甜柿在保定地区引种及组织培养技术的研究
|
摘要
河北省太行山区是我国柿果的主产区之一，但一直以来存在着栽培结构单一的问题，栽培品种多为涩柿。由于涩柿采摘后需人工脱涩方能食用，且耐贮性差。而甜柿具有树上自然脱涩，采后即可食用的特点。因此，引种发展甜柿，对调整我省柿树栽培结构，满足人们对柿果多样化的需求具有重要意义。本研究主要是从甜柿的生物学特性、光合特性等方面对其在保定地区的适应性进行观测研究，同时进行甜柿的组织培养研究工作，以期筛选出适宜在保定地区发展的优良品种并完善甜柿的快速繁殖技术，为良种苗的工厂化生产服务。生物学特性的研究结果表明甜柿在保定地区可正常生长发育、开花结果。适宜发展的品种为富有、次郎，禅寺丸为授粉树。嫁接试验表明，从生长良好的以君迁子为直接砧木的富有幼树上采集的接穗，表现出了与君迁子较强的亲和力，嫁接成活率高达94.8％。在光合特性的研究中，所用仪器为美国产Cl—301PS光合作用测定仪。研究结果表明品种之间光合速率存在明显差异，在6.94～10.8CO_2μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)之间。需光特性也因品种的不同而不同，光补偿点在23～42μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)之间，光饱和点在1051～1287μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)之间。甜柿光合速率的日变化，晴天为双峰型，第一高峰出现在上午10：00左右，次高峰出现在下午4：00左右。阴天为单峰型，最高峰出现在中午12：00～14：00期间。年周期变化为双峰曲线型。6月下旬为全年最高峰。8月上旬出现次高峰。甜柿的蒸腾速率与光合速率呈明显的正相关关系。气孔阻力与光合速率呈负相关关系。影响光合作用的环境因素主要有光照、温度、湿度、空气中CO_2浓度等，多元回归分析表明环境因子与光合速率密切相关，三个品种回归方程的R~2值都在75％以上。组织培养的研究结果表明，甜柿芽离体培养，适宜的外植体是将休眠枝条于黑暗状态下水培后得到的萌动芽。外植体的褐变与材料年龄和大小有关，材料年龄轻，褐变程度也相对较轻，外植体无节茎段越长，褐变程度越轻。选择最佳的生长调解剂是克服褐变的有效措施，使用ZT和IAA，外植体芽褐变轻，生长快。对试管苗叶片和无节茎段的培养结果表明，两种外植体均以使用ZT和IAA效果最好，其中无节茎段的最佳使用浓度为ZT2 mg·l~(-1)，IAA0.05 mg·l~(-1)，叶片ZT1～2 mg·l~(-1)，IAA0.1～0.2mg·l~(-1)；将叶片和无节茎段先进行暗培养，对外植体的分化和不定芽的增殖有明显促进作用，最佳暗培养时间为：无节茎段15d，叶片10d。对不同凝固剂的研究结果表明，使用倍力凝的培养效果均明显好于琼脂粉。
The region of Taihang mountain in HeBei is the main persimmon producting area of our country, but it had the problem that variety structure was simplistic, most of them were astringent persimmons,whose fruies need artificial astringency removal before using for food,and the storage-enduring is not good. Compare to it, the fruit of sweet persimmon coud remove astringency naturally. So developing sweet persimmon has important significance for regulating persimmon cultivation structure of Hebei.
The experiment was carrid out to study the biological character photosynthetic character and tissue culture of sweet persimmon. The results showed that sweet persimmon could be successfully grown in the region of Baoding. The suitable varieties are Tuyou'and 'Cilang', 'Chansiwan' is pollenizer. The scion of younge perfectly sweet persimmon CV. 'Fuyou'whose rootstock is Junqianzi has excellent graft compatibility when it was grafted with Junqianzi, the percentage of viability could be as high as 94.8%.
In the studies on photosynthesis using an American photosynthetic apparatus CI-301 PS. The result showed that the variations in photosynthetic rate were found both among the leaves at different shoot position of the same variety and different varieties, the net photosynthetic rate was 6.94-10.8 CO2 v mol ?m"2 ?s"1. The light saturatipn point of the tree species was 1051-1287 n mol ?m"2 ?s'1, and light compensation point was 23-42 n mol mm'2 ^"'.The daily variation curve of photosynthetic rate in clear day was measured as a shape with double peaks, the highest peak appeared at about 10:00, and the sub-peak at 4:00 in afternoon.In cloudy day, it was measured as a shape with one peak, which appeared at 12:00-14:00. The curve of annual variation of photosynthetic rate also has two peaks, occurring in June and in August respectivly. Transpiration rate has positive correlation with photosynthetic rate, stomatal resistance has negtive correlation with photosynthetic rate. The main factors affect
ing photosynthetic rate of sweet persimmon were intensity of illumination, temperature, raletive humidity and CO2 concentration. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that photosynthetic rate was closely related with environmental factors. The R2 of three cultivars were all higher than 75%.
The results of studies on tissue culture were as follows: sprouting bud^obtained from dormant shoot which cultured in water and dark was the best explant. Explant browning
was related with the age and size of explant. Using young and big material could lesson the extent of explant browning. Using optimum plant growth regulators ZT and IAA could prevent explant browning effectivly and increas the rate of differentiation. The optimum growth regulators in the culture of leaves and stem section without axillary buds were also ZT and IAA, the favorit concentration for stem were ZT 2mg ?L"1-. IAA 0.05 mg ?L"1, and ZT l~2mg ?L""> IAA 0.1~0.2 mg ?L"1 for leaves.In the dark condition, the differentiation of explant and bud proliferation rate could be increased, the suittable period were 15d and lOd respectivly for stem and leaves. The results'of studies on coagulator shows that Beilining is better than agar.
The region of Taihang mountain in HeBei is the main persimmon producting area of our country, but it had the problem that variety structure was simplistic, most of them were astringent persimmons,whose fruies need artificial astringency removal before using for food,and the storage-enduring is not good. Compare to it, the fruit of sweet persimmon coud remove astringency naturally. So developing sweet persimmon has important significance for regulating persimmon cultivation structure of Hebei.
The experiment was carrid out to study the biological character photosynthetic character and tissue culture of sweet persimmon. The results showed that sweet persimmon could be successfully grown in the region of Baoding. The suitable varieties are Tuyou'and 'Cilang', 'Chansiwan' is pollenizer. The scion of younge perfectly sweet persimmon CV. 'Fuyou'whose rootstock is Junqianzi has excellent graft compatibility when it was grafted with Junqianzi, the percentage of viability could be as high as 94.8%.
In the studies on photosynthesis using an American photosynthetic apparatus CI-301 PS. The result showed that the variations in photosynthetic rate were found both among the leaves at different shoot position of the same variety and different varieties, the net photosynthetic rate was 6.94-10.8 CO2 v mol ?m"2 ?s"1. The light saturatipn point of the tree species was 1051-1287 n mol ?m"2 ?s'1, and light compensation point was 23-42 n mol mm'2 ^"'.The daily variation curve of photosynthetic rate in clear day was measured as a shape with double peaks, the highest peak appeared at about 10:00, and the sub-peak at 4:00 in afternoon.In cloudy day, it was measured as a shape with one peak, which appeared at 12:00-14:00. The curve of annual variation of photosynthetic rate also has two peaks, occurring in June and in August respectivly. Transpiration rate has positive correlation with photosynthetic rate, stomatal resistance has negtive correlation with photosynthetic rate. The main factors affect
ing photosynthetic rate of sweet persimmon were intensity of illumination, temperature, raletive humidity and CO2 concentration. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that photosynthetic rate was closely related with environmental factors. The R2 of three cultivars were all higher than 75%.
The results of studies on tissue culture were as follows: sprouting bud^obtained from dormant shoot which cultured in water and dark was the best explant. Explant browning
was related with the age and size of explant. Using young and big material could lesson the extent of explant browning. Using optimum plant growth regulators ZT and IAA could prevent explant browning effectivly and increas the rate of differentiation. The optimum growth regulators in the culture of leaves and stem section without axillary buds were also ZT and IAA, the favorit concentration for stem were ZT 2mg ?L"1-. IAA 0.05 mg ?L"1, and ZT l~2mg ?L""> IAA 0.1~0.2 mg ?L"1 for leaves.In the dark condition, the differentiation of explant and bud proliferation rate could be increased, the suittable period were 15d and lOd respectivly for stem and leaves. The results'of studies on coagulator shows that Beilining is better than agar.
引文
[1]费学谦，王劲风，周立红等．甘、涩柿果实主要化学充分的研究[J]．林业科学研究，1994，7(1)：116-110．
[2]牟云官．柿需光量、光合与呼吸强度的日变化及树冠消光情况与结果关系的初步研究[J]．山东果树，1978，(3)：15-20
[3]牟云官，李宪利．几种落叶果树光合特性的探索[J]．园艺学报，1986，13(3)：157-161．
[4]王文江，大磨盘柿树光合特性的研究[J]．园艺学报．，1993，(2)：105-109
[5]Iwasaki N, Yoshida A. Differences in the photosynthetic characteristics and tree growth among four Japanese persimmon cultivars grown in warm climate[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. 1996, 64(4):757-762.
[6]Amano S,Hino A, Daito H, et al. Studies on photosynthetic activity in several kinds of fruit tree Ⅱ[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1974,43(3):209-214.
[7]Amano S,Hino A, Daito H, et al. Studies on photosynthetic activity in several kinds of fruit tree Ⅰ[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1972,41(2):144-150.
[8]王沙生．植物生理学(第二版)[M]．中国林业出版社．
[9]Yamamoto T, Satoh Y, Funyuh T, et al. Estimated canopy net photosynthetic rates and their relation to friut production in Japanese persimmon 'Hiratanenashi'trees[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1993,62(1):27-39.
[10]李正之．光合作用和果树生产[J]．山东农业大学学报，1988，19(1)：69-76．
[11]孔祥生，张妙霞，张益民等．柿离体繁殖研究[J]．果树科学，1998，15(3)：232-238．
[12]BIASI L A, CARVALHO D C, ANDRADE A, et al. In vitro establishment of Japanese persimmon cv. Fuyu through shoot tip culture[J]. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 1999, 21(3): 279-283.
[13]TAO R, SUGIURA A. Adventitions bud formation from callus cultures of Japanese persimmon[J]. Hort Science, 1992, 27(3):259-261.
[14]FUKUI H, NISHIMOTO K, MURASE l,et al. Annual changes in responsiveness of shoot tip cultures to cytokinin in Japanese persimmon[J].Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1990,59(2): 271-274.
[15]TETSUMURA T, YUKINAGA H. High-frequency shoot regeneration from roots of Japanese persimmon[J]. Hort Science, 1996,31(3): 463-464.
[16]孔祥生，张妙霞，杜爱玲等，甜柿离体快繁技术研究[J]．华中农业大学学报，1998，17(2)：178-186．
[17]SARATHCHANDRA SU, BURCH G. Micropropagation of Japanese persimmon(Diospyros kaki Thun.) cv. Hiratanenashi[J]. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 1991, 19:2, 113-120.
[18]BENELLI C, BELLINI E, GIORDANI E, et al. In vitro plant regeneration and microprojectile bombardment of callus from Japanese persimmon shoot tips[J]. Advances in Horticultural Science, 1999, 13:2, 82-86.
[19]张妙霞，孔祥生，郭秀璞等．柿树组织培养防止外植体褐变的研究[J]．河南农业大学学报，1999，33(1)：87-89．
[20]SALOMAO L C C, VIECCELLI J C, SIQUEIRA D L, et al. Micropropagation of persimmon from axillary and apical buds of adult plants[J]. Revista Ceres, 1999, 46(265): 267-277.
[21]TAO R, MURAYAMA H, SUGIURA A. Plant regeneration from callus cultures derived from primordial leaves of adult Japanese persimmon[J]. Hort Science, 1998, 23: 1055-1056.
[22]TETSUMURA T. Effect of types of cytokinin used for in vitro shoot proliferation of Japanese persimmon on the subsequant rooting of shoots[J]. Acta Horticulturae, 1997, 436: 143-148.
[23]孔祥生，张妙霞，张国海等．柿树无节茎段培养和植株再生[J]．中国果树，1998，3：25-27．
[24]SUGIURA A, TAO R, MURAYAMA H, el al. In vitro propagation of Japanese persimmon[J]. Hort Science, 1986, 21:1205-1207.
[25]MURAYAMA H, TAO R, Tanaka T, et al. In vitro shoot proliferation and rooting of several Japanese persimmon cultivars[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1989,58(1): 55-61.
[26]TAO R, YONEMORI K, SUGIURA A. High frequency plant regeneration from callus cultures derived from primordial leaves of adult Japanese persimmon and protoplast isolation from those callus lines[J]. Acta Horticulturae, 1992, 300: 251-254.
[27]孔祥生，张妙霞，张益民．甜柿组织培养中玻璃化现象的发生与防治[J]．北方园艺，1999，4：15-16．
[28]孔祥生，张妙霞，张益民．柿树的叶片培养和快速繁殖[J]．植物生理学通讯，1998，34(3)：203．
[29]GONDO M, TANAKA N, TANAKA T, et al. A naphthalene glycoside from callus of Diospyros kaki[J]. Phytochemistry, 1999, 51(7): 879-881.
[30]高国训．植物组织培养中的褐变问题[J]．植物生理学通讯，1999，35(6)：501-506．
[31]姚洪军，罗晓芳，田砚亭．植物组织培养外植体褐变的研究进展[J]．北京林业大学学报．1999，21(3)：78-73．
[32]吴丁，卢翠乔．植物生理学与跨世纪农业研究[M]．北京：科学出版社，1999，139-143．
[33]COOPER P A, COHEN D. Micropropagation of Japanese persimmon[J], combined proceedings, International plant propagators society, 1984, 34: 118-124.
[34]FUKUI H, K NISHIMOTO, M NAKAMURA. Vaietal differences in rooting ability of in vitro subcultured Japanese persimmon shoots[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1992, 60: 821-825.
[35]FURUKAWA H, C MATSUBARA, N SHIGEMATSU. Shoot regeneration from the roots of prairie gentian[J]. Plant Tissue Cult, 1990, 7:11-13.
[36]TAMURA M, R TAO, A SUGIURA. Highly stabal regeneration from long-term cultures of Japanese persimmon callus[J]. Hort Science, 1992, 27:1048.
[37]J M BONGA, D J DURZAN. Tissue culture in forestry[M]. Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. 1982, 387-412.
[38]王劲风 主编．甜柿引种栽培[M]．中国农业出版社，1995．
[39]谢孝福 主编．植物引种学[M]．科学出版社，1994．
[40]龚榜初，洪月明，吴士元等．柿花粉生活力及雌花可授期[J]．经济林研究，2000，18(1)26-29．
[41]刘勇，霍光华，刘善军等．不同砧木“富有”甜柿幼树生长及叶片生理生化特性研究[J]．江西农业大学学报， 2000，22(1)：54-57．
[42]龚榜初，王劲风．柿不同砧木生物学特性的研究[J]．经济林研究，1997，15(1)：9-13．
[43]李保国，王永蕙．果树光合作用研究进展[J]．河北林学院学报，1990，5(3)：254-261．
[44]杨万镒．短枝型金矮生和普通型金冠苹果树叶片光合效率的比较[J]．中国果树，1983，(1)：
[45]Schaedle M. Tree photosynthesis[J]. Plant Physiol. 1975,26:254-261.
[46]林植芳等．光照、温度、水蒸汽压亏缺及CO_2对番木瓜光合作用的影响[J]．植物生理学报，1982，8(4)：263-272． ，
[47]许大全，沈允钢．光合作用的限制因素．余叔文，汤章城主编．植物生理与分子生物学[M]．北京：科学出版社，1999，262-276．
[48]王志强，何方，牛良等．设施栽培油桃光合特性研究[J]．园艺学报，2000，27(4)：245-250．
[49]桂耀林，马诚．植物组织培养[M]．北京；科学出版社．
[50]王续衍，林秦碧．苹果组织培养研究简报．四川农业大学学报[J]．1988，3(1)：46-48．
[51]吴国栗，陈国秀．苹果及其砧木茎尖培养研究进展[J]．北方园艺，1992，5：23-28．
[52]Wang QC,Tang HR,Quan Y et al.Phenol induced browning and establishment of shoot-tip explant of'Fuji'apple and 'Jinhua'pear cultured in vitro[J]. Hort Science, 1994,69(5):833-839.
[53]平吉成．苹果属几个种的组织培养繁殖技术及其组培苗缺铁胁迫反应的研究[J]．北京：北京农业大学，1994．
[54]裘文达，曹孜义．植物组织培养实用技术[M]．北京：高等教育出版社．1989，96-98．
[55]陈振光．果树组织培养[M]．上海：科学技术出版社．1985，34-52．
[56]龚榜初，王劲风．柿授粉生物学特性研究．林业科学研究，1997，10(3)237-243．
[57]龚榜初，王劲风，吴开元．日本甜柿砧木类型选择的研究．林业科学研究，1992，5(6)706-711．
[58]孙清荣，孙洪雁，郑红军等．酸枣叶片不定植株的诱导[J]，果树科学，2000，17(1)：48-51．
[59]张和禹，李东生，赵正龙．利用正交法研究桑树叶片组织培养的影响因素[J]．安徽农业大学学报，2000，27(1)：82-85．
[60]Fukui H, Sugiyama M, Nakamura M. Short tip culture of Japanese persimmon[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1989,58(1):43-47.
[61]Fukui H, Nishimoto K, Murase I,etal. Effect of rooting induction treatments and sucrose concentrations in medium on in vitro rooting of Japanese persimmon[J]. Research Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture. 1988, 53:133-137.
[62]Kitajima A, Liang R, Ishida M, et al. Embryo culture of Diospyros lotus[J]. Scientific Reports of the Kyoto Prefectual University,Agriculture. 1988,40:1-7.
[63]Niimi Y, Yamamoto N. In vitro culture of apical meristem and the selection of callus derived from apical meristem of 'Saijo'Japanese persimmon[J]. Bulletin of the Hiroshima Agricultural College. 1987, 8(2):341-345.
[64]陈正华主编．木本植物组织培养及其应用[M]．北京：高等教育出版社．1986．
[65]赵蓬晖，张江涛，马红卫．植物组织培养中的几个常见问题与对策[J]．河南林业科技．2001，21(2)：27-28．
[66]高林森．日本甜柿在我省的栽培前景[J]，河北果树，1998(1)：5-6．
[67]苏彩虹等，甜柿的生物学特性及品种介绍[J]．山西果树，1995，(3)：24-25．
[68]陈德平，柿树引种栽培观察[J]．河北果树，1994，(2)：30-31．
[69]王仁梓 主编．甜柿优质丰产栽培技术[J]．世界图书出版社，1995．
[70]王仁梓 主编．甜柿品种与栽培[M]．中国农业科技出版社，1993．
[71]毕绪岱，张国良．甜柿引种栽培管理100问[M]．气象出版社，2000．
[72]毕绪岱，许振华，安忠民等．太行山中部地区日本甜柿引种试验[J]．中国果树，1999，(3)：28-29．
[73]龚范武，柏文富，吴思政等．甜柿品种引种栽培的研究[J]．经济林研究，1999，17(1)；13-14．
[74]何小勇，陈黎明，严邦强等，柿子名优品种引种研究[J]．浙江林业科技，2000，20(3)：26-27．
[75]冯旭东，纂佳伟．日本甜柿[J]．山东林业科技，1998(2)：16-19．
[76]吴学潮．次郎甜柿的引种及丰产栽培技术[J]．云南林业科技，1991(1)26-27．
[77]杨勇，王仁梓，李高潮．柿树优良品种——次郎[J]．北方果树，1997(4)14-15．
[78]丁守和，董治良，赵贵喜．日本甜柿高接更新技术[J]．山东林业科技，1998(2)20-21．
[79]吴德兴．野生柿树高接良种试验[J]．北方果树，1994(3)：20-21．
[80]徐福山．引种日本甜柿的观察简报[J]．河北果树，1991，(1)：38．
[81]王劲风，龚榜初，吴开云等．甜柿生育规律及其早实丰产栽培试验[J]．林业科学研究，1996，9(5)：461-468．
[82]张学河，温吉华，李崇实等．引种日本甜柿早丰优质栽培试验[J]．落叶果树，1998(2)：35-36．
[83]尹建道．国外柿树研究进展[J]．世界林业研究，1997(3)：29-33．
[84]吕松江，孙启洋，郭平亮．太行山区柿树低产低效原因及对策[J]．河南林业科技，1997，17(4)：34-35．
[85]董素珍．关于日本甜柿的几个问题[J]．农村实用科技信息，1998(8)：8．
[86]慕庆红．日本“富有”柿子可栽培[J]．烟台果树，1997(3)：51．
[87]孙风国．河北省栽培日本甜柿的问题及对策[J]．河北农业科技，1998(6)：18-19．
[88]范启荣．日本甜柿优良品种简介[J]．中国南方果树，2001(1)：39．
[89]毕绪岱．日本甜柿在太行山初试成功[J]．林业与社会，2000(1)：20．
[90]苏彩虹等．富有柿子的生物学特性及主要栽培技术[J]．果树科学，2000(3)：213．
[91]刘庆忠等．日本甜柿新品种——兴津20号[J]．落叶果树，2001(1)：32．
[92]张学英等．甜柿引种及其在上海地区的初步表现[J]．上海农业科技，1998(4)：35-36．
[93]李道高，富士苹果光合作用研究[J]，西南农业大学学报，1988，10(1)：82-86
[94]王白波，田间条件下沙梨光合作用研究[J]，园艺学报，1987，14(2)：97-101
[95]Mu Y,Li X. Studies on the photosynthetic characteristics of some deciduous fruit trees[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 1986,13(3): 157-162.
[96]Andersen P C. Leaf gas exchange characteristics of eleven species of fruit crops in north Florida[A]. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Socioty[C].1989,102:229-234.
[97]王春清，祖容，张贤泽．葡萄幼树若干光合特性的研究[J]．园艺学报，1989，16(4)：279-284．
[98]陶俊，陈鹏，佘旭东．银杏光合特性的研究[J]．园艺学报，1999，26(3)：157-160．
[99]文晓鹏，罗充，李磊，等．影响板栗田间净光合的主要因子[J]．西南农业学报，1999，12(3)：107-111．
[100]向小奇，陈军，陈功锡，等．猕猴桃夏季叶温、蒸腾及光合作用[J]．果树科学，1998，15(4)：368-369．
[101]谢建国，李嘉瑞，赵江．猕猴桃若干光合特性研究[J]．北方园艺，1999(2)：26-28．
[102]路丙社，白志英，董源等．阿月浑子光合特性及其影响因子的研究[J]．园艺学报，1999 26(5)：287-290．
[103]郑利华，姬惜珠，刘永居．密植条件下柿树光合特性的研究[J]．河北果树，1997(2)：14-15．
[2]牟云官．柿需光量、光合与呼吸强度的日变化及树冠消光情况与结果关系的初步研究[J]．山东果树，1978，(3)：15-20
[3]牟云官，李宪利．几种落叶果树光合特性的探索[J]．园艺学报，1986，13(3)：157-161．
[4]王文江，大磨盘柿树光合特性的研究[J]．园艺学报．，1993，(2)：105-109
[5]Iwasaki N, Yoshida A. Differences in the photosynthetic characteristics and tree growth among four Japanese persimmon cultivars grown in warm climate[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. 1996, 64(4):757-762.
[6]Amano S,Hino A, Daito H, et al. Studies on photosynthetic activity in several kinds of fruit tree Ⅱ[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1974,43(3):209-214.
[7]Amano S,Hino A, Daito H, et al. Studies on photosynthetic activity in several kinds of fruit tree Ⅰ[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1972,41(2):144-150.
[8]王沙生．植物生理学(第二版)[M]．中国林业出版社．
[9]Yamamoto T, Satoh Y, Funyuh T, et al. Estimated canopy net photosynthetic rates and their relation to friut production in Japanese persimmon 'Hiratanenashi'trees[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1993,62(1):27-39.
[10]李正之．光合作用和果树生产[J]．山东农业大学学报，1988，19(1)：69-76．
[11]孔祥生，张妙霞，张益民等．柿离体繁殖研究[J]．果树科学，1998，15(3)：232-238．
[12]BIASI L A, CARVALHO D C, ANDRADE A, et al. In vitro establishment of Japanese persimmon cv. Fuyu through shoot tip culture[J]. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 1999, 21(3): 279-283.
[13]TAO R, SUGIURA A. Adventitions bud formation from callus cultures of Japanese persimmon[J]. Hort Science, 1992, 27(3):259-261.
[14]FUKUI H, NISHIMOTO K, MURASE l,et al. Annual changes in responsiveness of shoot tip cultures to cytokinin in Japanese persimmon[J].Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1990,59(2): 271-274.
[15]TETSUMURA T, YUKINAGA H. High-frequency shoot regeneration from roots of Japanese persimmon[J]. Hort Science, 1996,31(3): 463-464.
[16]孔祥生，张妙霞，杜爱玲等，甜柿离体快繁技术研究[J]．华中农业大学学报，1998，17(2)：178-186．
[17]SARATHCHANDRA SU, BURCH G. Micropropagation of Japanese persimmon(Diospyros kaki Thun.) cv. Hiratanenashi[J]. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 1991, 19:2, 113-120.
[18]BENELLI C, BELLINI E, GIORDANI E, et al. In vitro plant regeneration and microprojectile bombardment of callus from Japanese persimmon shoot tips[J]. Advances in Horticultural Science, 1999, 13:2, 82-86.
[19]张妙霞，孔祥生，郭秀璞等．柿树组织培养防止外植体褐变的研究[J]．河南农业大学学报，1999，33(1)：87-89．
[20]SALOMAO L C C, VIECCELLI J C, SIQUEIRA D L, et al. Micropropagation of persimmon from axillary and apical buds of adult plants[J]. Revista Ceres, 1999, 46(265): 267-277.
[21]TAO R, MURAYAMA H, SUGIURA A. Plant regeneration from callus cultures derived from primordial leaves of adult Japanese persimmon[J]. Hort Science, 1998, 23: 1055-1056.
[22]TETSUMURA T. Effect of types of cytokinin used for in vitro shoot proliferation of Japanese persimmon on the subsequant rooting of shoots[J]. Acta Horticulturae, 1997, 436: 143-148.
[23]孔祥生，张妙霞，张国海等．柿树无节茎段培养和植株再生[J]．中国果树，1998，3：25-27．
[24]SUGIURA A, TAO R, MURAYAMA H, el al. In vitro propagation of Japanese persimmon[J]. Hort Science, 1986, 21:1205-1207.
[25]MURAYAMA H, TAO R, Tanaka T, et al. In vitro shoot proliferation and rooting of several Japanese persimmon cultivars[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1989,58(1): 55-61.
[26]TAO R, YONEMORI K, SUGIURA A. High frequency plant regeneration from callus cultures derived from primordial leaves of adult Japanese persimmon and protoplast isolation from those callus lines[J]. Acta Horticulturae, 1992, 300: 251-254.
[27]孔祥生，张妙霞，张益民．甜柿组织培养中玻璃化现象的发生与防治[J]．北方园艺，1999，4：15-16．
[28]孔祥生，张妙霞，张益民．柿树的叶片培养和快速繁殖[J]．植物生理学通讯，1998，34(3)：203．
[29]GONDO M, TANAKA N, TANAKA T, et al. A naphthalene glycoside from callus of Diospyros kaki[J]. Phytochemistry, 1999, 51(7): 879-881.
[30]高国训．植物组织培养中的褐变问题[J]．植物生理学通讯，1999，35(6)：501-506．
[31]姚洪军，罗晓芳，田砚亭．植物组织培养外植体褐变的研究进展[J]．北京林业大学学报．1999，21(3)：78-73．
[32]吴丁，卢翠乔．植物生理学与跨世纪农业研究[M]．北京：科学出版社，1999，139-143．
[33]COOPER P A, COHEN D. Micropropagation of Japanese persimmon[J], combined proceedings, International plant propagators society, 1984, 34: 118-124.
[34]FUKUI H, K NISHIMOTO, M NAKAMURA. Vaietal differences in rooting ability of in vitro subcultured Japanese persimmon shoots[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1992, 60: 821-825.
[35]FURUKAWA H, C MATSUBARA, N SHIGEMATSU. Shoot regeneration from the roots of prairie gentian[J]. Plant Tissue Cult, 1990, 7:11-13.
[36]TAMURA M, R TAO, A SUGIURA. Highly stabal regeneration from long-term cultures of Japanese persimmon callus[J]. Hort Science, 1992, 27:1048.
[37]J M BONGA, D J DURZAN. Tissue culture in forestry[M]. Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. 1982, 387-412.
[38]王劲风 主编．甜柿引种栽培[M]．中国农业出版社，1995．
[39]谢孝福 主编．植物引种学[M]．科学出版社，1994．
[40]龚榜初，洪月明，吴士元等．柿花粉生活力及雌花可授期[J]．经济林研究，2000，18(1)26-29．
[41]刘勇，霍光华，刘善军等．不同砧木“富有”甜柿幼树生长及叶片生理生化特性研究[J]．江西农业大学学报， 2000，22(1)：54-57．
[42]龚榜初，王劲风．柿不同砧木生物学特性的研究[J]．经济林研究，1997，15(1)：9-13．
[43]李保国，王永蕙．果树光合作用研究进展[J]．河北林学院学报，1990，5(3)：254-261．
[44]杨万镒．短枝型金矮生和普通型金冠苹果树叶片光合效率的比较[J]．中国果树，1983，(1)：
[45]Schaedle M. Tree photosynthesis[J]. Plant Physiol. 1975,26:254-261.
[46]林植芳等．光照、温度、水蒸汽压亏缺及CO_2对番木瓜光合作用的影响[J]．植物生理学报，1982，8(4)：263-272． ，
[47]许大全，沈允钢．光合作用的限制因素．余叔文，汤章城主编．植物生理与分子生物学[M]．北京：科学出版社，1999，262-276．
[48]王志强，何方，牛良等．设施栽培油桃光合特性研究[J]．园艺学报，2000，27(4)：245-250．
[49]桂耀林，马诚．植物组织培养[M]．北京；科学出版社．
[50]王续衍，林秦碧．苹果组织培养研究简报．四川农业大学学报[J]．1988，3(1)：46-48．
[51]吴国栗，陈国秀．苹果及其砧木茎尖培养研究进展[J]．北方园艺，1992，5：23-28．
[52]Wang QC,Tang HR,Quan Y et al.Phenol induced browning and establishment of shoot-tip explant of'Fuji'apple and 'Jinhua'pear cultured in vitro[J]. Hort Science, 1994,69(5):833-839.
[53]平吉成．苹果属几个种的组织培养繁殖技术及其组培苗缺铁胁迫反应的研究[J]．北京：北京农业大学，1994．
[54]裘文达，曹孜义．植物组织培养实用技术[M]．北京：高等教育出版社．1989，96-98．
[55]陈振光．果树组织培养[M]．上海：科学技术出版社．1985，34-52．
[56]龚榜初，王劲风．柿授粉生物学特性研究．林业科学研究，1997，10(3)237-243．
[57]龚榜初，王劲风，吴开元．日本甜柿砧木类型选择的研究．林业科学研究，1992，5(6)706-711．
[58]孙清荣，孙洪雁，郑红军等．酸枣叶片不定植株的诱导[J]，果树科学，2000，17(1)：48-51．
[59]张和禹，李东生，赵正龙．利用正交法研究桑树叶片组织培养的影响因素[J]．安徽农业大学学报，2000，27(1)：82-85．
[60]Fukui H, Sugiyama M, Nakamura M. Short tip culture of Japanese persimmon[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1989,58(1):43-47.
[61]Fukui H, Nishimoto K, Murase I,etal. Effect of rooting induction treatments and sucrose concentrations in medium on in vitro rooting of Japanese persimmon[J]. Research Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture. 1988, 53:133-137.
[62]Kitajima A, Liang R, Ishida M, et al. Embryo culture of Diospyros lotus[J]. Scientific Reports of the Kyoto Prefectual University,Agriculture. 1988,40:1-7.
[63]Niimi Y, Yamamoto N. In vitro culture of apical meristem and the selection of callus derived from apical meristem of 'Saijo'Japanese persimmon[J]. Bulletin of the Hiroshima Agricultural College. 1987, 8(2):341-345.
[64]陈正华主编．木本植物组织培养及其应用[M]．北京：高等教育出版社．1986．
[65]赵蓬晖，张江涛，马红卫．植物组织培养中的几个常见问题与对策[J]．河南林业科技．2001，21(2)：27-28．
[66]高林森．日本甜柿在我省的栽培前景[J]，河北果树，1998(1)：5-6．
[67]苏彩虹等，甜柿的生物学特性及品种介绍[J]．山西果树，1995，(3)：24-25．
[68]陈德平，柿树引种栽培观察[J]．河北果树，1994，(2)：30-31．
[69]王仁梓 主编．甜柿优质丰产栽培技术[J]．世界图书出版社，1995．
[70]王仁梓 主编．甜柿品种与栽培[M]．中国农业科技出版社，1993．
[71]毕绪岱，张国良．甜柿引种栽培管理100问[M]．气象出版社，2000．
[72]毕绪岱，许振华，安忠民等．太行山中部地区日本甜柿引种试验[J]．中国果树，1999，(3)：28-29．
[73]龚范武，柏文富，吴思政等．甜柿品种引种栽培的研究[J]．经济林研究，1999，17(1)；13-14．
[74]何小勇，陈黎明，严邦强等，柿子名优品种引种研究[J]．浙江林业科技，2000，20(3)：26-27．
[75]冯旭东，纂佳伟．日本甜柿[J]．山东林业科技，1998(2)：16-19．
[76]吴学潮．次郎甜柿的引种及丰产栽培技术[J]．云南林业科技，1991(1)26-27．
[77]杨勇，王仁梓，李高潮．柿树优良品种——次郎[J]．北方果树，1997(4)14-15．
[78]丁守和，董治良，赵贵喜．日本甜柿高接更新技术[J]．山东林业科技，1998(2)20-21．
[79]吴德兴．野生柿树高接良种试验[J]．北方果树，1994(3)：20-21．
[80]徐福山．引种日本甜柿的观察简报[J]．河北果树，1991，(1)：38．
[81]王劲风，龚榜初，吴开云等．甜柿生育规律及其早实丰产栽培试验[J]．林业科学研究，1996，9(5)：461-468．
[82]张学河，温吉华，李崇实等．引种日本甜柿早丰优质栽培试验[J]．落叶果树，1998(2)：35-36．
[83]尹建道．国外柿树研究进展[J]．世界林业研究，1997(3)：29-33．
[84]吕松江，孙启洋，郭平亮．太行山区柿树低产低效原因及对策[J]．河南林业科技，1997，17(4)：34-35．
[85]董素珍．关于日本甜柿的几个问题[J]．农村实用科技信息，1998(8)：8．
[86]慕庆红．日本“富有”柿子可栽培[J]．烟台果树，1997(3)：51．
[87]孙风国．河北省栽培日本甜柿的问题及对策[J]．河北农业科技，1998(6)：18-19．
[88]范启荣．日本甜柿优良品种简介[J]．中国南方果树，2001(1)：39．
[89]毕绪岱．日本甜柿在太行山初试成功[J]．林业与社会，2000(1)：20．
[90]苏彩虹等．富有柿子的生物学特性及主要栽培技术[J]．果树科学，2000(3)：213．
[91]刘庆忠等．日本甜柿新品种——兴津20号[J]．落叶果树，2001(1)：32．
[92]张学英等．甜柿引种及其在上海地区的初步表现[J]．上海农业科技，1998(4)：35-36．
[93]李道高，富士苹果光合作用研究[J]，西南农业大学学报，1988，10(1)：82-86
[94]王白波，田间条件下沙梨光合作用研究[J]，园艺学报，1987，14(2)：97-101
[95]Mu Y,Li X. Studies on the photosynthetic characteristics of some deciduous fruit trees[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 1986,13(3): 157-162.
[96]Andersen P C. Leaf gas exchange characteristics of eleven species of fruit crops in north Florida[A]. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Socioty[C].1989,102:229-234.
[97]王春清，祖容，张贤泽．葡萄幼树若干光合特性的研究[J]．园艺学报，1989，16(4)：279-284．
[98]陶俊，陈鹏，佘旭东．银杏光合特性的研究[J]．园艺学报，1999，26(3)：157-160．
[99]文晓鹏，罗充，李磊，等．影响板栗田间净光合的主要因子[J]．西南农业学报，1999，12(3)：107-111．
[100]向小奇，陈军，陈功锡，等．猕猴桃夏季叶温、蒸腾及光合作用[J]．果树科学，1998，15(4)：368-369．
[101]谢建国，李嘉瑞，赵江．猕猴桃若干光合特性研究[J]．北方园艺，1999(2)：26-28．
[102]路丙社，白志英，董源等．阿月浑子光合特性及其影响因子的研究[J]．园艺学报，1999 26(5)：287-290．
[103]郑利华，姬惜珠，刘永居．密植条件下柿树光合特性的研究[J]．河北果树，1997(2)：14-15．