach, a full- length analysis of the various aspects of the novel's form and its artistic techniques in the characterization of the hero that make Native Son remarkable.
Part One is a general introduction to Richard Wright and his novel Native Son. It briefly introduces the life of Wright, his position in the literary field, the plot, the source, the literary
review of Native Son, it also points out the significance of the thesis.
Part Two is a separate study of the various aspects of the novel's form that constitute an
organic unity that helps Wright to recreate human experience on many levels. Point of view personalizes and intensifies the novel's ideas by pushing them through the central character's unique consciousness. The setting establishes a physically substantial world that strongly arouses all the readers' senses. As we have seen, the setting also has emotional value, for it is often used brilliantly as a reflector of Digger's deepest feelings. The novel's structure also enriches the hero in the novel, as it reveals the hero's inward growth from the scenes that make simple ideas reverberate against one another, and thus helps to create a richer, more delicate image. The characterization reveals that Wright simplifies the characters surrounding Bigger to highlight the intricacies of Bigger's personality and his achievement of selfhood. Through the analysis of the theme, it reveals the revolutionary new content that the society of racial segregation and
discrimination has created and should be responsible for the tragedy of Bigger Thomas and results in people's morbid psychology. It also reveals that the novel's main theme consists of a complex interplay of the two ideas, the deterministic vision of life and the free will.
In Part Three, the writer has paid special attention to the use of the techniques such as psychological description and figurative language in the novel. The psychological description reveals Digger's paradoxical interior life and the intricacies of his personality that make him at once good and evil, proud and shameful, fearful and defiant, awful and awesome, frustrated and hopeful. And figurative language in the novel is also used to depict Bigger's ambiguous character and further highlight the discrepancy between Bigger's perception of himself and the view of him held by others.
Part Four is a conclusion of the thesis. Through the detailed analysis, especially through the analysis of the use of the psychoanalysis and figurative language, the writer finds that Native Son is a masterwork because its formal artistry and its revolutionary new content are solidly integrated to produce a complex and resonant vision of modern American reality. Bigger emerges as a rebellious, prideful, temperamental, challenging new black hero quite different from the mild and humble Uncle Tom. The emergence of Bigger shows that American racial consciousness has reached a new level and forces the whole society to take racial problem into serious consideration. Thomas Bigger, Therefore, has become another typical image in American Literature and another word standing for individual consciousness of Black people.
引文
1 Howe Irving, "Black Boys and Native Son," in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Native Son, ed. Houston Baker New York: Horison, 1963. p.100.
2 Ibid., p.368.
3 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.236.
4 Richard Wright, "How Bigger Was Born" in Native Son, New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.ⅷ.
5 Ibid., p. ⅹⅹⅶ.
6 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.364.
7 Ibid.
8 James A. Page, in English Journal, May, 1973, p. 714.
9 Kinnamon Keneth, The Emergence of Richard Wright. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 1972. p. 143.
10 Howe Irving, "Black Boys and Native Son," in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Native Son, ed. Houston Baker New York: Horison, 1963. p. 65.
11 Gibson Donald,. Wright's Invisible Native Son. American Quarterly 21 Winter, 1969. p. 728-39.
12 Richard Wright, "How Bigger Was Born" in Native Son, New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.ⅹⅹⅹⅱ.
13 Fishburn Katherine, Richard Wright's Hero: The Faces of a Rebel-Victim, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1977. p.12.
14 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.48.
15 Ibid., p.63.
16 Ibid., p.68.
17 Ibid., p.276.
18 Ibid., p.94.
19 Ibid., p.213.
20 Ibid., p.139.
21 Ibid., p.50.
22 Ibid., p.70.
23 Ibid., p.95.
24 Ibid., p.288.
25 Ibid., p.392.
26 Ibid., p.268.
27 Hancock Edward. Techniques for Understanding Fiction. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1972. p.24.
28 Joyce Joyce Ann, Richard Wright's Art of Tragedy. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1986. p.29.
29 Ibid., p.30.
30 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.89.
31 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.89.
31 Ibid., p.9.
32 Ibid.
33 Robert Butler, Native Son-The Emergence of a New Black Hero, Twayne Publisher, Boston, 1991. p.32.
34 Richard Wright, "How Bigger Was Born" in Native Son, New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p. ⅹⅹⅶ.
35 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.16.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid., p.18.
38 Ibid., p.16.
39 Ibid., p.23.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 Robert Butler, Native Son-The Emergence of a New Black Hero, Twayne Publisher, Boston, 1991. p.33.
44 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.81.
45 Ibid., p.84.
46 Richard Wright, "How Bigger Was Born" in Native Son, New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p. ⅹⅹⅳ.
47 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.336.
48 Ibid., p.286.
49 Ibid., p.27.
50 Ibid., p.31.
51 Joyce Joyce Ann, Richard Wright's Art of Tragedy. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1986. p.56.
52 Ibid., p.108.
53 Robert Butler, Native Son-The Emergence of a New Black Hero, Twayne Publisher, Boston, 1991. p.65.
54 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.13.
55 Ibid., p.58.
56 Ibid., p.177.
57 Ibid., p.154.
58 Ibid., p.16.
59 Ibid., p.119.
60 Ibid., p.361.
61 Robert Buffer, Native Son:The Emergence of a New Black Hero, Twayne Publisher, Boston, 991. p.68.
62 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.24.
63 Ibid., p.154.
64 Ibid.
65 Ibid., p.229.
66 Ibid., p.73.
67 Ibid., p.68.
68 Ibid., p.392.
69 Ibid., p.24.
70 Robert Butler, Native Son-The Emergence of a New Black Hero, Twayne Publisher, Boston, 1991. p.61.
71 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.13.
72 Ibid., p.23.
73 Ibid., p.72.
74 Ibid., p.94.
75 Ibid., p.224.
76 Ibid., p.101.
77 Ibid.
78 Ibid., p.96.
79 Ibid., p.108.
80 Ibid.
81 Ibid., p.113.
82 Ibid.
83 Ibid., p.114.
84 Joyce Joyce Ann, Richard Wright's Art of Tragedy. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1986. p.84.
85 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.155.
86 Ibid., p.156.
87 Ibid.
88 Ibid.
89 Robert Butler, Native Son: The Emergence of a New Black Hero, Twayne Publisher, Boston, 1991. p.63.
90 Ibid.
91 Ibid.
92 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.149.
93 Ibid. p.161.
94 Ibid. p.174.
95 Ibid. p.252.
96 Ibid. p.39.
97 Ibid. p.243.
98 Ibid. p.40.
99 Ibid. p.73.
100 Heilman Robert B., Magic in the Web, Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1956. p.58.
101 Cirlot, J.E., A dictionary of Symbols, New York: Philosophical Library, 1962. p. 303.
102 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.15.
Abcarian, Richard. 1970. Richard Wright's Native Son: A Critical Handbook. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth.
Annette, T. Rubinstein. 1988. American Literature Root and Flower. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Baker, Houston. 1972. Long Black Song: Essays in Black American Literature. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Baldwin, James. 1972. Notes of a Native son. Boston: Beacon Press. 1955.
Bell, Bernard. 1978. The afro-American Novel and Its Tradition. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Bloom, Harold. 1988. Richard Wright's Native Son. New York, Chelsea House.
Bone, Robert. 1958. The Negro Novel in America. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Brignano, Russell. 1970. Richard Wright: An Introduction to His Works. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Brivic, Sheldon. 1974. Conflict of Values: Richard Wright's Native Son. Novel Ⅶ Spring: 231-45.
Bryant, Jerry. 1981. The Violence of Native Son. Southern Review 17 April: 303-19.
Butler, Robert James.1986. The Function of violence in Richard Wright's Native Son. Black American Literature Forum 20 Spring-Summer: 9-25.
Carl Milton Hughes. 1953. The Negro Novelist 1940-1950. Citaldel Press.
Cooke, Michael. 1984. Afro-American Literature in the Twentieth Century: The Achievement of Intimacy. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Cuddon, J. A. 1998. A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. London: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Emmanuel, James. 1968. Fever and Feeling: Notes on the Imagery of Native Son. Negro Digest 18 December: 16-26.
Fabre, Michel. 1973. The Unfinished Quest of Richard Wright, Translated By Isabel Barzun. New York: Morrow.
Felgar, Robert. 1980. Richard Wright. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
Felgar, Robert. 1974. The Kingdom of the Beast: The Landscape of Native Son. CLA Journal 17 March: 333-47.
Fishburn, Katherine. Richard Wright's Hero: The Faces of a Rebel-Victim, N. J.: Scarecrow Press, 1977. p.12.
Frederick,J.Hoffman.1957. Freudianism and the Literary Mind. Westport, Connecticut:
Greenwood Press.
Gayle, Addison. 1975. The Way of the New World: The Black Novel in America. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
Gayle, Addison. 1980. Richard Wright: Ordeal of a Native Son. New York: Doubleday.
Gibson, Donald. 1969. Wright's Invisible Native Son. American Quarterly 21 Winter: 728-39.
Gloster, Hugh M. 1948. Negro Voices in American Fiction. Chapel Hill: university of North Carolina Press.
Hakutani, Yoshinobu. 1979. Native Son and An American Tragedy: Two Different Interpretations of Crime and Guilt. Centennial Review 23 Spring: 208-26.
Hakutani, Yoshinobu. 1982. Critical Essays on Richard Wright. Boston: GK.Hall.
Howe, Irving. 1963. A World More Attractive. New York: Horizon.
Jackson, Blyden. 1969. Richard Wright: Black Boy from America's Black Belt and Urban Ghettos. CLA Journal 12 June: 387-423.
Joyce, Joyce Ann. 1982. Style and Meaning in Richard Wright's Native Son. Black American Literature Forum 16 Summer: 112-15.
Joyce, Joyce Ann. 1986. Richard Wright's Art of Tragedy. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
Kinnamon, Keneth. 1972. The Emergence of Richard Wright. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Kinnamon, Keneth. 1990. New Essays on Native Son. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Margolies, Edward. 1969. The Art of Richard Wright. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Reilly, John. 1978. Richard Wright: The Critical Reception. New York: Franklin.
Michael Meyer. 1991. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press.
Michel, Fabre. 1985. The world of Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
Richard, Wright. 1940. Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers.
Richard, Wright. 1964. White Man, Listen! New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc.
Richard, Wright. 1940. How 'Bigger' Was Born. In Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers.
Robert, A. Bone. 1965. The Negro Novel in America. Yale University Press
Robert, Felgar. 1998. Understanding Richard Wright's Black Boy. London: Greenwood Press.
Saunders Reddding. 1963. The Alien Land of Richard Wright in Soon, One Morning, edited by Herbert Hill. 50-9.
Smith, Valefie. 1987. Self-Discovery and authority in Afro-American Narrative. Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Webb, Constance. 1968. Richard Wright: A Biography. New York: Putnam.
弗洛伊德著，高觉敷译，1986年，《精神分析引论》，北京：商务印书馆。
弗洛伊德著，高觉敷译，2000年，《精神分析引论新编》，北京：商务印书馆。
董衡巽等著，1987年，《美国文学简史》，北京：人民文学出版社。
靳琰、曹进，1998年，《美国黑人及黑人英语》，兰州：甘肃民族出版社。
李公昭主编，2000年，《20世纪美国文学导论》，西安：西安交通大学出版社。
刘戈，2001年，被牺牲掉的黑人女性---试论里查德·赖特《土生子》中的黑人妇女形象，《解放军外国语学院学报》第4期：P.88-91．
吕长发、胡金环编著，1999年，《文学理论与文学批评概要》，开封：河南大学出版社
史志康主编，1998年，《美国文学背景概观》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。
童庆炳主编，1998年《文学理论教程》，北京：高等教育出版社。
许芳，1996年，简论美国当代黑人小说中的隐喻性，《外国文学研究》第3期，48-51。
张首映主编，1999年，《西方二十世纪文论史》，北京大学出版社。
张儒林译，1996年，《美国文学史》，兰州：甘肃民族出版社。
张寅德主编，1999年，《西方二十世纪文论史》，北京大学出版社。
朱光潜著，1996年，《悲剧心理学》，合肥：安徽教育出版社。
2 Ibid., p.368.
3 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.236.
4 Richard Wright, "How Bigger Was Born" in Native Son, New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.ⅷ.
5 Ibid., p. ⅹⅹⅶ.
6 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.364.
7 Ibid.
8 James A. Page, in English Journal, May, 1973, p. 714.
9 Kinnamon Keneth, The Emergence of Richard Wright. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 1972. p. 143.
10 Howe Irving, "Black Boys and Native Son," in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Native Son, ed. Houston Baker New York: Horison, 1963. p. 65.
11 Gibson Donald,. Wright's Invisible Native Son. American Quarterly 21 Winter, 1969. p. 728-39.
12 Richard Wright, "How Bigger Was Born" in Native Son, New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.ⅹⅹⅹⅱ.
13 Fishburn Katherine, Richard Wright's Hero: The Faces of a Rebel-Victim, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1977. p.12.
14 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.48.
15 Ibid., p.63.
16 Ibid., p.68.
17 Ibid., p.276.
18 Ibid., p.94.
19 Ibid., p.213.
20 Ibid., p.139.
21 Ibid., p.50.
22 Ibid., p.70.
23 Ibid., p.95.
24 Ibid., p.288.
25 Ibid., p.392.
26 Ibid., p.268.
27 Hancock Edward. Techniques for Understanding Fiction. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1972. p.24.
28 Joyce Joyce Ann, Richard Wright's Art of Tragedy. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1986. p.29.
29 Ibid., p.30.
30 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.89.
31 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.89.
31 Ibid., p.9.
32 Ibid.
33 Robert Butler, Native Son-The Emergence of a New Black Hero, Twayne Publisher, Boston, 1991. p.32.
34 Richard Wright, "How Bigger Was Born" in Native Son, New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p. ⅹⅹⅶ.
35 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.16.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid., p.18.
38 Ibid., p.16.
39 Ibid., p.23.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 Robert Butler, Native Son-The Emergence of a New Black Hero, Twayne Publisher, Boston, 1991. p.33.
44 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.81.
45 Ibid., p.84.
46 Richard Wright, "How Bigger Was Born" in Native Son, New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p. ⅹⅹⅳ.
47 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.336.
48 Ibid., p.286.
49 Ibid., p.27.
50 Ibid., p.31.
51 Joyce Joyce Ann, Richard Wright's Art of Tragedy. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1986. p.56.
52 Ibid., p.108.
53 Robert Butler, Native Son-The Emergence of a New Black Hero, Twayne Publisher, Boston, 1991. p.65.
54 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.13.
55 Ibid., p.58.
56 Ibid., p.177.
57 Ibid., p.154.
58 Ibid., p.16.
59 Ibid., p.119.
60 Ibid., p.361.
61 Robert Buffer, Native Son:The Emergence of a New Black Hero, Twayne Publisher, Boston, 991. p.68.
62 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.24.
63 Ibid., p.154.
64 Ibid.
65 Ibid., p.229.
66 Ibid., p.73.
67 Ibid., p.68.
68 Ibid., p.392.
69 Ibid., p.24.
70 Robert Butler, Native Son-The Emergence of a New Black Hero, Twayne Publisher, Boston, 1991. p.61.
71 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.13.
72 Ibid., p.23.
73 Ibid., p.72.
74 Ibid., p.94.
75 Ibid., p.224.
76 Ibid., p.101.
77 Ibid.
78 Ibid., p.96.
79 Ibid., p.108.
80 Ibid.
81 Ibid., p.113.
82 Ibid.
83 Ibid., p.114.
84 Joyce Joyce Ann, Richard Wright's Art of Tragedy. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1986. p.84.
85 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.155.
86 Ibid., p.156.
87 Ibid.
88 Ibid.
89 Robert Butler, Native Son: The Emergence of a New Black Hero, Twayne Publisher, Boston, 1991. p.63.
90 Ibid.
91 Ibid.
92 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.149.
93 Ibid. p.161.
94 Ibid. p.174.
95 Ibid. p.252.
96 Ibid. p.39.
97 Ibid. p.243.
98 Ibid. p.40.
99 Ibid. p.73.
100 Heilman Robert B., Magic in the Web, Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1956. p.58.
101 Cirlot, J.E., A dictionary of Symbols, New York: Philosophical Library, 1962. p. 303.
102 Richard Wright, Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers 1940. p.15.
Abcarian, Richard. 1970. Richard Wright's Native Son: A Critical Handbook. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth.
Annette, T. Rubinstein. 1988. American Literature Root and Flower. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Baker, Houston. 1972. Long Black Song: Essays in Black American Literature. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Baldwin, James. 1972. Notes of a Native son. Boston: Beacon Press. 1955.
Bell, Bernard. 1978. The afro-American Novel and Its Tradition. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Bloom, Harold. 1988. Richard Wright's Native Son. New York, Chelsea House.
Bone, Robert. 1958. The Negro Novel in America. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Brignano, Russell. 1970. Richard Wright: An Introduction to His Works. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Brivic, Sheldon. 1974. Conflict of Values: Richard Wright's Native Son. Novel Ⅶ Spring: 231-45.
Bryant, Jerry. 1981. The Violence of Native Son. Southern Review 17 April: 303-19.
Butler, Robert James.1986. The Function of violence in Richard Wright's Native Son. Black American Literature Forum 20 Spring-Summer: 9-25.
Carl Milton Hughes. 1953. The Negro Novelist 1940-1950. Citaldel Press.
Cooke, Michael. 1984. Afro-American Literature in the Twentieth Century: The Achievement of Intimacy. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Cuddon, J. A. 1998. A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. London: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Emmanuel, James. 1968. Fever and Feeling: Notes on the Imagery of Native Son. Negro Digest 18 December: 16-26.
Fabre, Michel. 1973. The Unfinished Quest of Richard Wright, Translated By Isabel Barzun. New York: Morrow.
Felgar, Robert. 1980. Richard Wright. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
Felgar, Robert. 1974. The Kingdom of the Beast: The Landscape of Native Son. CLA Journal 17 March: 333-47.
Fishburn, Katherine. Richard Wright's Hero: The Faces of a Rebel-Victim, N. J.: Scarecrow Press, 1977. p.12.
Frederick,J.Hoffman.1957. Freudianism and the Literary Mind. Westport, Connecticut:
Greenwood Press.
Gayle, Addison. 1975. The Way of the New World: The Black Novel in America. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
Gayle, Addison. 1980. Richard Wright: Ordeal of a Native Son. New York: Doubleday.
Gibson, Donald. 1969. Wright's Invisible Native Son. American Quarterly 21 Winter: 728-39.
Gloster, Hugh M. 1948. Negro Voices in American Fiction. Chapel Hill: university of North Carolina Press.
Hakutani, Yoshinobu. 1979. Native Son and An American Tragedy: Two Different Interpretations of Crime and Guilt. Centennial Review 23 Spring: 208-26.
Hakutani, Yoshinobu. 1982. Critical Essays on Richard Wright. Boston: GK.Hall.
Howe, Irving. 1963. A World More Attractive. New York: Horizon.
Jackson, Blyden. 1969. Richard Wright: Black Boy from America's Black Belt and Urban Ghettos. CLA Journal 12 June: 387-423.
Joyce, Joyce Ann. 1982. Style and Meaning in Richard Wright's Native Son. Black American Literature Forum 16 Summer: 112-15.
Joyce, Joyce Ann. 1986. Richard Wright's Art of Tragedy. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
Kinnamon, Keneth. 1972. The Emergence of Richard Wright. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Kinnamon, Keneth. 1990. New Essays on Native Son. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Margolies, Edward. 1969. The Art of Richard Wright. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Reilly, John. 1978. Richard Wright: The Critical Reception. New York: Franklin.
Michael Meyer. 1991. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press.
Michel, Fabre. 1985. The world of Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
Richard, Wright. 1940. Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers.
Richard, Wright. 1964. White Man, Listen! New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc.
Richard, Wright. 1940. How 'Bigger' Was Born. In Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, publishers.
Robert, A. Bone. 1965. The Negro Novel in America. Yale University Press
Robert, Felgar. 1998. Understanding Richard Wright's Black Boy. London: Greenwood Press.
Saunders Reddding. 1963. The Alien Land of Richard Wright in Soon, One Morning, edited by Herbert Hill. 50-9.
Smith, Valefie. 1987. Self-Discovery and authority in Afro-American Narrative. Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Webb, Constance. 1968. Richard Wright: A Biography. New York: Putnam.
弗洛伊德著，高觉敷译，1986年，《精神分析引论》，北京：商务印书馆。
弗洛伊德著，高觉敷译，2000年，《精神分析引论新编》，北京：商务印书馆。
董衡巽等著，1987年，《美国文学简史》，北京：人民文学出版社。
靳琰、曹进，1998年，《美国黑人及黑人英语》，兰州：甘肃民族出版社。
李公昭主编，2000年，《20世纪美国文学导论》，西安：西安交通大学出版社。
刘戈，2001年，被牺牲掉的黑人女性---试论里查德·赖特《土生子》中的黑人妇女形象，《解放军外国语学院学报》第4期：P.88-91．
吕长发、胡金环编著，1999年，《文学理论与文学批评概要》，开封：河南大学出版社
史志康主编，1998年，《美国文学背景概观》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。
童庆炳主编，1998年《文学理论教程》，北京：高等教育出版社。
许芳，1996年，简论美国当代黑人小说中的隐喻性，《外国文学研究》第3期，48-51。
张首映主编，1999年，《西方二十世纪文论史》，北京大学出版社。
张儒林译，1996年，《美国文学史》，兰州：甘肃民族出版社。
张寅德主编，1999年，《西方二十世纪文论史》，北京大学出版社。
朱光潜著，1996年，《悲剧心理学》，合肥：安徽教育出版社。