四气门汽油机稀混合气燃烧及降低NO_x排放的研究
|
摘要
节约燃油消耗、减少温室效应气体排放以及进一步改善汽车尾气中有害气体的排放是广大内燃机工作者和汽车工业的科学家们目前所面临的最大挑战之一。汽油机燃烧稀混合气是降低有害尾气排放、减少燃油消耗率的有效途径。
突破进气道喷射发动机不依靠喷射生成混合气，只能通过组织缸内空气运动来形成这一传统观点，本文提出了在进气道喷射发动机上通过可控喷油形成可控的缸内准均质稀混合气，进而实现快速准均质稀薄燃烧的新概念。实现这种可控喷油概念的技术支撑就是二次喷油专利技术。依照这一新的概念，在一台未作任何结构改动的四缸、16气门产品发动机上，成功地实现了准均质稀薄燃烧。研究结果表明：两次喷油可拓展发动机稀燃极限1.5-2个空燃比单位，最高达23.5；发动机燃油消耗同原电喷发动机相比可降低19.1%；整个空燃比范围内，经过优化的两次喷油稀燃的最低油耗较单次喷油稀燃下降6.5%左右，各种排放物机内生成量均有大幅度下降。
本研究运用三效催化器+空燃比优化控制技术，利用三效催化器能一定程度降低NOx排放的特点，控制发动机在优化空燃比下工作，将稀燃后排气中剩余不多的NOx进一步催化。
同时，本研究也成功地运用了由原位合成技术制作的分子筛堇青石整体式分子筛催化器，去除稀燃NOx排放。稀燃发动机台架实验结果表明，催化剂抗硫中毒、抗高温以及抗水蒸气能力较强；最大NOx转化效率达74.4%；最大NOx转化率排气温度点在400℃附近。
最后综合采用机内净化和排气后处理并行策略，即稀燃、快燃（滚流）、推迟点火的可控燃烧新方案，结合分子筛稀燃催化器，在稀燃发动机典型工况下，在保证燃油经济性较原机改善14.8%时，NOx的排放大幅降低。
Reduction of the fuel consumption, the carbon dioxide emission and the exhaust gas emissions is one of the major challenges that engineers and scientists in the automotive industry are currently facing. Lean burn concepts such as the homogenous A/F mixture gasoline lean burn engine or the direct injected gasoline engine may point the way of future automobile developments.
A new point of view that the mixture preparation processes can been controlled by controlling fuel injection in multi-port fuel injection engine, in contrast to the traditionally point of view that the mixture formation is only controlled by induction flow. The technology of twice electronic fuel injection in premixed lean burn gasoline engine can realize the new controlling fuel injection concept. Through adjusting the controlling fuel injection--regulations of the two injection timings and proportions, an adequate air and fuel charge stratification was produced-we call it quasi-homogenous mixture and the lean burn was successfully realized in a product 4-valve S.I. engine whose structures aren't changed at all. Investigations show that twice electronic fuel injection can make the lean limit(A/F) increase by 1.5-2 units; the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are improved remarkably, in partial load, compared with the product 4-valve S.I. engine , the fuel consumption decreases by about 19.1%. On the other hand, the fuel consumption of quasi-homogenous mixture lean combustion decreases by about 6.5% compared with homogenous lean mixture combustion.
Three-ways catalyst (TWC)+ optimizing AFR technology is used to remove NOx emissions in oxygen containing exhaust gas. Lean-burn engine is operated at air-fuel(A/F) ratios of 21:1 and above, in addition, ignition is delayed, as a result of these technique, the NOx emissions are very low. Then TWC reduces NOx at a certain extent and almost all HC and CO.
On the other hand, a new catalyst for selective reduction of NOx is also investigated in this thesis. Zeolites are in-situ synthesized on the surface of honeycomb-shaped cordierite under hydrothermal conditions. Investigations on a lean burn engine show that NOx can be removed by using HC and CO in the exhaust gas as reducing agents. When the catalyst is used , the rate of NOx conversion can reach a maximum of 74.4% at 400℃. Investigations also show that the catalyst shows good heat resistance in the presence of water and demonstrates high capability for mitigating SOx poisoning.
In the end, a novel way controlling combustion is employed in a 1.342L S.I.engine, in which lean-burn, fast burn (tumble) and delay ignition make the engine provide much cleaner exhaust gas than that of a conventional premixed S.I. engine. Moreover, the de-NOx catalyst is mounted on the exhaust pipe. All these methods make it possible for emissions of lean-burn engines to completely meet the strict NOx regulations such as Euro Ⅱ, even Euro Ⅲ, at the same time, the fuel consumption decreases by 14.8%.
突破进气道喷射发动机不依靠喷射生成混合气，只能通过组织缸内空气运动来形成这一传统观点，本文提出了在进气道喷射发动机上通过可控喷油形成可控的缸内准均质稀混合气，进而实现快速准均质稀薄燃烧的新概念。实现这种可控喷油概念的技术支撑就是二次喷油专利技术。依照这一新的概念，在一台未作任何结构改动的四缸、16气门产品发动机上，成功地实现了准均质稀薄燃烧。研究结果表明：两次喷油可拓展发动机稀燃极限1.5-2个空燃比单位，最高达23.5；发动机燃油消耗同原电喷发动机相比可降低19.1%；整个空燃比范围内，经过优化的两次喷油稀燃的最低油耗较单次喷油稀燃下降6.5%左右，各种排放物机内生成量均有大幅度下降。
本研究运用三效催化器+空燃比优化控制技术，利用三效催化器能一定程度降低NOx排放的特点，控制发动机在优化空燃比下工作，将稀燃后排气中剩余不多的NOx进一步催化。
同时，本研究也成功地运用了由原位合成技术制作的分子筛堇青石整体式分子筛催化器，去除稀燃NOx排放。稀燃发动机台架实验结果表明，催化剂抗硫中毒、抗高温以及抗水蒸气能力较强；最大NOx转化效率达74.4%；最大NOx转化率排气温度点在400℃附近。
最后综合采用机内净化和排气后处理并行策略，即稀燃、快燃（滚流）、推迟点火的可控燃烧新方案，结合分子筛稀燃催化器，在稀燃发动机典型工况下，在保证燃油经济性较原机改善14.8%时，NOx的排放大幅降低。
Reduction of the fuel consumption, the carbon dioxide emission and the exhaust gas emissions is one of the major challenges that engineers and scientists in the automotive industry are currently facing. Lean burn concepts such as the homogenous A/F mixture gasoline lean burn engine or the direct injected gasoline engine may point the way of future automobile developments.
A new point of view that the mixture preparation processes can been controlled by controlling fuel injection in multi-port fuel injection engine, in contrast to the traditionally point of view that the mixture formation is only controlled by induction flow. The technology of twice electronic fuel injection in premixed lean burn gasoline engine can realize the new controlling fuel injection concept. Through adjusting the controlling fuel injection--regulations of the two injection timings and proportions, an adequate air and fuel charge stratification was produced-we call it quasi-homogenous mixture and the lean burn was successfully realized in a product 4-valve S.I. engine whose structures aren't changed at all. Investigations show that twice electronic fuel injection can make the lean limit(A/F) increase by 1.5-2 units; the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are improved remarkably, in partial load, compared with the product 4-valve S.I. engine , the fuel consumption decreases by about 19.1%. On the other hand, the fuel consumption of quasi-homogenous mixture lean combustion decreases by about 6.5% compared with homogenous lean mixture combustion.
Three-ways catalyst (TWC)+ optimizing AFR technology is used to remove NOx emissions in oxygen containing exhaust gas. Lean-burn engine is operated at air-fuel(A/F) ratios of 21:1 and above, in addition, ignition is delayed, as a result of these technique, the NOx emissions are very low. Then TWC reduces NOx at a certain extent and almost all HC and CO.
On the other hand, a new catalyst for selective reduction of NOx is also investigated in this thesis. Zeolites are in-situ synthesized on the surface of honeycomb-shaped cordierite under hydrothermal conditions. Investigations on a lean burn engine show that NOx can be removed by using HC and CO in the exhaust gas as reducing agents. When the catalyst is used , the rate of NOx conversion can reach a maximum of 74.4% at 400℃. Investigations also show that the catalyst shows good heat resistance in the presence of water and demonstrates high capability for mitigating SOx poisoning.
In the end, a novel way controlling combustion is employed in a 1.342L S.I.engine, in which lean-burn, fast burn (tumble) and delay ignition make the engine provide much cleaner exhaust gas than that of a conventional premixed S.I. engine. Moreover, the de-NOx catalyst is mounted on the exhaust pipe. All these methods make it possible for emissions of lean-burn engines to completely meet the strict NOx regulations such as Euro Ⅱ, even Euro Ⅲ, at the same time, the fuel consumption decreases by 14.8%.
引文
[1] Hiromistu Ando and Kazunari Kuwahara A Keynote on Future Combustion Engines SAE 2001-01-0248
[2] 史绍熙，苏万华，内燃机燃烧研究中的几个前沿问题，《内燃机学报》，1990，(8)：1-8
[3] Shi Shao-xi，Recent Process in Combustion Technologies for Automotive Engines，燃烧科学与技术，2001，(1)：1-15
[4] 吴建平, 国外的汽车排放法规，汽车科技，2001，（1）：10~14
[5] 濑古俊之，汽车排放法规及燃油消耗动向和与之相适应的发动机燃烧技术，国外内燃机，2001，（3）：9-15
[6] Helmut Eichiseder,Eckard Baumann and Peter Muller et al Gasoline Direct Injection-A Promising Engine Concept for Future Demands SAE 2000-01-0248,2000
[7] 王建昕，傅立新，黎维彬编著 汽车排气污染治理及催化转化器，化学工业出版社，2000 5
[8] R.J.Tabaczynski, Future Directions for Spark-Ignition Engine Design and Research, SAE papers 945005,1997
[9] Hadded等，适应超低排放车和欧洲第三阶段排放标准的低排放技术，国外内燃机，1996，(5)：18-22
[10] 苏万华等，新一代内燃机燃烧理论和石油燃料替代途径的基础研究，国家“973”重点基础研究发展规划项目建议书，2001
[11] Y.Ohyama, et al., A New Spark Ignited Direct Fuel Injection System Provides Greater Ignition Capability, SAE paper 945010, 1994
[12] 魏春源，张卫正，葛蕴珊 高等内燃机学[M]， 北京理工大学出版社，2001
[13] Paul E.Kapus,Dirk Denger and Trevor Holland Intelligent Simplification-Ways Towards Improved Fuel Economy.SAE 2002-01-0236,2002
[14] Allen W and etal. Homogenous Charge Combustion Ignition(HCCI) of Diesel Fuel, SAE Paper 971676, 1997
[15] Najt P. M., et al., Compression Ignited Homogeneous Charge Combustion, SAE 830264 ,1983
[16] Thring R. M., Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engines, SAE 892068,1989
[17] Kinji Tsujimura The Concept and Recent Achievements about the Research of HCCI Combustion System. Proceedings of the International Symposium on "Clean and High-Efficiency Combustion in Engines" 2002. 8 Tianjin ,2002
[18] Hisashi Akagawa and etal.Approaches to Solve Problems of the Premixed Lean Diesel Combustion,SAE Paper 1999-01-0183,1999
[19] Suzuki H., et al, Purification of Diesel Engines by Homogenous Charge with Compression Ignition, Part I SAE 970313, 1997
[20] Yoshinori Iwabuchi and etal.Trial of New Concept Diesel Combustion System Premixed Combustion-Ignited Combustion,SAE Paper,1999-01-0185,1999
[21] Yang,J.,Munoz,R.,Anderson,R.,et al Study of a stratified-charge DISI engine with an airforced fuel injection system SAE 2000-01-2901,2000
[22] O. Smori et al, Effect of Intake Port Flow Pattern on the In-Cylinder Tumbling Air Flow in Multi-Valve SI Engine, SAE paper 910477
[23] S. F. Benjamin, The Development of the GTL barrel Swirl Combustion system with Application to Four-Valve Spark Ignition Engines, ImechE ，1988. 54-88
[24] Four-stroke Powered Gasoline Auto-ignition Controlled Combustion Engine，CORDIS RTD-PROJECTS/( European Communities，2000.
[25] Jacques Lavy,etal Innovative Ultra-low NOx Controlled Auto-Ignition Combustion Process for Gasoline Engines:the 4-SPACE Project SAE Paper 2000-01-1837,2000
[26] Hua Zhao,Jian Li and Tom Ma et al Performance and analysis of a 4-stroke multi-cylinder gasolin engine with CAI combustion,SAE 2002-01-0420,2002
[27] Tom Ma A 4-Stroke Muti-Cylinder Gasoline Engine Operating in Controlled Auto-Ignition 'CAI' Proceedings of the International Symposium on "Clean and High-Efficiency Combustion in Engines" 2002. 8 Tianjin ,2002
[28] Don Law,Jeff Allen and Chen Rui, On the Mechanism of Controlled Auto Ignition,SAE Paper 2002-01-0421,2002
[29] C. Arcoumanis, et al. Frequency Analysis of Tumble and Swirl in Motored Engines. Port D, IMechE, 1991
[30] Herbert Heitland and Gerhart Rinne et al IC Engines for 100 Miles/Gallon Cars SAE 2001-01-0258,2001
[31] 李建权，CA6102汽油机新型燃烧室的研究：[硕士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，1992
Alperstein,M. et al Texaco's stratified charge engine-multifuel,efficient,clean,and practical,SAE Technical
[32] Paper,No,740563 1974
[33] Bishoy and Sinbo,A New Concept of Stratified Charge Combustion,SAE Paper 680041 1968
[34] Harry Watson, Ultra Lean Burn-The Future For High Efficiency Low Emission Engines, Proceedings of the 4th Asian-Pacific International Symposium on Combustion and Energy Utilization, Bangkok, Thailand, Dec.8-11,1997
[35] Ando H., Combustion Control Technologies for Gasoline Engines, The 1st Asia-Pacific Conference on Combustion, Osaka, Japan, May 12-15,1997
[36] 杨嘉林 汽车发动机研制的新动向—缸内直喷式汽油机，中国机械工程，1997，8（1）9—11, 1997
[37] Anderson R.W.,J.Y. and etal . Understanding the Thermodynamics of Direct Injection Sparj Ignition(DISI) Combustion Systems:An Analytical and Experimental Investigation SAE paper,962018,1996
[38] Yang Jialin Studies on Cutting-Edge Gasoline Engine Technologies Proceedings of the International Symposium on "Clean and High-Efficiency Combustion in Engines" 2002. 8 Tianjin ,2002
[39] Kaoru Horie,Kazutoshi Nishizawa and Toru Ogawa et al The Development of a High Fuel Economy and High Performance Four-Valve Lean Burn Engine.SAE 920455,1992
[40] T.H.Lake,J.Stokes,et al.Comparison of Direct Injection Gasoline Combustion Systems.SAE 980154,1998
[41] Yasuhiko Iwamoto,et al. The 1.5 Litter Vertical Vortex Engine.SAE Paper 920670,1992
[42] Inoue T.,Matsushita S.,Nakanishi K et al. Toyota Lean Combustion System-the Third Generation System.SAE Paper 930873,1993
[43] 李勤，现代内燃机排气污染物的测量与控制。北京：机械工业出版社，1998
[44] 蒋德明，内燃机燃烧与排放学。西安：西安交通大学出版社 2001.7
[45] N.Takahasi, H.Shinjoh, T.Ijima, etal., Proc.1stInt.Cong.on Environ.Catal.,Pisa,Italy,(1995) 615 ，（S.matsumoto,Catal.Today(1996) 43）
[46] Masao Hori,Akihisa Okumura and Hideki Goto etal Development of New Selective NOx Reduction Catalyst for Gasoline Leanburn Engines SAE 972850 ，1997
[47] J.Leyrer,E.S.Lox and W.Strehiau Design Aspects of Lean NOx Catalysts for Gasoline and Diesel Engine Applications.SAE 952495,1995
[48] Jeffrey S.Hepburn,Eva Thanasiu,Douglas A.Dobson et al Experimental and Modeling Investigations of NOx Trap Performance.SAE 962051,1996
[49] N.Fekete,R.Kemmier,W.Strehiau,et al Evaluation of NOx Storage Catalysts for Lean Burn Gasoline Fueled Passenger Cars.SAE970745,1997
[50] W.A.Cutler and J.P.Day Mechanical Durability of Cordierite-Based NOx Adsorber/Catalyst Systems for Lean Burn Gasoline Applications.SAE 1999-01-3500,1999
[51] S.Fendeleur,C.Pope,H.Mahzoul,et al A Laboratory Study of NOx Reduction During the Rich Operating Period Over a NOx Storage Catalyst SAE 1999-01-3502,1999
[52] D.Gregory,R.A.Marshall,B.Eves et al Evolution of Lean-NOx Traps on PFI and DISI Lean Burn Vehicles.SAE 1999-01-3498.1999
[53] H.Bosch and F.J.J.G.Janssen,Catal.Today,2,(1988),p.369.
[54] T.Tabata,M.Kokitsu and O.Okada,Catal.Today,22,(1994),p.147.
[55] David R et al Evaluation of a Cu/Zeolite Catalyst to Remove NOx from Lean Exhaust .SAE 930737，1993
[56] Akihide Takami et al Development of Lean Burn Catalyst .SAE 950746,1995
[57] Axel Konig,Thomas Richter and Edward Jobson et al Research Results on Processes and Catalyst Materials for Lean NOx Conversion .SAE 962041,1996
[58] G.Lutkemeyer,R.Weinowski,and G.lepperhoff et al Comparison of De-NOx and Adsorber Catalysts to Reduce NOx-Emissions of Lean-Burn Gasoline Engines.SAE 962046,1996
[59] Masao Hori,Akihisa Okumura,Hideki Goto et al Development of New Selective NOx Reduction Catalyst for Gasoline Leanburn Engines.SAE 972850,1997
[60] P.Ciambelli,P.Corbo,F.Migliardini et al Potentialities and limitations of lean de-NOx catalysts in reducing automotive exhaust emissions Catalysis Today 59(2000) 279-286
[61] A.Raj,T.H.N.Le,S.Kaliaguine et al Involvement of nitrate species in the SCR of NO by NH3 at ambient conditions over TS-1 catalysts Applied Catalysis B:Environmental 15(1998)259-267
[62] Boehman,Andre L.Numerical modeling of NO Reduction over Cu-ZSM-5 under Lean Conditions.SAE 970752,1997
Burch,R.,Millington,P.J. Selective reduction of nitrogen oxides by hydrocarbons under lean-burn congditions using supported platinum
[63] group metal catalysts.Catal Today vol.26,no.2 page.185206 (1995)
[64] 蒋德明等编. 《火花点火发动机的燃烧》. 西安交通大学出版社，1992
[65] [日] 斋藤忠. 《汽车用发动机技术的发展动向》. 天津大学-丰田公司汽车技术研讨会技术资料(一)，1997
[66] Development of MVV Engine Employing the Novel Lean-Burn Concept Barrel-Stratification, MITSUBISHI Moto. Tech. Review 1992.No.4
[67] The Development of HMC Axially Stratified Lean Combustion Engine SAE 930879
[68] 刘书亮，裴普成，范永健，内燃机燃油的喷射方法，中国专利，98107693，1999-11-03
[69] 肖浩栋，二气门电控TJ376Q汽油机稀混合气燃烧过程研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2000
[70] 刘伍权，夏利2000型四气门火花点燃式发动机可变进气系统及其稀薄燃烧研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2002
[71] 单学蕾，分子筛/堇青石整体式催化剂的制备、表征和NO分解性能的研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；南开大学，2000
[72] 韩岩松，TS-1/堇青石整体式催化剂的合成及其NO催化还原反应研究：[硕士学位论文]，天津；南开大学，2001
[73] Fu-Quan Zhao,et al., The Spray Characteristics of Automotive Port Fuel Injection-A Critical Review SAE950506,1995
[74] Fu-Quan Zhao,et al., Two-Dimensional Measurement of the Fuel Vapor Concentration in the Combustion Chamber of a SI Engine with Laser Rayleigh Scattering SAE922389,1992
[75] Michihiko Tabata, et al., In-Cylinder Fuel Distribution,Flow Field,and Combustion Characteristics of a Mixture Injected SI Engine SAE950104,1994
[76] Todd D.Fansler, et al., Fuel Distributions in a Firing Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging SAE950110,1995
[77] Fu-Quan Zhao,et al., PLIF Measurement of the Cyclic Variation of Mixture Concentration in a SI Engine SAE940988,1994
[78] J.J ohnen, et al., Spray Formation Observation and Fuel Film Development Measurements in the Intake of a Spark Ignition Engine SAE950511,1995
[79] Michael Wensing, et al., Characteristics and Application of Gasoline Injectors to SI Engines by Means of Measured Liquid Fuel Distributions. SAE972947,1997
Posylkin, et al., Measurements of Droplet Velocity and Size
[80] Downstream of the Moving Valves of a Four-Valve Engine with Manifold Injection,Operated under Isothermal Steady Suction Conditions ASME 1995
[81] Fry,M.D, et al., Use of High-Speed Photography to Study In-Cylinder Mixture Preparation on a Four-Value SI Engine Proc of ImechE Seminar on Measurement and Observation Analysis of Combustion in Engines pp85-93 1994.
[82] Williams.p., et al The Effect of Fuel Compostion and Manifold Conditions Upon Spray Formation from an SI Engine Pintle Injector SAE941685,1994
[83] Kuo,T.-W. Multidimensional Port-and Cylinder Gas Flow,Fuel Spray,and Combustion Calculations for a Port-Fuel-Injection Engine SAE920515,1992
[84] Yoshikawa,Y., Numerical Simulation System for Analyzing Fuel Film Flow in Gasoline Engine SAE930326,1993
[85] Liu Shuliang et al.，Twice Electronic Fuel Injection(TEFI)-A New Idea of Lean Combustion in S.I. Engines, SAE 2000-01-1087,2000
[86] 刘书亮，肖浩棟，刘德新，许振忠等，滚流对火花点火发动机性能的影响，汽車工程 2001，NO4
[87] 刘书亮 夏利轿车发动机高效低污染稀燃技术的研究 研究报告 天津市重点基金项目结题材料 2002 .3
[88] Hafedh Belmabrouk, et al, Turbulence Lenth Scale Measurements by two-Point Laser Doppler Anemometry in Steady Flow, SAE paper 910474,1991
[89] 王健，四气门汽油机气流运动及其对混合气形成影响的研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2002.7
[90] John B. Heywood, Fluid Motion Within the Cylinder of Internal Combustion Engines-The 1986 Freeman Scholar Lecture, Journal of Fluids Engineering, ASME，1987
[91] A. R. Glover et al, The Development of Scanning LDA for the Measurement of Turbulence in Engine, SAE paper 880378,1988
[92] Yufeng Li, Hua Zhao, et.al, Analysis of Tumble and Swirl Motions in a Four-Valve SI Engine, SAE Technical Paper, 2001
[93] Naitoh,K. Takagi,Y., Synthesized spherold particle(SSP) method for calculating spray Phenomena in direct-injection SI engines, SAE Technical Paper, No.962017,1996
[94] 裴普成，CA1102Q五气门汽油机电控燃油喷射稀混合气燃烧的研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，1997
[95] 胡华，FOX350四气门汽油机进气流动特性及其缸内流场的研究：[硕士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2002
[96] Analysis of Steady Flow Tests on Inlet and ExhaustPorts, Ricardo Consulting Engineers, 8th July, 1980
[97] Baharam Khalighi, Intake-Generated Swirl and Tumble Motions in a 4-Valve Engine with Various Intake Configuration-Flow Visualization and Particle Velocimetry, SAE paper 900059。
[98] Marie Ronnback and Wang Xiao Le, Study of Induction Tumble by Particle Tracking Velocimetry in a 4-Valve Engine , SAE paper 912376。
[99] 李玉峰，四气门汽油机缸内滚流运动就其对燃烧过程影响的研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，1995
[100] 刘书亮，宋飞舟，汽油机滚动涡流模拟试验台和滚流进气道的实验研究，全国高校工程热物理第五届学术会议论文集，1994
[101] F.Saito，et al，Mzada Advanced Lean burn Engine with New Three-Way Catalyst，SAE945006
[102] 本田技研工业 报告资料.国际内燃机技术咨询交流会,中国.北京,1995
[103] AVL公司网站
[104] S.Sato,Y.Yu,H.Yahiro,N.Mizuno,M.Iwamoto,Appl.Catal.,70, L15,1991
[105] W.Held, A.Konig, T.Richter and L.Puppe,SAE paper 9200496，1992
[106] Y.Li and J.N.Armor.Appl.Catal.(B).1, L31.1992
[107] H.Yahiro.H Hirabayashi.H.K.Shin.N.Mizuno and M.Iwamoto.Trans Mater.Res.Soc.Jpn.18A, p409，1994
[108] R.Burch and S.Scire. Appl.Catal.(B).3, 1994
[109] Taramasso M.,Perego G.and Notari B.US Patent 4 410 501,1983
[110] M.Iwamoto,H.Yahiro and Y.Toshioka et al.Chem.Lett.,p1967,1990
[111] 冯明志，刘书亮等，四气门火花点火式发动机缸内的空气运动，《天津大学学报》，2000年第3期。
[112] 刘书亮等，汽油机滚流模拟试验和滚流进气道的实验研究，《内燃机工程》，1995年第4期。
[113] 刘书亮、路明，内燃机缸内滚流强度的预测，内燃机燃烧学年会，1996
[114] C. R. Stone and N. Ladommatos, The Measurement and Analysis of Swirl in Steady Flow, SAE paper 921642。
[115] 王莉，车用汽油机稀薄燃烧电控系统的研制：[硕士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2001 2
[116] 松桥繁，大庭秀洋 丰田汽车公司混合动力技术讲座，丰田汽车技术中心（中国） 2002 年12 月，天津
[2] 史绍熙，苏万华，内燃机燃烧研究中的几个前沿问题，《内燃机学报》，1990，(8)：1-8
[3] Shi Shao-xi，Recent Process in Combustion Technologies for Automotive Engines，燃烧科学与技术，2001，(1)：1-15
[4] 吴建平, 国外的汽车排放法规，汽车科技，2001，（1）：10~14
[5] 濑古俊之，汽车排放法规及燃油消耗动向和与之相适应的发动机燃烧技术，国外内燃机，2001，（3）：9-15
[6] Helmut Eichiseder,Eckard Baumann and Peter Muller et al Gasoline Direct Injection-A Promising Engine Concept for Future Demands SAE 2000-01-0248,2000
[7] 王建昕，傅立新，黎维彬编著 汽车排气污染治理及催化转化器，化学工业出版社，2000 5
[8] R.J.Tabaczynski, Future Directions for Spark-Ignition Engine Design and Research, SAE papers 945005,1997
[9] Hadded等，适应超低排放车和欧洲第三阶段排放标准的低排放技术，国外内燃机，1996，(5)：18-22
[10] 苏万华等，新一代内燃机燃烧理论和石油燃料替代途径的基础研究，国家“973”重点基础研究发展规划项目建议书，2001
[11] Y.Ohyama, et al., A New Spark Ignited Direct Fuel Injection System Provides Greater Ignition Capability, SAE paper 945010, 1994
[12] 魏春源，张卫正，葛蕴珊 高等内燃机学[M]， 北京理工大学出版社，2001
[13] Paul E.Kapus,Dirk Denger and Trevor Holland Intelligent Simplification-Ways Towards Improved Fuel Economy.SAE 2002-01-0236,2002
[14] Allen W and etal. Homogenous Charge Combustion Ignition(HCCI) of Diesel Fuel, SAE Paper 971676, 1997
[15] Najt P. M., et al., Compression Ignited Homogeneous Charge Combustion, SAE 830264 ,1983
[16] Thring R. M., Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engines, SAE 892068,1989
[17] Kinji Tsujimura The Concept and Recent Achievements about the Research of HCCI Combustion System. Proceedings of the International Symposium on "Clean and High-Efficiency Combustion in Engines" 2002. 8 Tianjin ,2002
[18] Hisashi Akagawa and etal.Approaches to Solve Problems of the Premixed Lean Diesel Combustion,SAE Paper 1999-01-0183,1999
[19] Suzuki H., et al, Purification of Diesel Engines by Homogenous Charge with Compression Ignition, Part I SAE 970313, 1997
[20] Yoshinori Iwabuchi and etal.Trial of New Concept Diesel Combustion System Premixed Combustion-Ignited Combustion,SAE Paper,1999-01-0185,1999
[21] Yang,J.,Munoz,R.,Anderson,R.,et al Study of a stratified-charge DISI engine with an airforced fuel injection system SAE 2000-01-2901,2000
[22] O. Smori et al, Effect of Intake Port Flow Pattern on the In-Cylinder Tumbling Air Flow in Multi-Valve SI Engine, SAE paper 910477
[23] S. F. Benjamin, The Development of the GTL barrel Swirl Combustion system with Application to Four-Valve Spark Ignition Engines, ImechE ，1988. 54-88
[24] Four-stroke Powered Gasoline Auto-ignition Controlled Combustion Engine，CORDIS RTD-PROJECTS/( European Communities，2000.
[25] Jacques Lavy,etal Innovative Ultra-low NOx Controlled Auto-Ignition Combustion Process for Gasoline Engines:the 4-SPACE Project SAE Paper 2000-01-1837,2000
[26] Hua Zhao,Jian Li and Tom Ma et al Performance and analysis of a 4-stroke multi-cylinder gasolin engine with CAI combustion,SAE 2002-01-0420,2002
[27] Tom Ma A 4-Stroke Muti-Cylinder Gasoline Engine Operating in Controlled Auto-Ignition 'CAI' Proceedings of the International Symposium on "Clean and High-Efficiency Combustion in Engines" 2002. 8 Tianjin ,2002
[28] Don Law,Jeff Allen and Chen Rui, On the Mechanism of Controlled Auto Ignition,SAE Paper 2002-01-0421,2002
[29] C. Arcoumanis, et al. Frequency Analysis of Tumble and Swirl in Motored Engines. Port D, IMechE, 1991
[30] Herbert Heitland and Gerhart Rinne et al IC Engines for 100 Miles/Gallon Cars SAE 2001-01-0258,2001
[31] 李建权，CA6102汽油机新型燃烧室的研究：[硕士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，1992
Alperstein,M. et al Texaco's stratified charge engine-multifuel,efficient,clean,and practical,SAE Technical
[32] Paper,No,740563 1974
[33] Bishoy and Sinbo,A New Concept of Stratified Charge Combustion,SAE Paper 680041 1968
[34] Harry Watson, Ultra Lean Burn-The Future For High Efficiency Low Emission Engines, Proceedings of the 4th Asian-Pacific International Symposium on Combustion and Energy Utilization, Bangkok, Thailand, Dec.8-11,1997
[35] Ando H., Combustion Control Technologies for Gasoline Engines, The 1st Asia-Pacific Conference on Combustion, Osaka, Japan, May 12-15,1997
[36] 杨嘉林 汽车发动机研制的新动向—缸内直喷式汽油机，中国机械工程，1997，8（1）9—11, 1997
[37] Anderson R.W.,J.Y. and etal . Understanding the Thermodynamics of Direct Injection Sparj Ignition(DISI) Combustion Systems:An Analytical and Experimental Investigation SAE paper,962018,1996
[38] Yang Jialin Studies on Cutting-Edge Gasoline Engine Technologies Proceedings of the International Symposium on "Clean and High-Efficiency Combustion in Engines" 2002. 8 Tianjin ,2002
[39] Kaoru Horie,Kazutoshi Nishizawa and Toru Ogawa et al The Development of a High Fuel Economy and High Performance Four-Valve Lean Burn Engine.SAE 920455,1992
[40] T.H.Lake,J.Stokes,et al.Comparison of Direct Injection Gasoline Combustion Systems.SAE 980154,1998
[41] Yasuhiko Iwamoto,et al. The 1.5 Litter Vertical Vortex Engine.SAE Paper 920670,1992
[42] Inoue T.,Matsushita S.,Nakanishi K et al. Toyota Lean Combustion System-the Third Generation System.SAE Paper 930873,1993
[43] 李勤，现代内燃机排气污染物的测量与控制。北京：机械工业出版社，1998
[44] 蒋德明，内燃机燃烧与排放学。西安：西安交通大学出版社 2001.7
[45] N.Takahasi, H.Shinjoh, T.Ijima, etal., Proc.1stInt.Cong.on Environ.Catal.,Pisa,Italy,(1995) 615 ，（S.matsumoto,Catal.Today(1996) 43）
[46] Masao Hori,Akihisa Okumura and Hideki Goto etal Development of New Selective NOx Reduction Catalyst for Gasoline Leanburn Engines SAE 972850 ，1997
[47] J.Leyrer,E.S.Lox and W.Strehiau Design Aspects of Lean NOx Catalysts for Gasoline and Diesel Engine Applications.SAE 952495,1995
[48] Jeffrey S.Hepburn,Eva Thanasiu,Douglas A.Dobson et al Experimental and Modeling Investigations of NOx Trap Performance.SAE 962051,1996
[49] N.Fekete,R.Kemmier,W.Strehiau,et al Evaluation of NOx Storage Catalysts for Lean Burn Gasoline Fueled Passenger Cars.SAE970745,1997
[50] W.A.Cutler and J.P.Day Mechanical Durability of Cordierite-Based NOx Adsorber/Catalyst Systems for Lean Burn Gasoline Applications.SAE 1999-01-3500,1999
[51] S.Fendeleur,C.Pope,H.Mahzoul,et al A Laboratory Study of NOx Reduction During the Rich Operating Period Over a NOx Storage Catalyst SAE 1999-01-3502,1999
[52] D.Gregory,R.A.Marshall,B.Eves et al Evolution of Lean-NOx Traps on PFI and DISI Lean Burn Vehicles.SAE 1999-01-3498.1999
[53] H.Bosch and F.J.J.G.Janssen,Catal.Today,2,(1988),p.369.
[54] T.Tabata,M.Kokitsu and O.Okada,Catal.Today,22,(1994),p.147.
[55] David R et al Evaluation of a Cu/Zeolite Catalyst to Remove NOx from Lean Exhaust .SAE 930737，1993
[56] Akihide Takami et al Development of Lean Burn Catalyst .SAE 950746,1995
[57] Axel Konig,Thomas Richter and Edward Jobson et al Research Results on Processes and Catalyst Materials for Lean NOx Conversion .SAE 962041,1996
[58] G.Lutkemeyer,R.Weinowski,and G.lepperhoff et al Comparison of De-NOx and Adsorber Catalysts to Reduce NOx-Emissions of Lean-Burn Gasoline Engines.SAE 962046,1996
[59] Masao Hori,Akihisa Okumura,Hideki Goto et al Development of New Selective NOx Reduction Catalyst for Gasoline Leanburn Engines.SAE 972850,1997
[60] P.Ciambelli,P.Corbo,F.Migliardini et al Potentialities and limitations of lean de-NOx catalysts in reducing automotive exhaust emissions Catalysis Today 59(2000) 279-286
[61] A.Raj,T.H.N.Le,S.Kaliaguine et al Involvement of nitrate species in the SCR of NO by NH3 at ambient conditions over TS-1 catalysts Applied Catalysis B:Environmental 15(1998)259-267
[62] Boehman,Andre L.Numerical modeling of NO Reduction over Cu-ZSM-5 under Lean Conditions.SAE 970752,1997
Burch,R.,Millington,P.J. Selective reduction of nitrogen oxides by hydrocarbons under lean-burn congditions using supported platinum
[63] group metal catalysts.Catal Today vol.26,no.2 page.185206 (1995)
[64] 蒋德明等编. 《火花点火发动机的燃烧》. 西安交通大学出版社，1992
[65] [日] 斋藤忠. 《汽车用发动机技术的发展动向》. 天津大学-丰田公司汽车技术研讨会技术资料(一)，1997
[66] Development of MVV Engine Employing the Novel Lean-Burn Concept Barrel-Stratification, MITSUBISHI Moto. Tech. Review 1992.No.4
[67] The Development of HMC Axially Stratified Lean Combustion Engine SAE 930879
[68] 刘书亮，裴普成，范永健，内燃机燃油的喷射方法，中国专利，98107693，1999-11-03
[69] 肖浩栋，二气门电控TJ376Q汽油机稀混合气燃烧过程研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2000
[70] 刘伍权，夏利2000型四气门火花点燃式发动机可变进气系统及其稀薄燃烧研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2002
[71] 单学蕾，分子筛/堇青石整体式催化剂的制备、表征和NO分解性能的研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；南开大学，2000
[72] 韩岩松，TS-1/堇青石整体式催化剂的合成及其NO催化还原反应研究：[硕士学位论文]，天津；南开大学，2001
[73] Fu-Quan Zhao,et al., The Spray Characteristics of Automotive Port Fuel Injection-A Critical Review SAE950506,1995
[74] Fu-Quan Zhao,et al., Two-Dimensional Measurement of the Fuel Vapor Concentration in the Combustion Chamber of a SI Engine with Laser Rayleigh Scattering SAE922389,1992
[75] Michihiko Tabata, et al., In-Cylinder Fuel Distribution,Flow Field,and Combustion Characteristics of a Mixture Injected SI Engine SAE950104,1994
[76] Todd D.Fansler, et al., Fuel Distributions in a Firing Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging SAE950110,1995
[77] Fu-Quan Zhao,et al., PLIF Measurement of the Cyclic Variation of Mixture Concentration in a SI Engine SAE940988,1994
[78] J.J ohnen, et al., Spray Formation Observation and Fuel Film Development Measurements in the Intake of a Spark Ignition Engine SAE950511,1995
[79] Michael Wensing, et al., Characteristics and Application of Gasoline Injectors to SI Engines by Means of Measured Liquid Fuel Distributions. SAE972947,1997
Posylkin, et al., Measurements of Droplet Velocity and Size
[80] Downstream of the Moving Valves of a Four-Valve Engine with Manifold Injection,Operated under Isothermal Steady Suction Conditions ASME 1995
[81] Fry,M.D, et al., Use of High-Speed Photography to Study In-Cylinder Mixture Preparation on a Four-Value SI Engine Proc of ImechE Seminar on Measurement and Observation Analysis of Combustion in Engines pp85-93 1994.
[82] Williams.p., et al The Effect of Fuel Compostion and Manifold Conditions Upon Spray Formation from an SI Engine Pintle Injector SAE941685,1994
[83] Kuo,T.-W. Multidimensional Port-and Cylinder Gas Flow,Fuel Spray,and Combustion Calculations for a Port-Fuel-Injection Engine SAE920515,1992
[84] Yoshikawa,Y., Numerical Simulation System for Analyzing Fuel Film Flow in Gasoline Engine SAE930326,1993
[85] Liu Shuliang et al.，Twice Electronic Fuel Injection(TEFI)-A New Idea of Lean Combustion in S.I. Engines, SAE 2000-01-1087,2000
[86] 刘书亮，肖浩棟，刘德新，许振忠等，滚流对火花点火发动机性能的影响，汽車工程 2001，NO4
[87] 刘书亮 夏利轿车发动机高效低污染稀燃技术的研究 研究报告 天津市重点基金项目结题材料 2002 .3
[88] Hafedh Belmabrouk, et al, Turbulence Lenth Scale Measurements by two-Point Laser Doppler Anemometry in Steady Flow, SAE paper 910474,1991
[89] 王健，四气门汽油机气流运动及其对混合气形成影响的研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2002.7
[90] John B. Heywood, Fluid Motion Within the Cylinder of Internal Combustion Engines-The 1986 Freeman Scholar Lecture, Journal of Fluids Engineering, ASME，1987
[91] A. R. Glover et al, The Development of Scanning LDA for the Measurement of Turbulence in Engine, SAE paper 880378,1988
[92] Yufeng Li, Hua Zhao, et.al, Analysis of Tumble and Swirl Motions in a Four-Valve SI Engine, SAE Technical Paper, 2001
[93] Naitoh,K. Takagi,Y., Synthesized spherold particle(SSP) method for calculating spray Phenomena in direct-injection SI engines, SAE Technical Paper, No.962017,1996
[94] 裴普成，CA1102Q五气门汽油机电控燃油喷射稀混合气燃烧的研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，1997
[95] 胡华，FOX350四气门汽油机进气流动特性及其缸内流场的研究：[硕士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2002
[96] Analysis of Steady Flow Tests on Inlet and ExhaustPorts, Ricardo Consulting Engineers, 8th July, 1980
[97] Baharam Khalighi, Intake-Generated Swirl and Tumble Motions in a 4-Valve Engine with Various Intake Configuration-Flow Visualization and Particle Velocimetry, SAE paper 900059。
[98] Marie Ronnback and Wang Xiao Le, Study of Induction Tumble by Particle Tracking Velocimetry in a 4-Valve Engine , SAE paper 912376。
[99] 李玉峰，四气门汽油机缸内滚流运动就其对燃烧过程影响的研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，1995
[100] 刘书亮，宋飞舟，汽油机滚动涡流模拟试验台和滚流进气道的实验研究，全国高校工程热物理第五届学术会议论文集，1994
[101] F.Saito，et al，Mzada Advanced Lean burn Engine with New Three-Way Catalyst，SAE945006
[102] 本田技研工业 报告资料.国际内燃机技术咨询交流会,中国.北京,1995
[103] AVL公司网站
[104] S.Sato,Y.Yu,H.Yahiro,N.Mizuno,M.Iwamoto,Appl.Catal.,70, L15,1991
[105] W.Held, A.Konig, T.Richter and L.Puppe,SAE paper 9200496，1992
[106] Y.Li and J.N.Armor.Appl.Catal.(B).1, L31.1992
[107] H.Yahiro.H Hirabayashi.H.K.Shin.N.Mizuno and M.Iwamoto.Trans Mater.Res.Soc.Jpn.18A, p409，1994
[108] R.Burch and S.Scire. Appl.Catal.(B).3, 1994
[109] Taramasso M.,Perego G.and Notari B.US Patent 4 410 501,1983
[110] M.Iwamoto,H.Yahiro and Y.Toshioka et al.Chem.Lett.,p1967,1990
[111] 冯明志，刘书亮等，四气门火花点火式发动机缸内的空气运动，《天津大学学报》，2000年第3期。
[112] 刘书亮等，汽油机滚流模拟试验和滚流进气道的实验研究，《内燃机工程》，1995年第4期。
[113] 刘书亮、路明，内燃机缸内滚流强度的预测，内燃机燃烧学年会，1996
[114] C. R. Stone and N. Ladommatos, The Measurement and Analysis of Swirl in Steady Flow, SAE paper 921642。
[115] 王莉，车用汽油机稀薄燃烧电控系统的研制：[硕士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2001 2
[116] 松桥繁，大庭秀洋 丰田汽车公司混合动力技术讲座，丰田汽车技术中心（中国） 2002 年12 月，天津