云南地区白族和回族大学生的文化心理适应研究
摘要
本研究在文献综述、个别访谈和开放式问卷调查的基础上提出了关于云南地区少数民族大学生文化心理适应的理论构想,据此自行编制了少数民族大学生文化心理适应的问卷,经统计修订后形成正式问卷,通过对205名白族和回族在校大学生进行测量的结果进行了因素分析,结果表明:
(1)自编的少数民族大学生文化心理适应问卷具有良好的信度和效度。采用因素分析方法将少数民族大学生文化适应分为了4个维度:去本族固着、观念适应、生活适应、学习适应。与研究构想相一致。
(2)总体上看,大学生在各维度上的文化心理适应得分从高到低依次为:观念适应＞学习适应＞生活适应＞去本族固着,并且表现出显著的民族差异、性别差异,但民族和性别的交互作用不显著。
(3)从具体因子水平上看,去本族固着在民族、性别的主效应以及民族、性别之间的交互作用上均存在显著差异;生活适应只在民族的主效应上显著,学习适应在性别的主效应上显著,而在两者之间的交互作用上不显著。观念适应无论是在民族和性别的主效应还是在交互作用上均不显著。
(4)从民族特点来看,大学生在去本族固着维度和生活适应上都表现出了显著的民族差异,同时在总体文化心理适应也存在着很显著的民族差异,白族大学生在总体文化心理适应及去本族固着和生活适应维度上均显著高于回族大学生。
(5)从性别特点来看,大学生在去本族固着维度和学习适应上都表现出了显著的性别差异,同时在总体文化心理适应上也存在着很显著的性别差异,女生在总体文化心理适应及去本族固着和学习适应维度上均显著高于男生。
(6)从民族与性别的交互作用来看,民族和性别在去本族固着维度上存在着显著的交互作用。回族大学生在去本族固着上的性别差异较显著,女生较男生显著,而白族大学生性别差异不显著;男生在去本族固着上的民族差异较显著,白族较回族显著;而女生在去本族固着上的民族差异不显著。
On reviewing former studies on Culture-Psychological Adaptation (CPA), the research put forward its own theoretic hypotheses based on the literature summaries, the open-ended questionnaires and individual interviews. According to it, the study designed a preliminary questionnaire on CPA of minority undergraduates, which is formed into the formal questionnaire. 205 Bai and Hui undergraduates were investigated by using the formal questionnaire. In the end, the study also examined the factor-analyze and provided some valuable conclusions:
(1) The CPA questionnaire of minority undergraduate had high reliability and fair validity. By the method of factor analysis, the scale revealed four individual dimensions: De-nativefixation, Ideological Adaptation, Living Adaptation, and Learning Adaptation. It was basically consistent with the theoretical hypothesis.
(2) As a whole, the order of the averages of the four factors was as follows: Ideological Adaptation, Learning Adaptation, Living Adaptation, and De-nativefixation. There were significant ethnic and gender differences, whereas no significant interaction between ethnic and gender.
(3) The De-nativefixation were statistically significant in ethnic and gender and interaction between ethnic and gender. The Living Adaptation was statistically significant in ethnic, and the Learning Adaptation effect was in gender. However, the Ideological Adaptation was not statistically significant in any factor.
(4) There were significant ethnic effect differences in the De-nativefixation and Living Adaptation and in the mass of CPA. The CPA and De-nativefixation and Living Adaptation levels of Bai undergraduates were significantly higher than that of Hui undergraduates.
(5) There were significant gender effect differences in the De-nativefixation and Learning Adaptation and in the mass of CPA. The CPA and De-nativefixation and Living Adaptation levels of female undergraduates were significantly higher than that of male undergraduates.
(6) There was significant interaction between ethnic and gender, which in the De-nativefixation effect. Hui undergraduates presented notably gender effect on the De-nativefixation, the level of female undergraduates was higher than that of male undergraduates. Male undergraduates showed obviously ethnic effect difference in the De-nativefixation, the level of Bai undergraduates was higher than Hui undergraduates, and yet female undergraduates was not prominent ethnic difference in the De-nativefixation effect.
(1)自编的少数民族大学生文化心理适应问卷具有良好的信度和效度。采用因素分析方法将少数民族大学生文化适应分为了4个维度:去本族固着、观念适应、生活适应、学习适应。与研究构想相一致。
(2)总体上看,大学生在各维度上的文化心理适应得分从高到低依次为:观念适应＞学习适应＞生活适应＞去本族固着,并且表现出显著的民族差异、性别差异,但民族和性别的交互作用不显著。
(3)从具体因子水平上看,去本族固着在民族、性别的主效应以及民族、性别之间的交互作用上均存在显著差异;生活适应只在民族的主效应上显著,学习适应在性别的主效应上显著,而在两者之间的交互作用上不显著。观念适应无论是在民族和性别的主效应还是在交互作用上均不显著。
(4)从民族特点来看,大学生在去本族固着维度和生活适应上都表现出了显著的民族差异,同时在总体文化心理适应也存在着很显著的民族差异,白族大学生在总体文化心理适应及去本族固着和生活适应维度上均显著高于回族大学生。
(5)从性别特点来看,大学生在去本族固着维度和学习适应上都表现出了显著的性别差异,同时在总体文化心理适应上也存在着很显著的性别差异,女生在总体文化心理适应及去本族固着和学习适应维度上均显著高于男生。
(6)从民族与性别的交互作用来看,民族和性别在去本族固着维度上存在着显著的交互作用。回族大学生在去本族固着上的性别差异较显著,女生较男生显著,而白族大学生性别差异不显著;男生在去本族固着上的民族差异较显著,白族较回族显著;而女生在去本族固着上的民族差异不显著。
On reviewing former studies on Culture-Psychological Adaptation (CPA), the research put forward its own theoretic hypotheses based on the literature summaries, the open-ended questionnaires and individual interviews. According to it, the study designed a preliminary questionnaire on CPA of minority undergraduates, which is formed into the formal questionnaire. 205 Bai and Hui undergraduates were investigated by using the formal questionnaire. In the end, the study also examined the factor-analyze and provided some valuable conclusions:
(1) The CPA questionnaire of minority undergraduate had high reliability and fair validity. By the method of factor analysis, the scale revealed four individual dimensions: De-nativefixation, Ideological Adaptation, Living Adaptation, and Learning Adaptation. It was basically consistent with the theoretical hypothesis.
(2) As a whole, the order of the averages of the four factors was as follows: Ideological Adaptation, Learning Adaptation, Living Adaptation, and De-nativefixation. There were significant ethnic and gender differences, whereas no significant interaction between ethnic and gender.
(3) The De-nativefixation were statistically significant in ethnic and gender and interaction between ethnic and gender. The Living Adaptation was statistically significant in ethnic, and the Learning Adaptation effect was in gender. However, the Ideological Adaptation was not statistically significant in any factor.
(4) There were significant ethnic effect differences in the De-nativefixation and Living Adaptation and in the mass of CPA. The CPA and De-nativefixation and Living Adaptation levels of Bai undergraduates were significantly higher than that of Hui undergraduates.
(5) There were significant gender effect differences in the De-nativefixation and Learning Adaptation and in the mass of CPA. The CPA and De-nativefixation and Living Adaptation levels of female undergraduates were significantly higher than that of male undergraduates.
(6) There was significant interaction between ethnic and gender, which in the De-nativefixation effect. Hui undergraduates presented notably gender effect on the De-nativefixation, the level of female undergraduates was higher than that of male undergraduates. Male undergraduates showed obviously ethnic effect difference in the De-nativefixation, the level of Bai undergraduates was higher than Hui undergraduates, and yet female undergraduates was not prominent ethnic difference in the De-nativefixation effect.
引文
白亮(2006).文化适应对少数民族大学生心理健康的影响.民族教育研究,(3):81-84.
常永才(2004).影响少数民族大学生心理适应的生活事件——对北京高校的调查研究.民族教育研究,15(2):26-32.
陈慧,车宏生,朱敏(2003).跨文化适应影响因素研究述评.心理科学进展,11(6):704-780
陈青萍(2003).维族大学生在汉族地区的心理适应.青年研究,(10):9-14.
戴海崎,张峰,陈雪枫(1999).心理与教育测量.广州:暨南大学出版社,93-95.
戴忠恒(1987).心理教育测量.上海:华东师范大学出版社.
李静,赵伟(2002).西部少数民族大学生心理冲突及其调适的研究.民族教育研究,(3):29-33.
任胜洪,张国强(2005).贵州少数民族贫困女大学生心理适应状况与教育对策研究适应状况与教育对策研究.贵州民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),(5):145-148.
谭志松(2005).国外跨文化心理适应研究评述.湖北民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),(6):64-67.
王亚鹏,李慧(2004).少数民族的文化适应及其研究.集美大学学报,5(1):59-64.
谢朝晖,文晓波(2005).高中新生心理适应性理论构建及其问卷的标准化.美中教育评论,(2):76-80
徐建平,王淑兰,李录志(1996).少数民族女大学生心理健康状况与教育对策研究.陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),25(3):168-174.
徐光兴(2000).跨文化适应的留学生活.上海:上海辞书出版社.
叶浩生(2001).西方心理学的历史与体系.北京:人民教育出版社.
于·布仁巴雅尔(2000).少数民族大学生的心理适应问题及其指导——对中央民族大学教师的抽样调查.中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),27(5):91-97.
余伟,郑钢(2005).跨文化心理学中的文化适应研究.心理科学进展,13(6):836-846.
曾维希,张进辅(2007).少数民族大学生在异域文化下的心理适应.西南大学学报(人文社会科学版),33(2):82-86.
Wu D Y H著/冷非译(1996).中国少数民族的文化变迁与民族认同.贵州民族研究,(3):166-172.
Berry J W(1997).Immigration,acculturation and adaptation.Applied Psychology:An International Review,46:5-34.
Berry J W(2002).Sociopsychological costs and benefits of multiculturalism:A view from Canada.Stockholm University,Sweden,13-50.
Berry J W,Annis R C(1974).Acculturative stress:The role of ecology,culture,and differentiation.Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology,5:382-406.
Berry J W,Klm U,Minde T,Mok D(1987).Components of refugee adaptation.International Migrations Review, 30(3): 679-702.
Berry J W, Poortinga H, Segall H, Sasen R (1992). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. Cambridge University Press.
Bloom J (1973). Migration and psychopathology of Eskimo women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130:446-449.
Cabassa L J (2003). Measuring acculturation: where we are and where we need to go. HisCPAnic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25(2): 127-146.
Kim Y Y (1980). Handbook of international and Intercultural communication: Intercultural Adaptation. Sage Publications.
Lock B (1960). Immigration and insanity. Public Health Reports, 75: 301-306.
Maio G R, Olson J M (1995). Relations between values, attitudes and behavioral intentions: The moderating role of attitude function. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31:266-285.
Oberg K (1960). Culture shock: Adjustment to new culture environment. Practical Anthropology, 7: 177-182.
Redfield R, Linton R, Hershovits M T (1936). Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation, American Anthropologist, 38:149-152.
Rudmin F W (2003). Catalogue of acculturation constructs: Descriptions of 126 taxonomies, 1918—2003. In: W J Lonner et al (Eds.), Online readings in psychology and culture. Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA.
Salant T, Lauderdale D S (2003). Measuring culture: A critical review of acculturation and health in Asian immigrant populations. Social Science & Medicine, 57:71-90.
Trimble J E (2003). Introduction: Social change and acculturation. In: K Chun et al. (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp.3-13). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
常永才(2004).影响少数民族大学生心理适应的生活事件——对北京高校的调查研究.民族教育研究,15(2):26-32.
陈慧,车宏生,朱敏(2003).跨文化适应影响因素研究述评.心理科学进展,11(6):704-780
陈青萍(2003).维族大学生在汉族地区的心理适应.青年研究,(10):9-14.
戴海崎,张峰,陈雪枫(1999).心理与教育测量.广州:暨南大学出版社,93-95.
戴忠恒(1987).心理教育测量.上海:华东师范大学出版社.
李静,赵伟(2002).西部少数民族大学生心理冲突及其调适的研究.民族教育研究,(3):29-33.
任胜洪,张国强(2005).贵州少数民族贫困女大学生心理适应状况与教育对策研究适应状况与教育对策研究.贵州民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),(5):145-148.
谭志松(2005).国外跨文化心理适应研究评述.湖北民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),(6):64-67.
王亚鹏,李慧(2004).少数民族的文化适应及其研究.集美大学学报,5(1):59-64.
谢朝晖,文晓波(2005).高中新生心理适应性理论构建及其问卷的标准化.美中教育评论,(2):76-80
徐建平,王淑兰,李录志(1996).少数民族女大学生心理健康状况与教育对策研究.陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),25(3):168-174.
徐光兴(2000).跨文化适应的留学生活.上海:上海辞书出版社.
叶浩生(2001).西方心理学的历史与体系.北京:人民教育出版社.
于·布仁巴雅尔(2000).少数民族大学生的心理适应问题及其指导——对中央民族大学教师的抽样调查.中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),27(5):91-97.
余伟,郑钢(2005).跨文化心理学中的文化适应研究.心理科学进展,13(6):836-846.
曾维希,张进辅(2007).少数民族大学生在异域文化下的心理适应.西南大学学报(人文社会科学版),33(2):82-86.
Wu D Y H著/冷非译(1996).中国少数民族的文化变迁与民族认同.贵州民族研究,(3):166-172.
Berry J W(1997).Immigration,acculturation and adaptation.Applied Psychology:An International Review,46:5-34.
Berry J W(2002).Sociopsychological costs and benefits of multiculturalism:A view from Canada.Stockholm University,Sweden,13-50.
Berry J W,Annis R C(1974).Acculturative stress:The role of ecology,culture,and differentiation.Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology,5:382-406.
Berry J W,Klm U,Minde T,Mok D(1987).Components of refugee adaptation.International Migrations Review, 30(3): 679-702.
Berry J W, Poortinga H, Segall H, Sasen R (1992). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. Cambridge University Press.
Bloom J (1973). Migration and psychopathology of Eskimo women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130:446-449.
Cabassa L J (2003). Measuring acculturation: where we are and where we need to go. HisCPAnic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25(2): 127-146.
Kim Y Y (1980). Handbook of international and Intercultural communication: Intercultural Adaptation. Sage Publications.
Lock B (1960). Immigration and insanity. Public Health Reports, 75: 301-306.
Maio G R, Olson J M (1995). Relations between values, attitudes and behavioral intentions: The moderating role of attitude function. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31:266-285.
Oberg K (1960). Culture shock: Adjustment to new culture environment. Practical Anthropology, 7: 177-182.
Redfield R, Linton R, Hershovits M T (1936). Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation, American Anthropologist, 38:149-152.
Rudmin F W (2003). Catalogue of acculturation constructs: Descriptions of 126 taxonomies, 1918—2003. In: W J Lonner et al (Eds.), Online readings in psychology and culture. Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA.
Salant T, Lauderdale D S (2003). Measuring culture: A critical review of acculturation and health in Asian immigrant populations. Social Science & Medicine, 57:71-90.
Trimble J E (2003). Introduction: Social change and acculturation. In: K Chun et al. (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp.3-13). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.