我国林业生物灾害管理的经济学分析与对策研究
摘要
我国是世界上自然灾害发生频繁、危害严重的国家,林业生物灾害是我国主要自然灾害之一,是“不冒烟的森林火灾”,是林业发展和生态建设的大敌。林业生物灾害的严重发生制约了生态建设步伐,威胁着国土生态安全,影响到生态文明建设。本论文针对当前我国林业生物灾害管理中存在的问题,运用经济学、生态学和管理学等理论知识,采用定性分析与定量分析相结合、规范研究与实证研究相融合的方法,在文献回顾和实地调研的基础上,总结界定了林业生物灾害的定义,归纳提炼了林业生物灾害的特点,分析了林业生物灾害管理的经济学特征,研究设计了快速估算灾害经济损失的计算模型。研究结果表明,2005-2007年全国林业生物灾害年均发生面积达1120万hm~2,直接经济损失达210亿元,包括生态服务价值损失的总损失超过1480亿元。
本文在理论研究和案例分析的基础上,提出我国林业生物灾害管理应以分类分级管理为基础,构建以政府为主导、专业为主体、社会参与为支撑的林业有害生物综合管理体系,推进由部门——救灾——危机管理为主向综合——防灾——风险管理为主的转变,实行“谁受益,谁防治”的责任制度和与此相适应的“谁受益,谁投入”的投入政策,强化健康抗灾、检疫御灾、监测预警和防治救灾四大体系建设,在管理技术措施上,应以森林健康为目标,以防控外来危险性有害生物为重点,把森林健康作为林业生物灾害管理的基础,从培育种苗抓起,采取生态调控措施,提高森林抵抗有害生物的能力;把检疫御灾作为第一道防线,在加强风险评估的基础上,严格检疫封锁,阻止危险性有害生物的入侵;把监测预警作为第二道防线,构建基于网格化管理的监测预警网络体系,在全面覆盖监测的基础上,加强对重大疫情的监测,做到早发现、早预报,为及时除治提供科学依据;把防治救灾作为第三道防线,通过建设防治作业系统、物资保障系统、应急防控系统和防治评估系统,提高防治应急能力和减灾成效,实现可持续控灾,促进森林健康。
China is a country with frequent occurrence of natural disasters which are very serious in the world. Forest biological disasters is one of China's major natural disasters, so called "smokeless forest fires", is a huge obstacles for development of forestry, ecological construction activities. It's in the serious constraints on ecological construction pace, threatening land ecological security, affecting the ecological civilization construction.In this paper, focuses on the existing problems of China's forest bio-disaster management in the use of economics, ecology and management, such as theoretical knowledge, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of the combination of the Empirical Study of integrated approach. Based on the review of the literature and field investigations to define the definition of forest bio-disasters, to aggregate the characteristics of forest biological disasters, and proposed a rapid calculation model for assessment of the economic loss of disasters. According to the study of this paper, all national forest bio- disasters occurred average area of 11.2 million hectares, direct economic losses of 21 billion Yuan, including the loss of ecological services, the total value of losses over 148 billion Yuan in 2005-2007.
In this paper, based on the theoretical research and empirical analysis, to propose the management mechanism of forest bio-disaster should be from forestry department, disaster relief, and crisis management changes to Comprehensive, prevention, risk management. It's Includes of forest health disaster resistance, quarantine disaster prevention, monitoring and warning system and disaster prevention control. Disaster management measures in the choice should be based on forest health objectives to control foreign dangerous pests as the focus. The quarantine inspection method as the first line of defense should be strengthening the risk assessment on the basis of strict quarantine blockade to prevent the risk of harmful biological invasion. The monitoring and forecasting as a second line of defense should be in the comprehensive test coverage on the basis of strengthening major epidemic monitoring, to early discovery, early forecasting, in addition to government for the timely provision of information. In addition to the method of control of the pest as a third line of defense, a good grasp of the best addition to governance, improve the effectiveness of mitigation. Prevention and treatment through the construction of operating systems, material support systems, emergency prevention and evaluation system, to improve prevention and emergency response capacity results for disaster reduction, to achieve sustainable disaster control, and promote forest health.
本文在理论研究和案例分析的基础上,提出我国林业生物灾害管理应以分类分级管理为基础,构建以政府为主导、专业为主体、社会参与为支撑的林业有害生物综合管理体系,推进由部门——救灾——危机管理为主向综合——防灾——风险管理为主的转变,实行“谁受益,谁防治”的责任制度和与此相适应的“谁受益,谁投入”的投入政策,强化健康抗灾、检疫御灾、监测预警和防治救灾四大体系建设,在管理技术措施上,应以森林健康为目标,以防控外来危险性有害生物为重点,把森林健康作为林业生物灾害管理的基础,从培育种苗抓起,采取生态调控措施,提高森林抵抗有害生物的能力;把检疫御灾作为第一道防线,在加强风险评估的基础上,严格检疫封锁,阻止危险性有害生物的入侵;把监测预警作为第二道防线,构建基于网格化管理的监测预警网络体系,在全面覆盖监测的基础上,加强对重大疫情的监测,做到早发现、早预报,为及时除治提供科学依据;把防治救灾作为第三道防线,通过建设防治作业系统、物资保障系统、应急防控系统和防治评估系统,提高防治应急能力和减灾成效,实现可持续控灾,促进森林健康。
China is a country with frequent occurrence of natural disasters which are very serious in the world. Forest biological disasters is one of China's major natural disasters, so called "smokeless forest fires", is a huge obstacles for development of forestry, ecological construction activities. It's in the serious constraints on ecological construction pace, threatening land ecological security, affecting the ecological civilization construction.In this paper, focuses on the existing problems of China's forest bio-disaster management in the use of economics, ecology and management, such as theoretical knowledge, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of the combination of the Empirical Study of integrated approach. Based on the review of the literature and field investigations to define the definition of forest bio-disasters, to aggregate the characteristics of forest biological disasters, and proposed a rapid calculation model for assessment of the economic loss of disasters. According to the study of this paper, all national forest bio- disasters occurred average area of 11.2 million hectares, direct economic losses of 21 billion Yuan, including the loss of ecological services, the total value of losses over 148 billion Yuan in 2005-2007.
In this paper, based on the theoretical research and empirical analysis, to propose the management mechanism of forest bio-disaster should be from forestry department, disaster relief, and crisis management changes to Comprehensive, prevention, risk management. It's Includes of forest health disaster resistance, quarantine disaster prevention, monitoring and warning system and disaster prevention control. Disaster management measures in the choice should be based on forest health objectives to control foreign dangerous pests as the focus. The quarantine inspection method as the first line of defense should be strengthening the risk assessment on the basis of strict quarantine blockade to prevent the risk of harmful biological invasion. The monitoring and forecasting as a second line of defense should be in the comprehensive test coverage on the basis of strengthening major epidemic monitoring, to early discovery, early forecasting, in addition to government for the timely provision of information. In addition to the method of control of the pest as a third line of defense, a good grasp of the best addition to governance, improve the effectiveness of mitigation. Prevention and treatment through the construction of operating systems, material support systems, emergency prevention and evaluation system, to improve prevention and emergency response capacity results for disaster reduction, to achieve sustainable disaster control, and promote forest health.
引文
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