燃烧室形状对天然气发动机性能的影响
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摘要
天然气以其排放特性好(几乎不产生微粒)、资源较为丰富、辛烷值高等优点,越来越受到重视。然而天然气发动机研究尚处于初步阶段,天然气与空气的混合气热值低,着火温度高,燃烧速度慢,燃烧稳定性差等是目前存在的问题。
在一台型号为CA6SE1-21N的电控多点喷射稀燃天然气发动机上,研究了燃烧室形状对该发动机燃烧及排放的影响规律。根据前期模拟研究的结果设计加工了十字形燃烧室,它是一种高湍流型燃烧室,即通过燃烧室形状来增强缸内湍流动能,加快燃烧速度。
试验结果表明燃烧室形状对稀燃天然气发动机性能的影响较为明显。在保持其它条件不变的情况下,十字形燃烧室较圆柱形燃烧室相比:发动机热效率提高约为4%;燃烧始点相差不大,燃烧终点提前,放热率重心前移,燃烧持续期缩短,平均约短10 oCA;ESC13工况的HC和CO排放稍有改善,NO_x排放增加较为明显,增加幅度约为40%。
As a kind of fuel for motor, the natural gas has the advantages of low pollutant emissions and high economic efficiency. It has prominent significance to improve the environment condition and solve the energy issues by developing CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) vehicle, however, there are two main problems on application of natural gas in the car. One is the performance of engine drops significantly, the other is the thermal efficiency is low and the economic performance is far from satisfactory condition. Therefor, the scholar in and abroad make a lot of research, and obtain much new technique. Such as the in-cylinder direct injection technology, the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology, mixed the hydrogen to natural gas engine technology and so on. How to improve the performance of natural gas engine by ameliorating combustion is the purpose of this research. Research what effect dose the combustion chamber shape have on the performance and combustion process of the CNG engine. The former simulation result analyzed and predicted the changes of turbulence parameters, the concentration of mixture, the temperature distribution, cylinder pressure distribution and the concentration distribution of various products of combustion in intake stroke and combustion stroke. The result shows that combustion chamber shape has an great effect on the performance and combustion process of the CNG engine. Then, designed a crisscross combustion chamber after optimize many factor. How to checkout the simulation result by experiment will be detailed discussed in this thesis.
Based on CA6SE1-21N heavy duty CNG engine with turbo charged and inter-cooled technique produced by FAW Group Corporation, the experiment is made to compare with the difference between the crisscross combustion chamber which is designed by former numerical simulation and original combustion chamber(column combustion chamber ). Then, study the law how combustion chamber shape affects CNG engine combustion and emissions through the experiment. The main data need to measure including: the wastage of natural gas and air, the temperature and press of the exhaust gas, the press in the cylinder and pollution emissions such as NOx、CO、HC etc. After analyze the data, the law how combustion chamber shape affects CNG engine combustion and emissions was found:
1. The combustion efficiency in the crisscross combustion chamber is higher and the temperature of the exhaust gas is lower than that in column combustion chamber. The tiptop of the combustion press is higher in crisscross combustion chamber,and the position of the crank angle correspond to that tiptop , crisscross combustion chamber is at the behind of column combustion chamber. In the initial period of combustion,the average temperature in the cylinder have little difference in both combustion chamber, only some load the average temperature is lower in crisscross combustion chamber. The crisscross combustion chamber gets a remarkable higher the average temperature than the column combustion chamber in the main combustion period. The heat release rate in crisscross combustion chamber is lower than that in column combustion chamber in the initial combustion period, but in the main combustion period it’s opposite. The tiptop of the heat release rate in crisscross combustion chamber is almost 13% higher than that in crisscross combustion chamber, and the heat releases more concentrated in crisscross combustion chamber.
2. There are four ribs in crisscross combustion chamber, the combustible mixture flows towards to the rib and then along the cylinder wall. The impact between the flow and the cylinder wall strengthen the turbulent kinetic energy of the cylinder, although it’s harmful to form a stable flame kernel, it can help accelerat flame propagation speed and enhance combustion speed when the flame is stable, and help burn the natural gas mixture completely. The combustion duration are shorter in crisscross combustion chamber. The timing of combustion in crisscross combustion chamber has little difference with column combustion chamber,but combustion termination and center of heat release rate in front.
3. The quality of HC in the the exhaust gas is depend on the size of Cycle-to -cycle Combustion Variations which have slightly difference between the two combustion chamber,so The quality of HC in the the exhaust gas almost the same, but still, the quality of HC in crisscross combustion chamber is lower. Smaller fuel consumption rate results to a lower quality of CO and CO2 emission in crisscross combustion chamber. Combustion chamber shape have a remarkable influence on the NOx emission, a higher average combustion temperature , a advanced center of heat release rate determine a lager amount of NOx emission. The concentration of NOx in crisscross combustion chamber are about 40% more than that in column combustion chamber.
The result shows combustion chamber shape have a remarkable influence on CNG engine performance. The combustion in crisscross combustion chamber is improved, the speed of combustion is accelerate and the combustion efficiency enhanced, also, EGR technology can eliminate the high concentration of NOx emission brought by improved combustion.
在一台型号为CA6SE1-21N的电控多点喷射稀燃天然气发动机上,研究了燃烧室形状对该发动机燃烧及排放的影响规律。根据前期模拟研究的结果设计加工了十字形燃烧室,它是一种高湍流型燃烧室,即通过燃烧室形状来增强缸内湍流动能,加快燃烧速度。
试验结果表明燃烧室形状对稀燃天然气发动机性能的影响较为明显。在保持其它条件不变的情况下,十字形燃烧室较圆柱形燃烧室相比:发动机热效率提高约为4%;燃烧始点相差不大,燃烧终点提前,放热率重心前移,燃烧持续期缩短,平均约短10 oCA;ESC13工况的HC和CO排放稍有改善,NO_x排放增加较为明显,增加幅度约为40%。
As a kind of fuel for motor, the natural gas has the advantages of low pollutant emissions and high economic efficiency. It has prominent significance to improve the environment condition and solve the energy issues by developing CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) vehicle, however, there are two main problems on application of natural gas in the car. One is the performance of engine drops significantly, the other is the thermal efficiency is low and the economic performance is far from satisfactory condition. Therefor, the scholar in and abroad make a lot of research, and obtain much new technique. Such as the in-cylinder direct injection technology, the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology, mixed the hydrogen to natural gas engine technology and so on. How to improve the performance of natural gas engine by ameliorating combustion is the purpose of this research. Research what effect dose the combustion chamber shape have on the performance and combustion process of the CNG engine. The former simulation result analyzed and predicted the changes of turbulence parameters, the concentration of mixture, the temperature distribution, cylinder pressure distribution and the concentration distribution of various products of combustion in intake stroke and combustion stroke. The result shows that combustion chamber shape has an great effect on the performance and combustion process of the CNG engine. Then, designed a crisscross combustion chamber after optimize many factor. How to checkout the simulation result by experiment will be detailed discussed in this thesis.
Based on CA6SE1-21N heavy duty CNG engine with turbo charged and inter-cooled technique produced by FAW Group Corporation, the experiment is made to compare with the difference between the crisscross combustion chamber which is designed by former numerical simulation and original combustion chamber(column combustion chamber ). Then, study the law how combustion chamber shape affects CNG engine combustion and emissions through the experiment. The main data need to measure including: the wastage of natural gas and air, the temperature and press of the exhaust gas, the press in the cylinder and pollution emissions such as NOx、CO、HC etc. After analyze the data, the law how combustion chamber shape affects CNG engine combustion and emissions was found:
1. The combustion efficiency in the crisscross combustion chamber is higher and the temperature of the exhaust gas is lower than that in column combustion chamber. The tiptop of the combustion press is higher in crisscross combustion chamber,and the position of the crank angle correspond to that tiptop , crisscross combustion chamber is at the behind of column combustion chamber. In the initial period of combustion,the average temperature in the cylinder have little difference in both combustion chamber, only some load the average temperature is lower in crisscross combustion chamber. The crisscross combustion chamber gets a remarkable higher the average temperature than the column combustion chamber in the main combustion period. The heat release rate in crisscross combustion chamber is lower than that in column combustion chamber in the initial combustion period, but in the main combustion period it’s opposite. The tiptop of the heat release rate in crisscross combustion chamber is almost 13% higher than that in crisscross combustion chamber, and the heat releases more concentrated in crisscross combustion chamber.
2. There are four ribs in crisscross combustion chamber, the combustible mixture flows towards to the rib and then along the cylinder wall. The impact between the flow and the cylinder wall strengthen the turbulent kinetic energy of the cylinder, although it’s harmful to form a stable flame kernel, it can help accelerat flame propagation speed and enhance combustion speed when the flame is stable, and help burn the natural gas mixture completely. The combustion duration are shorter in crisscross combustion chamber. The timing of combustion in crisscross combustion chamber has little difference with column combustion chamber,but combustion termination and center of heat release rate in front.
3. The quality of HC in the the exhaust gas is depend on the size of Cycle-to -cycle Combustion Variations which have slightly difference between the two combustion chamber,so The quality of HC in the the exhaust gas almost the same, but still, the quality of HC in crisscross combustion chamber is lower. Smaller fuel consumption rate results to a lower quality of CO and CO2 emission in crisscross combustion chamber. Combustion chamber shape have a remarkable influence on the NOx emission, a higher average combustion temperature , a advanced center of heat release rate determine a lager amount of NOx emission. The concentration of NOx in crisscross combustion chamber are about 40% more than that in column combustion chamber.
The result shows combustion chamber shape have a remarkable influence on CNG engine performance. The combustion in crisscross combustion chamber is improved, the speed of combustion is accelerate and the combustion efficiency enhanced, also, EGR technology can eliminate the high concentration of NOx emission brought by improved combustion.
引文
[1]. 金融时报 2008-1-4
[2]. 中国石化新闻网 2005-12-15
[3]. 周龙保,刘巽俊,高宗英. 内燃机学. 机械工业出版社,2005.01
[4]. 郭志东. 迎接普及天然气汽车的浪潮. 北京汽车,2001 NO2
[5]. 孙志军,候树荣. 天然气作为汽车燃料的应用及发展. 汽车技术,1997,10
[6]. 郭玉高,马沛生,夏淑倩,华超,谢庆森. 天然气汽车与化工. 化学工业与工程 第 20 卷 第 6 期
[7]. STEFANODP, FEMIAA, LUZZATIT. Naturalgas, cars and the environment. A ( relatively)clean and cheap fuel looking for users. EcologicalEconomics, 2001
[8]. 唐强, 张黎立, 张力. 富氧助燃提高天然气发动机动力性能实验.重庆大学学报 2006 年 11 月
[9]. John F. Thomas and Robert H.Staunton. What Fuel Economy Improvement Technologies Could Aid the Competitiveness of Light-Duty Natural Gas Vehicles. SAE Paper 1999-01-1511
[10]. 宋钧,黄震,张武高,周校平. 车用天然气发动机技术及其应用. 天然气工业 ,2000 年 1 月
[11]. Douville B ,Ouellette P ,Touchette A. Performance and emissions of a two stroke engines fueled using high pressure direct injection of natural gas. SAE Paper No. 981160
[12]. 平银生,张逸敏,蔡东波. 利用 EGR 降低柴油机 NOx 排放的研究 内燃机工程 2000. 4P6-10
[13]. Sumit Bhargava, Nigel N. Clark and M. Wayne Hildebrand, Exhaust Gas Recirculation in a Lean-Burn Natural Gas Engine [C], SAE Paper, 1998, 981395
[14]. 梁婷. HCNG 发动机的技术现状及发展展望. 中国水运 2007.7 第 7 期
[15]. 刘海全,马凡华,殷勇. 天然气掺氢发动机的研究现状和发展趋势.车用发动机. 2006.8.第 4 期.
[16]. 李勇,马凡华,刘海全,殷勇. HCNG 发动机掺氢比试验研究.[D]. 车用发动机.2007.4.第 2 期
[17]. Yusuf M J.In Cylinder Flame front Growth Rate Measurement of Methane and Hydrogen Enriched Methane Fuel in a Spark Ignited Internal Combustion Engine.[D].USA:University of Miami.1990
[18]. Blarigan P V, Keller J O. A Hydrogen Fuelled Internal Combustion Engine Designed for Single Speed/PowerOperation[J]. International Journal of HydrogenEnergy, 2002, 23 (7) : 603—609.
[19]. Akansu S O, Dulger A, Kahraman N, etal. Internal Combustion Engines Fueled by Natural Gas Hydrogen Mixtures[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29 (14): 1527—1539.
[20]. Liao S Y, Jiang D M, Cheng Q. Determination of Laminar BurningVelocities forNatural Gas[J]. Fuel,2004, 83 (9) : 1247—1250.
[21]. Yu G, Law C K, Wu C K. Laminar Flame Speeds of Hydrocarbon AirMixtures with Hydrogen Addition[J]. Combustion and Flame, 1986, 63 (1 /2) : 339—347.
[22]. Law C K, Kwon O C. Effects of Hydrocarbon Substitution on Atmospheric Hydrogen Air Flame Propagation[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004,29 (8) : 867—879.
[23]. 张勇,黄佐华,王倩,王金华,蒋德明,苗海燕 天然气—氢气—空气混合气火焰传播特性研究. 内燃机学报 2006 第六期
[24]. 王金华, 黄佐华. 喷射时刻和掺氢比对直喷发动机燃烧特性的影响. 西安交通大学学报 2006 第七期
[25]. 窦慧莉.电控喷射稀燃天然气发动机的关键技术研究.吉林大学博士学位论文
[26]. Nagayama,I, et al. Effects of Swirl and Squish on SI Engine Combustion and Emission. SAE Paper 70217, 1970
[27]. Kent,JC,et al. Observations on the Effects of Intake-Generated Swirl andTumble on Combustion Duration. SAE Paper 892096, 1989
[28]. Hadded,O, and Denbratt I. Turbulence Characteristics of Tumbling Air Motion in Four-Valve SI Engines and their Correlation with Combustion Parameters. SAE Paper 910478, 1991
[29]. I.Y.Ohm and K.S.Jeong. Effects of Injection Timing on the Lean Misfire Limit in an SI Engine. SAE Paper 970028, 1997
[30].B.Bartunek and U.Hilger. Direct Induction Natural Gas (DING): A Diesel-Derived Combustion System for Low Emissions and High Fuel Economy. SAE Paper 2000-01-2827
[31]. Ritter T.E. and Wood C.D. An Unthrottled Gaseous Fuel Conversion of a 2-Stroke Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 750159, 1975
[32]. John T. Kubesh. Development of a Throttleless Natural Gas Engine. SAE Paper 2001-01-2522, 2001
[33] 张惠明,龚英利,赵奎翰,刘雄,高建东,李宗立 天然气发动机预燃室式燃烧系统的研究. 农业机械学报 2004年1月
[34] 黄佐华,曾科,杨中乐 利用火花点火式快速压缩装置进行天然气直喷分层燃烧可行性的研究. 内燃机学报 2004年 第四期
[35] R.L.Evans and J.Blaszczyk Fast-Burn Combustion Chamber Design for Natural Gas Engines Transactions of the ASME (Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power), Vol.120, Jan.1998
[36]. Richard Tilagone and Gatan Monnier. Development of a Lean-Burn Natural Gas-Powered Vehicle Based on a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 2000-01-1950, 2000
[37]. M.Umierski,Th Kobrfer and P.Stommel. Low Emission and Fuel Consumption Natural Gas Engines with High Power Density for Stationary and Heavy-Duty Application. SAE Paper 1999-01-2896, 1999
[38]. Kingston M G. Nebula Combustion System for Lean Burn Spark Ignited Gas Engines. SAE Paper 890211, 1989
[39]. Evans,R.L. Internal Combustion Engine Squish Jet Combustion Chamber, US Patent No 4,572,123, 1986
[40]. Evans, RL, and blaszczyk, J. Fast-Burn Combustion Chamber Design for Natural Gas Engines, ICE vol 25-4, pp.29-35, presented at the Fall technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division, Milwaukee WI, September 24-27, 1995
[41]. Johansson B. Combustion Chamber for Natural Gas SI Engines Part 1. Fluid Flow and Combstion. SAE Paper 950469, 1995
[42]. Olsson K. Combustion Chambers for Natural Gas SI Engines Part 2: Combustion and Emissions. SAE Paper950517, 1995
[43]. Einewall P and Johansson B. Combustion Chambers for Supercharged Natural Gas Engines. SAE Paper 970221, 1997
[44]. 李浩荡.燃烧室形状和喷气时刻对 CNG 发动机燃烧影响的研究.吉林大学硕士学位论文
[45]. 黄晶慧.燃烧室形状和喷气规律对天然气发动机燃烧的改善.吉林大学硕士学位论文
[46]. SCHOLZ,C. Combustion variability of spark ignition hydrogen burning engines. MOTORSYMPO 99, Brno,1999
[47]. Mohsen Battoei Avarzaman. Investigation of Completeness of Combustion in CNG Fueled Spark Ignition Engines. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at the University of Windsor, 2002
[48]. 姚宝峰, 李国岫. 稀燃天然气发动机燃烧循环变动影响因素研究 [J],内燃机工程,2007(28) No.5:23-27
[49]. Stanislav Beroun, Jorge Martins. The development of gas (CNG, LPG and H2)engines for buses and trucks and their emission and cycle variability characteristics. SAE 2001-01-0144, 2001
[50]. 窦慧莉 刘忠长 李骏. 过量空气系数对天然气发动机燃烧及排放的影响 [J]. 汽车技术,2006 No.3:8-12
[51]. 王金华 黄佐华等. 不同点火时刻下天然气掺氢缸内直喷发动机燃烧与排放特性 [J]. 内燃机学报,2006(24) No.5:394-401
[52]. H. Dordaei and A. Hazhir. Pollutant Emissions Study of Gas-Fueled SI Engines [C]. SAE Paper, 2005, 2005-01-3790
[53]. T.K. Jensen, J. Schramm. The role of post flame oxidation on the UHC emission for combustion of natural gas and hydrogen-containing fuels [C]. SAE Paper, 2003, 2003-01-1775
[2]. 中国石化新闻网 2005-12-15
[3]. 周龙保,刘巽俊,高宗英. 内燃机学. 机械工业出版社,2005.01
[4]. 郭志东. 迎接普及天然气汽车的浪潮. 北京汽车,2001 NO2
[5]. 孙志军,候树荣. 天然气作为汽车燃料的应用及发展. 汽车技术,1997,10
[6]. 郭玉高,马沛生,夏淑倩,华超,谢庆森. 天然气汽车与化工. 化学工业与工程 第 20 卷 第 6 期
[7]. STEFANODP, FEMIAA, LUZZATIT. Naturalgas, cars and the environment. A ( relatively)clean and cheap fuel looking for users. EcologicalEconomics, 2001
[8]. 唐强, 张黎立, 张力. 富氧助燃提高天然气发动机动力性能实验.重庆大学学报 2006 年 11 月
[9]. John F. Thomas and Robert H.Staunton. What Fuel Economy Improvement Technologies Could Aid the Competitiveness of Light-Duty Natural Gas Vehicles. SAE Paper 1999-01-1511
[10]. 宋钧,黄震,张武高,周校平. 车用天然气发动机技术及其应用. 天然气工业 ,2000 年 1 月
[11]. Douville B ,Ouellette P ,Touchette A. Performance and emissions of a two stroke engines fueled using high pressure direct injection of natural gas. SAE Paper No. 981160
[12]. 平银生,张逸敏,蔡东波. 利用 EGR 降低柴油机 NOx 排放的研究 内燃机工程 2000. 4P6-10
[13]. Sumit Bhargava, Nigel N. Clark and M. Wayne Hildebrand, Exhaust Gas Recirculation in a Lean-Burn Natural Gas Engine [C], SAE Paper, 1998, 981395
[14]. 梁婷. HCNG 发动机的技术现状及发展展望. 中国水运 2007.7 第 7 期
[15]. 刘海全,马凡华,殷勇. 天然气掺氢发动机的研究现状和发展趋势.车用发动机. 2006.8.第 4 期.
[16]. 李勇,马凡华,刘海全,殷勇. HCNG 发动机掺氢比试验研究.[D]. 车用发动机.2007.4.第 2 期
[17]. Yusuf M J.In Cylinder Flame front Growth Rate Measurement of Methane and Hydrogen Enriched Methane Fuel in a Spark Ignited Internal Combustion Engine.[D].USA:University of Miami.1990
[18]. Blarigan P V, Keller J O. A Hydrogen Fuelled Internal Combustion Engine Designed for Single Speed/PowerOperation[J]. International Journal of HydrogenEnergy, 2002, 23 (7) : 603—609.
[19]. Akansu S O, Dulger A, Kahraman N, etal. Internal Combustion Engines Fueled by Natural Gas Hydrogen Mixtures[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29 (14): 1527—1539.
[20]. Liao S Y, Jiang D M, Cheng Q. Determination of Laminar BurningVelocities forNatural Gas[J]. Fuel,2004, 83 (9) : 1247—1250.
[21]. Yu G, Law C K, Wu C K. Laminar Flame Speeds of Hydrocarbon AirMixtures with Hydrogen Addition[J]. Combustion and Flame, 1986, 63 (1 /2) : 339—347.
[22]. Law C K, Kwon O C. Effects of Hydrocarbon Substitution on Atmospheric Hydrogen Air Flame Propagation[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004,29 (8) : 867—879.
[23]. 张勇,黄佐华,王倩,王金华,蒋德明,苗海燕 天然气—氢气—空气混合气火焰传播特性研究. 内燃机学报 2006 第六期
[24]. 王金华, 黄佐华. 喷射时刻和掺氢比对直喷发动机燃烧特性的影响. 西安交通大学学报 2006 第七期
[25]. 窦慧莉.电控喷射稀燃天然气发动机的关键技术研究.吉林大学博士学位论文
[26]. Nagayama,I, et al. Effects of Swirl and Squish on SI Engine Combustion and Emission. SAE Paper 70217, 1970
[27]. Kent,JC,et al. Observations on the Effects of Intake-Generated Swirl andTumble on Combustion Duration. SAE Paper 892096, 1989
[28]. Hadded,O, and Denbratt I. Turbulence Characteristics of Tumbling Air Motion in Four-Valve SI Engines and their Correlation with Combustion Parameters. SAE Paper 910478, 1991
[29]. I.Y.Ohm and K.S.Jeong. Effects of Injection Timing on the Lean Misfire Limit in an SI Engine. SAE Paper 970028, 1997
[30].B.Bartunek and U.Hilger. Direct Induction Natural Gas (DING): A Diesel-Derived Combustion System for Low Emissions and High Fuel Economy. SAE Paper 2000-01-2827
[31]. Ritter T.E. and Wood C.D. An Unthrottled Gaseous Fuel Conversion of a 2-Stroke Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 750159, 1975
[32]. John T. Kubesh. Development of a Throttleless Natural Gas Engine. SAE Paper 2001-01-2522, 2001
[33] 张惠明,龚英利,赵奎翰,刘雄,高建东,李宗立 天然气发动机预燃室式燃烧系统的研究. 农业机械学报 2004年1月
[34] 黄佐华,曾科,杨中乐 利用火花点火式快速压缩装置进行天然气直喷分层燃烧可行性的研究. 内燃机学报 2004年 第四期
[35] R.L.Evans and J.Blaszczyk Fast-Burn Combustion Chamber Design for Natural Gas Engines Transactions of the ASME (Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power), Vol.120, Jan.1998
[36]. Richard Tilagone and Gatan Monnier. Development of a Lean-Burn Natural Gas-Powered Vehicle Based on a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 2000-01-1950, 2000
[37]. M.Umierski,Th Kobrfer and P.Stommel. Low Emission and Fuel Consumption Natural Gas Engines with High Power Density for Stationary and Heavy-Duty Application. SAE Paper 1999-01-2896, 1999
[38]. Kingston M G. Nebula Combustion System for Lean Burn Spark Ignited Gas Engines. SAE Paper 890211, 1989
[39]. Evans,R.L. Internal Combustion Engine Squish Jet Combustion Chamber, US Patent No 4,572,123, 1986
[40]. Evans, RL, and blaszczyk, J. Fast-Burn Combustion Chamber Design for Natural Gas Engines, ICE vol 25-4, pp.29-35, presented at the Fall technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division, Milwaukee WI, September 24-27, 1995
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[42]. Olsson K. Combustion Chambers for Natural Gas SI Engines Part 2: Combustion and Emissions. SAE Paper950517, 1995
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