虚拟心脏正常电生理的仿真及房颤的研究
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摘要
虚拟心脏建模仿真工作是对心脏结构和功能的模拟,基于虚拟心脏模型有助于提高心脏病的诊治水平和创新药物的开发。本文首先介绍了心脏解剖结构数学建模的发展历史及其对心脏仿真的重要性,随后重点讨论了利用ScanIP软件来进行心脏CT图像的分割和重建步骤及方法,最后对重建后的数学模型进行了定量的分析,并和临床的解剖结果进行了比较。对于完整的心脏传导系统的建模,到目前为止还没有完全基于图像的重建,由于分辨率的限制,我们使用Mimics软件并结合已发表的心脏传导系统的解剖知识首次建立了完整的虚拟心脏传导系统,其包括窦房结、界嵴、右房梳状肌、Bachmann束、左房梳状肌、肺静脉、卵圆窝、冠状窦、房室结、慢速通路、快速通路、上腔静脉、下腔静脉、纤维环,房室束、左HIS束,右HIS束、左Purkinje纤维网、右Purkinje纤维网。
在虚拟心脏建模仿真中,纤维旋向对仿真结果的准确性起着很大的影响,因此本文采用肌丝分离方法得到了整个心脏的心内膜和心外膜的纤维旋向,然后对心室采用线性插值的方法重建了心室透壁每个细胞的纤维旋向,对于心房采用最短路径方法插值重建了心房透壁的细胞的纤维旋向,这些数据为以后的心脏电生理和力学仿真提供了很好的仿真平台。
如果对心脏的电生理及力学仿真使用有限元,那么就先要对心脏的解剖模型进行网格划分。而网格划分的好坏决定着计算结果的精确度,太差的网格可能会导致错误的结果,因此设计出好的网格是必要的。大多数的商用软件进行网格划分都是基于实体的,很少是基于离散的点数据直接进行网格划分的。此外,不同的商用软件之间还存在输出数据格式兼容性的问题。本文提出了采用约束Delaunay四面体网格划分算法,并在Visual C++编程环境下实现心脏解剖模型有限元分析的网格划分。
有了心脏的解剖模型再加上单细胞的动作电位模型就可以进行心脏的电生理仿真,我们实验室构建了34种不同的细胞模型,然后使用单域模型来仿真心脏电兴奋的扩散,最后在并行机上面仿真了全心脏的电兴奋传导。为了进一步研究心脏的电生理特性,我们特别对窦性节律下的心房内电兴奋传导进行了仿真,在这个过程中我们假设在右心房内有两条传导束连接着界嵴的顶端和卵圆窝缘及冠状窦,然后我们对仿真的结果进行了比较分析并对我们的假设进行了验证。
最后我们还对心脏的病理情况进行了仿真,特别是房颤的研究。我们的仿真结果显示由于右心房中细胞动作电位的异质性,使得右心房中的波前容易产生碎裂而产生房颤。另外我们的仿真还发现纤维旋向对房颤的诱发及维持起着非常重要的作用。
Virtual heart modeling and simulation is the simulation of cardiac structure and function, virtual heart modeling can help improve the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease, and innovative drug development. This paper first introduces the history of the mathematical modeling of cardiac anatomy and the importance of heart simulation, and then focus on the procedures and methods of using the software ScanIP to CT image segmentation and reconstruction, and finally quantitative analysis of the reconstructed mathematical model, and compares with the clinical results. For complete modeling of the heart conduction system, so far there have not been amodel which is fully based on images, owing to the resolution, we use the Mimics software and combine with published anatomical knowledge of cardiac conduction system to establish a complete virtual heart conduction systemfor the first time, which includes a sinus node, crista terminalis, right atrial pectinate muscles, Bachmann bundle, left atrial pectinate muscles, pulmonary vein, fossa ovalis, coronary sinus, atrioventricular node, slow pathway, rapid pathway, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, fibrous ring, atrioventricular bundle, left bundle HIS, right HIS bundle, left Purkinje fiber network, rightPurkinje fiber network. The data provides a good platform for the subsequent heart cardiac electrophysiology and mechanics simulation.
Fiber rotation plays a big impact on the accuracy of the simulation results in the heart simulation, so in this paper myofilament separation method was used to obtain the endocardial and epicardial fiber rotation, and then the linear interpolation method was used to calculate the ventricular transmural fiber rotation, meanwhile, the shortest path method was used to calculate the atrium fiber rotation, these data provides a good simulation platform for future cardiac electrophysiology and mechanics simulation.
Iffinite element method is used to simulate the cardiac electrophysiological and mechanical characters, then the first thing is to mesh the heart.Mesh generation is the precondition of finite element analysis, the quality of the mesh determines the precision of the computation results, those low-quality meshes might lead to incorrect results, and thus it is necessary to produce high-quality meshes for finite element analysis. Most commercial software generates meshes on the basis of the entity of an object, while seldom uses the discrete point data to produce meshes directly. Furthermore, the compatibility problem among different softwares always slows down the progress of research. This paper aims at producing Constrained Delaunay Tetrahedral meshes for heart anatomy model with Visual C++language.
The anatomical model coupled with the action potential model can be used to carried out simulation of cardiac electrophysiology, our laboratory constructed34different cell models, and then used the monodomain model to simulate the spread of cardiac electricity, and finally the parallel simulation was used to simulate the excitation conduction. To further study the electrophysiological properties of the heart, we simulated the atrial electrical conduction under sinus rhythm, in this process, we assume that there are two bundles connectes the terminal crest and oval fossaand coronary sinus, and then we compared the simualation results with experimtant data, and our hypothesis was validated.
Finally, we also carried out the pathological heart simulation, especially atrial fibrillation study. Our simulation results show that the heterogeneity of action potential in the right atrium made the wave front in the right atrium prone to fragmentation which caused atrial fibrillation. In addition our simulation also found that fiber orientation was important in induce and maintenance atrial fibrillation.
在虚拟心脏建模仿真中,纤维旋向对仿真结果的准确性起着很大的影响,因此本文采用肌丝分离方法得到了整个心脏的心内膜和心外膜的纤维旋向,然后对心室采用线性插值的方法重建了心室透壁每个细胞的纤维旋向,对于心房采用最短路径方法插值重建了心房透壁的细胞的纤维旋向,这些数据为以后的心脏电生理和力学仿真提供了很好的仿真平台。
如果对心脏的电生理及力学仿真使用有限元,那么就先要对心脏的解剖模型进行网格划分。而网格划分的好坏决定着计算结果的精确度,太差的网格可能会导致错误的结果,因此设计出好的网格是必要的。大多数的商用软件进行网格划分都是基于实体的,很少是基于离散的点数据直接进行网格划分的。此外,不同的商用软件之间还存在输出数据格式兼容性的问题。本文提出了采用约束Delaunay四面体网格划分算法,并在Visual C++编程环境下实现心脏解剖模型有限元分析的网格划分。
有了心脏的解剖模型再加上单细胞的动作电位模型就可以进行心脏的电生理仿真,我们实验室构建了34种不同的细胞模型,然后使用单域模型来仿真心脏电兴奋的扩散,最后在并行机上面仿真了全心脏的电兴奋传导。为了进一步研究心脏的电生理特性,我们特别对窦性节律下的心房内电兴奋传导进行了仿真,在这个过程中我们假设在右心房内有两条传导束连接着界嵴的顶端和卵圆窝缘及冠状窦,然后我们对仿真的结果进行了比较分析并对我们的假设进行了验证。
最后我们还对心脏的病理情况进行了仿真,特别是房颤的研究。我们的仿真结果显示由于右心房中细胞动作电位的异质性,使得右心房中的波前容易产生碎裂而产生房颤。另外我们的仿真还发现纤维旋向对房颤的诱发及维持起着非常重要的作用。
Virtual heart modeling and simulation is the simulation of cardiac structure and function, virtual heart modeling can help improve the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease, and innovative drug development. This paper first introduces the history of the mathematical modeling of cardiac anatomy and the importance of heart simulation, and then focus on the procedures and methods of using the software ScanIP to CT image segmentation and reconstruction, and finally quantitative analysis of the reconstructed mathematical model, and compares with the clinical results. For complete modeling of the heart conduction system, so far there have not been amodel which is fully based on images, owing to the resolution, we use the Mimics software and combine with published anatomical knowledge of cardiac conduction system to establish a complete virtual heart conduction systemfor the first time, which includes a sinus node, crista terminalis, right atrial pectinate muscles, Bachmann bundle, left atrial pectinate muscles, pulmonary vein, fossa ovalis, coronary sinus, atrioventricular node, slow pathway, rapid pathway, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, fibrous ring, atrioventricular bundle, left bundle HIS, right HIS bundle, left Purkinje fiber network, rightPurkinje fiber network. The data provides a good platform for the subsequent heart cardiac electrophysiology and mechanics simulation.
Fiber rotation plays a big impact on the accuracy of the simulation results in the heart simulation, so in this paper myofilament separation method was used to obtain the endocardial and epicardial fiber rotation, and then the linear interpolation method was used to calculate the ventricular transmural fiber rotation, meanwhile, the shortest path method was used to calculate the atrium fiber rotation, these data provides a good simulation platform for future cardiac electrophysiology and mechanics simulation.
Iffinite element method is used to simulate the cardiac electrophysiological and mechanical characters, then the first thing is to mesh the heart.Mesh generation is the precondition of finite element analysis, the quality of the mesh determines the precision of the computation results, those low-quality meshes might lead to incorrect results, and thus it is necessary to produce high-quality meshes for finite element analysis. Most commercial software generates meshes on the basis of the entity of an object, while seldom uses the discrete point data to produce meshes directly. Furthermore, the compatibility problem among different softwares always slows down the progress of research. This paper aims at producing Constrained Delaunay Tetrahedral meshes for heart anatomy model with Visual C++language.
The anatomical model coupled with the action potential model can be used to carried out simulation of cardiac electrophysiology, our laboratory constructed34different cell models, and then used the monodomain model to simulate the spread of cardiac electricity, and finally the parallel simulation was used to simulate the excitation conduction. To further study the electrophysiological properties of the heart, we simulated the atrial electrical conduction under sinus rhythm, in this process, we assume that there are two bundles connectes the terminal crest and oval fossaand coronary sinus, and then we compared the simualation results with experimtant data, and our hypothesis was validated.
Finally, we also carried out the pathological heart simulation, especially atrial fibrillation study. Our simulation results show that the heterogeneity of action potential in the right atrium made the wave front in the right atrium prone to fragmentation which caused atrial fibrillation. In addition our simulation also found that fiber orientation was important in induce and maintenance atrial fibrillation.
引文
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