高速公路环境VANET的高效路由算法研究
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摘要
车载自组织网络,简称车载网络(VANET, Vehicular Ad hoc Networks)是一种新型的正在迅速发展的移动自组织网络。VANET可以融合车辆上多种传感器数据,未来可为智能交通(ITS, Intelligent Transportatation Systems)提供重要的基础性支撑。VANET能够提升车辆的自动化、智能化程度,从而减少交通事故,具有提高交通的安全性、高效性、舒适性等作用,具有十分重要的意义和应用前景。车载网络有望支持的实际应用包括交通安全告警、车载多媒体娱乐、动态路线规划等。
VANET具有节点快速移动、拓扑频繁变化、连接可靠性差、传输时延大、带宽有限、容易出现网络分割等特点,而现实应用对信息转发的要求却非常高,特别是涉及道路交通安全相关的信息转发往往是要求实时或准实时的,因此传统的网络路由协议不太适用于VANET。VANET存在的网络拓扑变化频繁、吞吐率不高、容易网络分割等问题,制约了它的推广应用,因此提供稳定可靠的网络连接、提高吞吐率、安全性以及降低传输时延成为VANET研究的热点。其中,VANET高效的路由算法和协议是保证网络通信顺畅的根本,VANET的路由协议研究是该领域最具挑战性的问题和热点。
本文针对高速公路场景VANET网络拓扑结构变化频繁、可靠性低、信息转发时延大等问题,研究了VANET的链路实时丢包率问题,提出了基于混合高斯模型的RPLE方法来估计VANET中的实时丢包率；然后研究了VANET中多信道环境下基于合作机制的路由选择问题,设计了一种新的分布式路由算法MCCR;针对VANET经常产生网络分割、易收攻击、传输时延大等问题,提出了VANET的可信机会路由单播算法TMCOR,以此来增强网络的连通性、鲁棒性,为了加强VANET信息转发的及时性,还研究出了可信机会路由组播算法TMCOM。具体研究工作为：
1. VANET无线链接的实时丢包率估算
作为移动Ad Hoc网络(MANET)的一个子集的车载Ad Hoc网络(VANET)是实现车车通信和安全交通的一种有效方法。在VANET中丢包率的估计影响着路由协议和传输控制算法的设计,是一个重要的问题。在这部分研究中,提出了一个在VANET中实时丢包率的估计算法RPLE(实时丢包率估计),它使用更少探测包并较传统的在无线网络中使用的数据包丢失的估计方法提高了估计精度。由于节点的运动和复杂的电磁环境,在VANET中丢包率估计是一个很困难的问题。然而,VANET的丢包率的估计影响着路由协议和传输控制算法设计,因此它是一个重要的问题。基于大量在路的测量,我们得到了VANET的丢包率(PLR, packet loss rate)与车辆间距离的主要的统计规律,之后使用混合高斯模型(GMM)得到了丢包率的概率密度分布。为了能够通过仅发送少量的探测包来获得链路的实时丢包率,RPLE在混合高斯模型得到的丢包率概率密度和探测结果的基础上用最大后验概率法来估算VANET的当前丢包率。在实际的道路的场景下,实验结果表明,该方法仅通过更少的探测包就可以马上得到更准确的丢包率估计。
2. VANET的分布式路由协议MCCR
为了有效提高VANET的吞吐率,摒弃过去无线网络中单信道的局限,本论文研究了VANET中多信道环境下基于合作机制的路由选择问题。设计了在多信道环境下有效的信道分配算法,以充分利用信道资源。提出将发送时延和链路冲突数作为路由判据的主要参数的思路,设计了一种新的路由判据MCCM(Multi-Channel Contention-aware Cooperative Metric),该判据综合考虑了路径内干扰和路径间干扰并反映出多信道环境对路由的影响。将MCCM路由判据应用到路由选择中,据此设计的路由算法能更好地适应VANET中的虚拟节点和虚拟链路,进而设计了一种全新的分布式路由选择协议MCCR(Multi-Channel Contention-aware Cooperative Routing)，模拟实验结果表明,在节点稠密、网络负载大时,MCCR路由算法能有效提高无线网络的吞吐率、减少信息转发时延,从而提高网络性能。
3.高速公路场景下VANET中的可信机会路由算法
VANET作为无线网络的一个有重要应用前景的新兴分支,一个可靠而高效的路由协议是的车辆之间有效通信连接的迫切需要。作为一个可能的解决方案,机会路由(OR, opportunistic routing)近来得到了越来越多的关注。本博士论文提出了邻居节点可信度的概念,通过建立对邻居节点的可信度评价方法,在VANET中建立可信的机会转发模型来提高网络的软安全、加强网络的连通性。将可信机制融入机会路由中提高了网络抵抗恶意节点攻击的能力、提高了整个路由的安全性。提出了一个最低开销的单播可信机会路由算法(TMCOR)和多播可信机会路由算法(TMCOM)。模拟高速公路场景实验结果表明,所提出的TMCOR和TMCOM协议与现有协议相比较有更好的吞吐率、平均时延和安全度。
Vehicular ad hoc networks, referred to as vehicular networks (VANET), is a new type of mobile self-organizing network developing rapidly in recent years. VANET can integrate a variety of sensor data on vehicles, providing an important basis support for the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in the future. Through improving the degree of automation and intelligence of vehicles, VANET will thereby reduce traffic accidents, enhance traffic safety, efficiency, comfort, and so on. With so important significance and bright application prospects, Vehicular network is expected to support the practical application including traffic safety alarm, dynamic route planning, vehicle multimedia entertainment etc.
VANET has the following characteristics such as high-speed moving nodes, topology changing frequently, lower linking reliability, large transmission delay, limited bandwidth, prone to network partitions etc. The requirement of information transmission is very high for practical application, especially in the case of road traffic safety, related information forwarded is often real-time or near real-time, so the traditional network routing protocol is not suitable for VANET. All these existing characteristics restrict the popularization and application of VANET, thus how to provide stable and reliable network connection, improve throughput rate and safety, and reduce the transmission delay is becoming a hot spot of research in VANET recently. The high effective routing algorithm and protocol in VANET is to ensure that the foundation of the network communication is smooth, VANET routing research is so becoming the most challenging research focus and hot spot in this field.
This dissertation, aiming to research the problem of VANET's link real-time packet loss rate in the highway scenario, proposes that RPLE based on gaussian mixture model method can estimate the real-time packet loss rate in VANET; And then based on the cooperative mechanism, the multi-channel environment in VANET routing problem is studied and a new distributed routing algorithm MCCR is designed; the object-oriented solutions to such problems often occurred in VANET's network partition, being attacked easily and large transmission delay, include a trusted opportunistic unicast routing algorithm TMCOR and a multicast routing algorithm TMCOM, the former may enhance the network connectivity, robustness, and the latter will transmit the information timely in VANET.
1. Real-time wireless link packet loss rate estimation in VANET
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), as a subset of the mobile ad hoc network (MANET), is an effective method for vehicle to communicate and guarantee the traffic safety. It turns out that the present packet loss estimation of VANET impacts routing protocol and transmission control algorithm, which then needs to be upgraded. In this dissertation, we propose a new estimation algorithm for packet loss on VANET, RPLE (Real time packet loss estimation), which uses few probe packets and enhances the estimation accuracy than traditional methods for packet loss on wireless networks. Based on mass on-road measurements, we have obtained the general statistical principals of packet loss rate (PLR) by distances on VANET, and we use Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to present PLR probability density. In that case, to get real-time PLR by sending a few probe packets, RPLE maximizes a posteriori probability method to estimate the current PLR based on the GMM of PLR probability density and the probing result. In real urban road scenario, the experiment results indicate that RPLE can get more accurate PLR estimation by few probe packets immediately.
2. Research of distributed routing algorithm MCCR in VANET
In order to improve the throughput of VANET, abandon the limitation of single channel over wireless networks, this dissertation, based on the cooperation mechanism, studies a multi-channel environment in VANET. In order to make full use of channel resources, the effective channel allocation algorithm in a multi-channel environment is designed. To overcome the transmit delay and the number of links conflict, we put forward a new routing criterion MCCM (Multi-channel Contention-aware Cooperative Metric), which not only considers the criterion of path interference and path between the interference, but also reflects the influence of multi-channel environment. When MCCM routing criterion is applied to the route choice, the design of routing algorithm can better adapt to the virtual node and virtual link in VANET, and a new distributed routing protocol MCCR (Multi-channel Contention-aware Cooperative Routing)is thus designed. The simulation experiment results show that the high density of nodes, network load heavy, MCCR routing algorithm can effectively improve the throughput of wireless networks, reduce the information transfer delay, thus improve the network performance.
3. Trusted opportunistic routing algorithm in the highway scenario VANET
As a new branch of wireless network with important application prospects, reliable and efficient unicast and multi-cast routing protocols are critical for VANETs. As a possible solution, opportunistic routing (OR) has received much attention recently. This dissertation focuses on the aspect of soft security by building trust opportunistic forwarding model in VANET. It incorporates the trust mechanism into OR to enhance the security of routing in resisting malicious attacks. we propose a trusted minimum cost opportunistic unicast routing protocol (TMCOR) and a multicast routing protocol (TMCOM). The simulation results show that both TMCOR and TMCOM have better throughput, average delay and security gains compared with existing protocols.
VANET具有节点快速移动、拓扑频繁变化、连接可靠性差、传输时延大、带宽有限、容易出现网络分割等特点,而现实应用对信息转发的要求却非常高,特别是涉及道路交通安全相关的信息转发往往是要求实时或准实时的,因此传统的网络路由协议不太适用于VANET。VANET存在的网络拓扑变化频繁、吞吐率不高、容易网络分割等问题,制约了它的推广应用,因此提供稳定可靠的网络连接、提高吞吐率、安全性以及降低传输时延成为VANET研究的热点。其中,VANET高效的路由算法和协议是保证网络通信顺畅的根本,VANET的路由协议研究是该领域最具挑战性的问题和热点。
本文针对高速公路场景VANET网络拓扑结构变化频繁、可靠性低、信息转发时延大等问题,研究了VANET的链路实时丢包率问题,提出了基于混合高斯模型的RPLE方法来估计VANET中的实时丢包率；然后研究了VANET中多信道环境下基于合作机制的路由选择问题,设计了一种新的分布式路由算法MCCR;针对VANET经常产生网络分割、易收攻击、传输时延大等问题,提出了VANET的可信机会路由单播算法TMCOR,以此来增强网络的连通性、鲁棒性,为了加强VANET信息转发的及时性,还研究出了可信机会路由组播算法TMCOM。具体研究工作为：
1. VANET无线链接的实时丢包率估算
作为移动Ad Hoc网络(MANET)的一个子集的车载Ad Hoc网络(VANET)是实现车车通信和安全交通的一种有效方法。在VANET中丢包率的估计影响着路由协议和传输控制算法的设计,是一个重要的问题。在这部分研究中,提出了一个在VANET中实时丢包率的估计算法RPLE(实时丢包率估计),它使用更少探测包并较传统的在无线网络中使用的数据包丢失的估计方法提高了估计精度。由于节点的运动和复杂的电磁环境,在VANET中丢包率估计是一个很困难的问题。然而,VANET的丢包率的估计影响着路由协议和传输控制算法设计,因此它是一个重要的问题。基于大量在路的测量,我们得到了VANET的丢包率(PLR, packet loss rate)与车辆间距离的主要的统计规律,之后使用混合高斯模型(GMM)得到了丢包率的概率密度分布。为了能够通过仅发送少量的探测包来获得链路的实时丢包率,RPLE在混合高斯模型得到的丢包率概率密度和探测结果的基础上用最大后验概率法来估算VANET的当前丢包率。在实际的道路的场景下,实验结果表明,该方法仅通过更少的探测包就可以马上得到更准确的丢包率估计。
2. VANET的分布式路由协议MCCR
为了有效提高VANET的吞吐率,摒弃过去无线网络中单信道的局限,本论文研究了VANET中多信道环境下基于合作机制的路由选择问题。设计了在多信道环境下有效的信道分配算法,以充分利用信道资源。提出将发送时延和链路冲突数作为路由判据的主要参数的思路,设计了一种新的路由判据MCCM(Multi-Channel Contention-aware Cooperative Metric),该判据综合考虑了路径内干扰和路径间干扰并反映出多信道环境对路由的影响。将MCCM路由判据应用到路由选择中,据此设计的路由算法能更好地适应VANET中的虚拟节点和虚拟链路,进而设计了一种全新的分布式路由选择协议MCCR(Multi-Channel Contention-aware Cooperative Routing)，模拟实验结果表明,在节点稠密、网络负载大时,MCCR路由算法能有效提高无线网络的吞吐率、减少信息转发时延,从而提高网络性能。
3.高速公路场景下VANET中的可信机会路由算法
VANET作为无线网络的一个有重要应用前景的新兴分支,一个可靠而高效的路由协议是的车辆之间有效通信连接的迫切需要。作为一个可能的解决方案,机会路由(OR, opportunistic routing)近来得到了越来越多的关注。本博士论文提出了邻居节点可信度的概念,通过建立对邻居节点的可信度评价方法,在VANET中建立可信的机会转发模型来提高网络的软安全、加强网络的连通性。将可信机制融入机会路由中提高了网络抵抗恶意节点攻击的能力、提高了整个路由的安全性。提出了一个最低开销的单播可信机会路由算法(TMCOR)和多播可信机会路由算法(TMCOM)。模拟高速公路场景实验结果表明,所提出的TMCOR和TMCOM协议与现有协议相比较有更好的吞吐率、平均时延和安全度。
Vehicular ad hoc networks, referred to as vehicular networks (VANET), is a new type of mobile self-organizing network developing rapidly in recent years. VANET can integrate a variety of sensor data on vehicles, providing an important basis support for the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in the future. Through improving the degree of automation and intelligence of vehicles, VANET will thereby reduce traffic accidents, enhance traffic safety, efficiency, comfort, and so on. With so important significance and bright application prospects, Vehicular network is expected to support the practical application including traffic safety alarm, dynamic route planning, vehicle multimedia entertainment etc.
VANET has the following characteristics such as high-speed moving nodes, topology changing frequently, lower linking reliability, large transmission delay, limited bandwidth, prone to network partitions etc. The requirement of information transmission is very high for practical application, especially in the case of road traffic safety, related information forwarded is often real-time or near real-time, so the traditional network routing protocol is not suitable for VANET. All these existing characteristics restrict the popularization and application of VANET, thus how to provide stable and reliable network connection, improve throughput rate and safety, and reduce the transmission delay is becoming a hot spot of research in VANET recently. The high effective routing algorithm and protocol in VANET is to ensure that the foundation of the network communication is smooth, VANET routing research is so becoming the most challenging research focus and hot spot in this field.
This dissertation, aiming to research the problem of VANET's link real-time packet loss rate in the highway scenario, proposes that RPLE based on gaussian mixture model method can estimate the real-time packet loss rate in VANET; And then based on the cooperative mechanism, the multi-channel environment in VANET routing problem is studied and a new distributed routing algorithm MCCR is designed; the object-oriented solutions to such problems often occurred in VANET's network partition, being attacked easily and large transmission delay, include a trusted opportunistic unicast routing algorithm TMCOR and a multicast routing algorithm TMCOM, the former may enhance the network connectivity, robustness, and the latter will transmit the information timely in VANET.
1. Real-time wireless link packet loss rate estimation in VANET
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), as a subset of the mobile ad hoc network (MANET), is an effective method for vehicle to communicate and guarantee the traffic safety. It turns out that the present packet loss estimation of VANET impacts routing protocol and transmission control algorithm, which then needs to be upgraded. In this dissertation, we propose a new estimation algorithm for packet loss on VANET, RPLE (Real time packet loss estimation), which uses few probe packets and enhances the estimation accuracy than traditional methods for packet loss on wireless networks. Based on mass on-road measurements, we have obtained the general statistical principals of packet loss rate (PLR) by distances on VANET, and we use Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to present PLR probability density. In that case, to get real-time PLR by sending a few probe packets, RPLE maximizes a posteriori probability method to estimate the current PLR based on the GMM of PLR probability density and the probing result. In real urban road scenario, the experiment results indicate that RPLE can get more accurate PLR estimation by few probe packets immediately.
2. Research of distributed routing algorithm MCCR in VANET
In order to improve the throughput of VANET, abandon the limitation of single channel over wireless networks, this dissertation, based on the cooperation mechanism, studies a multi-channel environment in VANET. In order to make full use of channel resources, the effective channel allocation algorithm in a multi-channel environment is designed. To overcome the transmit delay and the number of links conflict, we put forward a new routing criterion MCCM (Multi-channel Contention-aware Cooperative Metric), which not only considers the criterion of path interference and path between the interference, but also reflects the influence of multi-channel environment. When MCCM routing criterion is applied to the route choice, the design of routing algorithm can better adapt to the virtual node and virtual link in VANET, and a new distributed routing protocol MCCR (Multi-channel Contention-aware Cooperative Routing)is thus designed. The simulation experiment results show that the high density of nodes, network load heavy, MCCR routing algorithm can effectively improve the throughput of wireless networks, reduce the information transfer delay, thus improve the network performance.
3. Trusted opportunistic routing algorithm in the highway scenario VANET
As a new branch of wireless network with important application prospects, reliable and efficient unicast and multi-cast routing protocols are critical for VANETs. As a possible solution, opportunistic routing (OR) has received much attention recently. This dissertation focuses on the aspect of soft security by building trust opportunistic forwarding model in VANET. It incorporates the trust mechanism into OR to enhance the security of routing in resisting malicious attacks. we propose a trusted minimum cost opportunistic unicast routing protocol (TMCOR) and a multicast routing protocol (TMCOM). The simulation results show that both TMCOR and TMCOM have better throughput, average delay and security gains compared with existing protocols.
引文
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