杉木人工林连续两年施肥效应研究
|
摘要
杉木是我国重要的树种之一,由于经济的飞速发展,木材需求量不断增加,短轮伐期和全树利用等集约经营的出现,促使了杉木人工林地肥力大大衰退,影响了木材的生产。为了提高土壤肥力,促进林木生长,达到速生、优质、丰产的目的,林地科学施肥是一极其重要的措施。
杉木是福建最主要的树种之一,福建大部分森林林地均为杉木的中心产区。本试验研究在福建3个不同地点各设置了三个试验点,分别于2007年和2008年的3月份在各试验地进行追肥,并在每年的年底对试验地进行野外调和实验分析,试验结果表明:
Ⅰ.(1)2年生林地白沙林场:追施NPK+锌肥能明显的促进杉木地径的生长。施用此肥后,杉木2007年和2008年的地径连年生长量分别比对照增加24%和37%;追施NPK肥对杉木的树高的影响效果最好,施用此肥后,杉木2007年和2008年的树高连年生长量分别比对照增高11%和29%。将乐林场:追施NPK+铜肥对杉木生长的效果最好。施用此肥后,杉木2007年和2008年的地径、树高分别比对照提高13%、38%和36%、25%。
(2)3年生林地将乐林场:施肥以NPK+锌肥的效果为最佳。施用此肥后,杉木2007年的胸径、树高、蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高29%、31%、101%;2008年的分别增高32%、26%、110%。洋口林场:施肥以NPK+铜+锌肥的效果最佳。施用此肥后,杉木2007年的胸径、树高、蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高10%、9%、10.5%,2008年的分别增高21%、13%、28%。
(3)5年生林地施用NPK+锌肥的肥效明显。施用此肥后,杉木2007年的胸径、树高、蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高22%、40%、27.3%,2008年的分别提高10%、20%、17.8%。
(4)8年生林地追施NPK肥后,杉木2007年的胸径、树高、蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高29%、6%、4.3%;2008年分别增高20%、4%、3.1%。
(5)12年林地各施肥处理对杉木生长的影响效果均较明显,但对蓄积影响效果以处理N50P100K50Cu25最好。施用此肥后,杉木2007年、2008年的蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高20.2%、11.5%。
(6)13年生林地单施PK肥的效果最显著。施用此肥后,杉木2007年的胸径、树高、蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高38%、29%、40%,2008年的分别增高40%、31%、44%。
(7)17年生林地追施NPK肥后,杉木2007年的胸径、树高、蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高13%、27%、21%,2008年的分别增高17%、31%、27%。
Ⅱ.施肥后的杉木针叶的养分含量普遍比对照的高。特别是加施微肥后,针叶的Cu、Zn养分含量的增幅更明显。
Ⅲ.施肥后,林地土壤养分的增幅也较明显,特别是速效养分。但林地土壤养分的循环是复杂的,肥效是连续积累的。短期内的土壤化学变化,还无法说明施肥对土壤性质产生了有效的影响。因此,有关施肥对土壤养分的影响有待进一步研究。
Chinese fir is one of the most important timber species in China, as economy develops at full speed, the demand of timber increases unceasingly. The emergence of intensive management such as short rotation and full tree utilization brings out the fertility of Chinese fir plantations decline significantly, and impacts the timber production. In order to improve soil fertility, promote tree growth, achieve rapid growth and high-yield, a scientific measure of woodland fertilization is extremely important.
Chinese fir is one of the most important timber species in FuJian Province. Most of the Fujian forest lands are the center of Chinese fir. This study was set up at 3 locations with three plot sites in each location in Fujian. These locations were topdressed in March 2007 and 2008. and Field investigation and laboratory analysis in the end of 2007 and 2008, The results showed :
Ⅰ(1) 2–year-old forest land BaiSa forest farm: Topdressing NPK+Zn can accelerate the ground diameter growth obviously. After applying this fertilizer, Chinese fir’s growth of the Ground diameter increased by 24% and 37%, respectively compared with the control; And applying NPK had an obvious effect on the increasement of tree height. After applying this fertilizer, Chinese fir’s current annural tree height increment at 2007 and 2008 increased by 11% and 29%,respectively compared with the control. JiangLe forest farm: The best result of the growth of Chinese fir was top dressing NPK+Cu. Compared with the control , Chinese fir’s Ground diameter and tree height at 2007 and 2008 with NPK+Cu fertilizer increased by 13%、38% and 36%、25%,respectively.
(2) 3–year-old forest land JiangLe forest farm:The fertilization effect of NPK+Zn was the best amog fertilizations.Compare with the control, the current annural growth of dbh, tree height and stand volume at 2007 increased by 29%、31%、101%, and that at 2008 increased by 32%、26%、110%,respectively.YangKou forest farm: The fertilization effect of NPK+Cu+Zn was the best among fertilizations. Compare with the control, the current annural growth of dbh, tree height and stand volume at 2007 increased by 10%、9%、10.5%,and that at 2008 increased by 21%、13% and 28%,respectively.
(3) 5–year-old forest land Topdressing NPK +Zn was optimum. the current annural growth of dbh, tree height and stand volume at 2007 were higher than the control, 22%、40% and 27.3%,respectively,and that at 2008 was higher than the control, 10%、20% and 17.8%,respectively.
(4) 8–year-old forest land After applying the fertilization of NPK , the current annural growth of dbh, tree height and stand volume of Chinese fir at 2007 were higher than the control, 29%、6% and 4.3%,and that at 2008 increased by 20%、4% and 3.1%,respectively.
(5) 12–year-old forest land All fertilization treatments to the influence effects of growth of Chinese fir were obvious.But to the stand volume, fertilizer treatment N50P100K50Cu25 was optimum. After applying this fertilizer, the current annural growth of stand volume at 2007 and 2008 were higher than the control, 20.2% and 11.5%, respectively.
(6) 13–year-old forest land With topdressing PK as the best treatment. Compared with the control, the current annural growth of dbh, tree height and stand volume at 2007 increased by 38%、29% and 40%,and that at 2008 increased by 40%、31% and 44%,respectively.
(7) 17–year-old forest land After applying fertilization of NPK , the current annural growth of dbh, tree height and stand volume of Chinese fir at 2007 were higher than the control, 13%、27% and 21%,and that at 2008 increased by 17%、31% and 27%, respectively.
ⅡChinese fir’s nutrient content of needles was generally higher than the control after application. After adding trace fertilizer, especially, the increase amplitude of Cu and Zn nutrient was more obvious.
ⅢAfter applying fertilizer, the increase amplitude of soil nutrients was obvious too, Especially, the available nutrients.But the circulation of soil nutrients is complex, fertilizer efficiency is the result of continuous accumulation. Short-term changes in soil chemistry could not say that fertilizations had effective impact on soil properties, therefore, That relevant on the Effects of fertilization on soil nutrients to be studied further .
杉木是福建最主要的树种之一,福建大部分森林林地均为杉木的中心产区。本试验研究在福建3个不同地点各设置了三个试验点,分别于2007年和2008年的3月份在各试验地进行追肥,并在每年的年底对试验地进行野外调和实验分析,试验结果表明:
Ⅰ.(1)2年生林地白沙林场:追施NPK+锌肥能明显的促进杉木地径的生长。施用此肥后,杉木2007年和2008年的地径连年生长量分别比对照增加24%和37%;追施NPK肥对杉木的树高的影响效果最好,施用此肥后,杉木2007年和2008年的树高连年生长量分别比对照增高11%和29%。将乐林场:追施NPK+铜肥对杉木生长的效果最好。施用此肥后,杉木2007年和2008年的地径、树高分别比对照提高13%、38%和36%、25%。
(2)3年生林地将乐林场:施肥以NPK+锌肥的效果为最佳。施用此肥后,杉木2007年的胸径、树高、蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高29%、31%、101%;2008年的分别增高32%、26%、110%。洋口林场:施肥以NPK+铜+锌肥的效果最佳。施用此肥后,杉木2007年的胸径、树高、蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高10%、9%、10.5%,2008年的分别增高21%、13%、28%。
(3)5年生林地施用NPK+锌肥的肥效明显。施用此肥后,杉木2007年的胸径、树高、蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高22%、40%、27.3%,2008年的分别提高10%、20%、17.8%。
(4)8年生林地追施NPK肥后,杉木2007年的胸径、树高、蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高29%、6%、4.3%;2008年分别增高20%、4%、3.1%。
(5)12年林地各施肥处理对杉木生长的影响效果均较明显,但对蓄积影响效果以处理N50P100K50Cu25最好。施用此肥后,杉木2007年、2008年的蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高20.2%、11.5%。
(6)13年生林地单施PK肥的效果最显著。施用此肥后,杉木2007年的胸径、树高、蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高38%、29%、40%,2008年的分别增高40%、31%、44%。
(7)17年生林地追施NPK肥后,杉木2007年的胸径、树高、蓄积连年生长量分别比对照增高13%、27%、21%,2008年的分别增高17%、31%、27%。
Ⅱ.施肥后的杉木针叶的养分含量普遍比对照的高。特别是加施微肥后,针叶的Cu、Zn养分含量的增幅更明显。
Ⅲ.施肥后,林地土壤养分的增幅也较明显,特别是速效养分。但林地土壤养分的循环是复杂的,肥效是连续积累的。短期内的土壤化学变化,还无法说明施肥对土壤性质产生了有效的影响。因此,有关施肥对土壤养分的影响有待进一步研究。
Chinese fir is one of the most important timber species in China, as economy develops at full speed, the demand of timber increases unceasingly. The emergence of intensive management such as short rotation and full tree utilization brings out the fertility of Chinese fir plantations decline significantly, and impacts the timber production. In order to improve soil fertility, promote tree growth, achieve rapid growth and high-yield, a scientific measure of woodland fertilization is extremely important.
Chinese fir is one of the most important timber species in FuJian Province. Most of the Fujian forest lands are the center of Chinese fir. This study was set up at 3 locations with three plot sites in each location in Fujian. These locations were topdressed in March 2007 and 2008. and Field investigation and laboratory analysis in the end of 2007 and 2008, The results showed :
Ⅰ(1) 2–year-old forest land BaiSa forest farm: Topdressing NPK+Zn can accelerate the ground diameter growth obviously. After applying this fertilizer, Chinese fir’s growth of the Ground diameter increased by 24% and 37%, respectively compared with the control; And applying NPK had an obvious effect on the increasement of tree height. After applying this fertilizer, Chinese fir’s current annural tree height increment at 2007 and 2008 increased by 11% and 29%,respectively compared with the control. JiangLe forest farm: The best result of the growth of Chinese fir was top dressing NPK+Cu. Compared with the control , Chinese fir’s Ground diameter and tree height at 2007 and 2008 with NPK+Cu fertilizer increased by 13%、38% and 36%、25%,respectively.
(2) 3–year-old forest land JiangLe forest farm:The fertilization effect of NPK+Zn was the best amog fertilizations.Compare with the control, the current annural growth of dbh, tree height and stand volume at 2007 increased by 29%、31%、101%, and that at 2008 increased by 32%、26%、110%,respectively.YangKou forest farm: The fertilization effect of NPK+Cu+Zn was the best among fertilizations. Compare with the control, the current annural growth of dbh, tree height and stand volume at 2007 increased by 10%、9%、10.5%,and that at 2008 increased by 21%、13% and 28%,respectively.
(3) 5–year-old forest land Topdressing NPK +Zn was optimum. the current annural growth of dbh, tree height and stand volume at 2007 were higher than the control, 22%、40% and 27.3%,respectively,and that at 2008 was higher than the control, 10%、20% and 17.8%,respectively.
(4) 8–year-old forest land After applying the fertilization of NPK , the current annural growth of dbh, tree height and stand volume of Chinese fir at 2007 were higher than the control, 29%、6% and 4.3%,and that at 2008 increased by 20%、4% and 3.1%,respectively.
(5) 12–year-old forest land All fertilization treatments to the influence effects of growth of Chinese fir were obvious.But to the stand volume, fertilizer treatment N50P100K50Cu25 was optimum. After applying this fertilizer, the current annural growth of stand volume at 2007 and 2008 were higher than the control, 20.2% and 11.5%, respectively.
(6) 13–year-old forest land With topdressing PK as the best treatment. Compared with the control, the current annural growth of dbh, tree height and stand volume at 2007 increased by 38%、29% and 40%,and that at 2008 increased by 40%、31% and 44%,respectively.
(7) 17–year-old forest land After applying fertilization of NPK , the current annural growth of dbh, tree height and stand volume of Chinese fir at 2007 were higher than the control, 13%、27% and 21%,and that at 2008 increased by 17%、31% and 27%, respectively.
ⅡChinese fir’s nutrient content of needles was generally higher than the control after application. After adding trace fertilizer, especially, the increase amplitude of Cu and Zn nutrient was more obvious.
ⅢAfter applying fertilizer, the increase amplitude of soil nutrients was obvious too, Especially, the available nutrients.But the circulation of soil nutrients is complex, fertilizer efficiency is the result of continuous accumulation. Short-term changes in soil chemistry could not say that fertilizations had effective impact on soil properties, therefore, That relevant on the Effects of fertilization on soil nutrients to be studied further .
引文
[1]余波,李守剑,贤伟,等.人工林地力衰退研究[J].四川林勘设计.2005,(2):6～12.
[2]张建国,盛炜彤,熊有强,等.施肥对盆栽杉木苗土壤养分含量的影响[J].林业科学.2006,42(4):44～50.
[3]肖君,方升佐.杨树人工林施肥效应研究进展[J].林业科技开发.2007,21(4):15～17.
[4]胡炳堂,王学良,蔡宏明,等.马尾松幼林施肥持续8年的生长效应[J].林业科学研究. 2000,13(3):286～289.
[5]何蓉,蒋云东,曾芳群,等.施肥对蓝桉幼林生长的影响[J].林业科学研究. 1999, l2(5):474～478.
[6]农必昌,张英,林春元,等.杉木连栽幼林养分监测与施肥效益的研究[J].广西林业科学.1998,27(4):181～187.
[7]唐效蓉,李午平,邓国宁,等.马尾松天然次生林施肥效应研究[J].中南林学院学报.2006,26(1):12～18.
[8]周利勋,刘广平,王金波.落叶松人工林的施肥效应[J].东北林业大学学报.2004,32(2):16～18.
[9]蒋云东,李思广,李明等.思茅松人工林幼林期施肥试验研究[J].林业科技.2005,30(3):16～19.
[10]李文刚,刘凡弟,张承芬,等.马尾松幼林施肥对林地土壤肥力的影响[J].贵州林业科技.1996,24(4):27～30.
[11]吴建平,昊天乐,姚敏.幼林桉树施肥效应研究[J].湖南农业科学2006,(2):92～94.
[12]张昌顺,李昆,马姜明,等.施肥对印楝人工林生长及土壤肥力的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境.2007,16(3):329～334
[13]吉艳芝,陈立新.施肥对落叶松人工林土壤磷有效性的影响[J].水土保持学报.2003,17(2):41～43,54.
[14]何水东.桉树人工林可持续经营的造林措施研究[J].安徽农学通报.2007,13(18):196～198.
[15]孙长忠,沈国舫.中国主要树种人工林生产力现状及潜力的调查研究:1.杉木、马尾松人工林生产力研究[J].林业科学研究.2000,13(6):613～621.
[16] Fang X,Tian D L,Xiang W H,et a1.Soil CO2 release rate and its effect factors in Chinese fir plantation.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(2):l～7.
[17]彭万喜,吴义强,张仲凤,等.中国的杉木研究现状与发展途径[J].世界林业研究2006,19(5):54～57.
[18]李贻铨.施肥对闽北多耕土杉木幼林光合特性的影响[J].福建林学院学报.2002,22(1):1～3.
[19] Keeves.A Some evidence of loss of productivity with successive rotations of Pinus radiata in southeast of Australia[J].Australian Forestry,1966,(30):51～63.
[20] Boardman R. Productivity under successive rotations pine[J]. Australian Forestry,1978。41(3):177～179.
[21] Chu—Chou D S.Effects of root residues on growth on Pinus radiate seedlings and a mycorrhizal fungus[J].am.app1.Biol,1978,(90):407～416.
[22] McColl J.Symbotic nitrogen fixation by Daviesia mimoisedes under Eucalgputus[J]. IUFRO,Symposium on Forest Site and Continuous Productivity, USDA,Foe.Rep.PNW—163. 1983.122～129.
[23] Julian Evans.Long—term productivity of forest plantation—status in 1990[J].IUFRO,19 th Word Congress ,1990(1):165～180.
[24]中国林学会森林生态学会.人工林地力衰退研究[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1992.1～326.
[25]张鼎华.炼山后林地土壤某些物理性状的变化[J].林业科技通讯.1985,(5):20～22.
[26] Eron Z. Effects of fire on soil properties and growth of Pinus brutia seedlings on site burned in 1979 at Marmarix[J].Fox.Abs.1985,(12):843.
[27]俞新妥.中国杉木90年代的研究进展I:杉木研究的持点及有关基础研究的综述[J].福建林学院学报.2000,20(1):86～95.
[28]俞新妥,张其水.杉木连栽林地土壤生化特性及土壤肥力的研究[J].福建林学院学报.1989,9(3):263～271.
[29]方奇.湖南林区杉木连栽对土壤肥力及其林木生长的影响.见:盛炜彤.人工林地力衰退研究[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1992,74～86.
[30]杨玉盛,张任好,何宗明,等.不同栽杉代数29年生林分生产力变化[J].福建林学院学报.1998,18(3):202～206.
[31]俞新妥.我国近期杉木资源动态及经营意见[J].林业科技通讯.1996,(11):24～26
[32]杨承栋,焦如珍.不同代数人工林跟际非根际土壤微生物数量及种类的变化[J].林业科学研究.1999,12(1):13～18.
[33]方奇.杉木连栽对土壤肥力及其杉木生长的影响[J].林业科学.1987,23(4):389～396.
[34]罗云建,张小全.杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)连栽地力退化和杉阔混交林的土壤改良作用[J].生态学报. 2007,27(2):721～724.
[35]俞新妥.杉木连栽林地土壤生化特性及土壤肥力研究[J].福建林学院报.1989,9(3):24～27.
[36]洪元程.杉木连栽林地土壤肥力变化及对幼林生长的影响.福建林学院硕士论文集[M],1992.
[37]周学金,罗汝英.杉林连栽对土壤养分的影响及其反馈[J].南京林业大学学报.1991,(3):4～49.
[38]冯宗炜.杉木人工林生长发育与环境相互关系的定位研究.杉木人工林生态研究论文集[M].中国科学院林业土壤研究所.1980.1～27.
[39]张露,高璜.人工林地力衰退研究现状与进展[J].江西林业科技.2000,(6):28～33.
[40]马祥庆,黄宝龙.人工林地力衰退研究综述[J].南京林业大学学报.1997,(2):77～82.
[41]崔国发.人工林地力衰退机理及其防止对策[J].世界林业研究.1996,(5):61～68.
[42] Montagnini F,Sancho F.Aboveground biomass and nutrients in young plantations of four indigenous tree species:impleiation for site nutrient conservation [J].J.Sustainable For, 1994,(1):l15～139.
[43] Nykvist N.Total distribution of plant nutrients in a tropical rainforest ecosystem[J].Sabah,Malaysia,Ambio,1997,26(3): 152～157.
[44] Kimmins J P.Evaluation of Consequence for Future Tree Productivity of the Lost of Nutrients in Whole—tree Harvesting[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1997,(1):169～183.
[45] Keeves.Gillon D Rev For Fr 1990[J], 42(sp):295～302.
[46]杨玉盛,何宗民,马详庆.论炼山对杉木人工林生态系统的影响的利弊和对策[J].自然资源学报.1997,12(2):153～159.
[47]马祥庆,杨玉盛,林开敏,等.不同林地清理方式对杉木人工林生态系统的影响[J].生态学报.1997,17(2):176～183.
[48] Chander C et al. Forest Fire Behavior and Effect. John Wiley and Sons. New York, 1983.
[49] Woodard There lotion between fire,nutrient depletion and decline in productivity between rotations in south Australia,proceedings[J].Australia Forest nutrition work shop productivity in perpetuity,CSIRO,melboune,1981,366～370.
[50]张先仪.整地方式对水土保持及杉木生长影响[J].林业科学.1980,22(3):225～230.
[51]马样庆.杉木世行贷款造林水土流失及土壤肥力检测[J].福建林学院学报.1996,16(1):71～74.
[52]陈伟、薛立.人工林施肥研究进展综述[J].广东林业科技.2004,20(1):61～66.
[53] Bahuguna.V.K,Recent advances in plant nutrition research and potential application in the field of forest fertilization in Indian context-Areview[J].Indian Institute of Forest Management Bhopal,1991.521～530.
[54]关百钧.世界林业[M].北京:中国林业出版社.1989。437.
[55]李贻铨.国外林地施肥的效益和技术[J].林业文摘.1998(2):1～5.
[56] Ouimet,R.and Fortin,J.M.Growth and foliar nutrient status of sugar maple:incidence of forest decline and reaction to fertilization[J].Can.J.For.Res, 1992,(22):699～706.
[57] Huettl,R.F.and Zoettl,H.W,Forest fertliser:its potential to increase the CO2 storage capacity and to alleviate the decline of the global forests[J].Water Air Soil Pollut, 1992,64(12): 229～249.
[58]王力、侯庆春.林木施肥与水肥效益[J].西北林学院学报.2000,15(2):44～50.
[59]王力、侯庆春.林木施肥与水肥效益[J].西北林学院学报.2000,15(2):44～50.
[60]陈竣,李贻铨.中国林木施肥与营养诊断研究现状[J] .世界林业研究.1998(3):58～65.
[61]彭万喜,吴义强,张仲凤,等.中国的杉木研究现状与发展途径[J].世界林业研究.2006,19(5):54～57.
[62]叶仲节.浅谈杉木育苗造林中的施肥问题[J].浙江林学院学报.1985,(1):13～20.
[63]李贻铨.杉木幼林前五年施肥效应研究[J].土壤通报.1991,22(1):28～31.
[64]盛炜彤主编.人工林地力衰退研究[M].北京:中国科技出版社.1992,11,198～211.
[65]张建国.杉木幼林施肥的时效性研究[J].林业科学研究.1996,9(专刊):27～33.
[66]陈代喜.广西世界银行贷款国家造林项目进口化肥试验推广的初步研究[J].广西林业科学.1994,23(4):172～179.
[67]李贻铨.杉木幼林施肥肥效与增益持续性研究[J].林业科学研究.1996,9(Mem):18～25.
[68]陈道东.花岗岩立地上杉木幼林施肥生长效应研究[J].林业科学研究.1996,9(Mem):34～40.
[69]廖宗文,林东教,王建林.红壤的磷肥有效性差异及其土壤化学特点的初步研究[J].华南农业大学学报.1996,17(1):67～71.
[70]李贻铨,徐清彦,刘仲君,等.杉木幼林前5年施肥效应研究.土壤通报[J].1991,22(1):28～31.
[71]杉木施肥试验课题协作组.杉木幼林施肥效应研究.见:盛炜彤主编.人工林地力衰退研究[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1992.198～211.
[72]陈代喜.桂北杉木幼林施肥技术研究[J].林业科技开发.1999,(3):11～14.
[73]王建平,宋国良.杉木施肥造林试验报告[J].江西林业科技.1997,(5):16～20.
[74]周天相,叶加祥,鄢柳生等.杉木施肥效果分析[J].亚林科技.1984,(4):21～24.
[75]王欣,罗中康.杉木试验示范林营建技术研究.贵州林业科技[J].1997,25(2):1～8.
[76]汪祖辉.杉木幼中龄林速生丰产可行性的研究.南京林学院学报[J].1986,(3):6～8.
[77]李贻栓.杉木中龄林施肥效应探讨[J].林业科学研究.1993,4(6):390～396.
[78]胡曰利,吴晓芙.林木施肥研究Ⅰ.肥效理论与施肥模型[J].中南林学院学报.1994,(1):1～6.
[79]吴晓芙,胡曰利.林木施肥研究Ⅱ.施肥模型在杉木林中的应用[J].中南林学院学报.1995,(1):1～8.
[80]吴晓芙,胡曰利.林木施肥的有效立地指数区间与目标肥效[J].中南林学院学报.1997,(1):1～6.
[81]吴立潮,吴晓芙,胡日利,等.杉木中幼龄林计量施肥校验研究[J].中南林学院学报.1999,19(2):29～33.
[82]吴立潮,胡日利,吴晓芙等.杉木中龄林施肥效应与效益研究[J].中南林学院学报.1997,17(7):1～6.
[83]兰祥元,苏燕洪.杉木中龄林施肥效应的研究[J].福建林业科技.1994,21(增刊):161～163.
[84]杨桦,詹有生,李勇,等.杉木近熟林施肥试验研究.江西农业大学学报.2005,27(2):187～190.
[85]陈金林俞元春王光萍,等.杉木幼林施肥肥效分析.林业科学研究.1995,9(4):426～430.
[86]盛彤炜,范少辉等主编.杉木人工林长期生产力保持机制研究[M].科学出版社.2005,36.
[87]凌文昌,黎佐洲,陈礼地等.杉木中龄林施肥效应研究[J].广东林业科技.1998,14(4):14～18.
[88]主要起草人:张万儒,杨光滢,屠星南,张萍.森林土壤分析方法(中华人民共和国林业行业标准)[M].国家林业局发布.1999.
[89]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(3版)[M].中国农业出版社.2005.
[90] Bengtsoa G W .Comparative response of four southern pine species to fertilization:effects of P N P+and N P K Mg S applied ac planting[J].Forest Science,1976.22(4):487～494.
[91]胡炳堂,洪顺山,关志山等.马尾松造林施肥两年生长反应[J].林业科学研究. 1996,9(2):215～220.
[92]杨桦,詹有生,李勇等.杉木近熟林施肥试验研究[J] .江西农业大学学报.2005,27(2):187～190.
[93] Esilaba A O,et al .Soil test P availability as affected by time after P fertilization [J] .SSSAJ,1992,56(6):1967～1973.
[94]鲁如坤,时正元,钱承梁.磷在土壤中有效性的衰减[J].土壤学报.2000,37(3):323～328.
[95]梁宏温,黄承标,梁杏清等.不同施肥处理马尾松幼林生长及其营养元素含量的研究[J].广西农业大学学报.1996,15(4):309～314.
[2]张建国,盛炜彤,熊有强,等.施肥对盆栽杉木苗土壤养分含量的影响[J].林业科学.2006,42(4):44～50.
[3]肖君,方升佐.杨树人工林施肥效应研究进展[J].林业科技开发.2007,21(4):15～17.
[4]胡炳堂,王学良,蔡宏明,等.马尾松幼林施肥持续8年的生长效应[J].林业科学研究. 2000,13(3):286～289.
[5]何蓉,蒋云东,曾芳群,等.施肥对蓝桉幼林生长的影响[J].林业科学研究. 1999, l2(5):474～478.
[6]农必昌,张英,林春元,等.杉木连栽幼林养分监测与施肥效益的研究[J].广西林业科学.1998,27(4):181～187.
[7]唐效蓉,李午平,邓国宁,等.马尾松天然次生林施肥效应研究[J].中南林学院学报.2006,26(1):12～18.
[8]周利勋,刘广平,王金波.落叶松人工林的施肥效应[J].东北林业大学学报.2004,32(2):16～18.
[9]蒋云东,李思广,李明等.思茅松人工林幼林期施肥试验研究[J].林业科技.2005,30(3):16～19.
[10]李文刚,刘凡弟,张承芬,等.马尾松幼林施肥对林地土壤肥力的影响[J].贵州林业科技.1996,24(4):27～30.
[11]吴建平,昊天乐,姚敏.幼林桉树施肥效应研究[J].湖南农业科学2006,(2):92～94.
[12]张昌顺,李昆,马姜明,等.施肥对印楝人工林生长及土壤肥力的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境.2007,16(3):329～334
[13]吉艳芝,陈立新.施肥对落叶松人工林土壤磷有效性的影响[J].水土保持学报.2003,17(2):41～43,54.
[14]何水东.桉树人工林可持续经营的造林措施研究[J].安徽农学通报.2007,13(18):196～198.
[15]孙长忠,沈国舫.中国主要树种人工林生产力现状及潜力的调查研究:1.杉木、马尾松人工林生产力研究[J].林业科学研究.2000,13(6):613～621.
[16] Fang X,Tian D L,Xiang W H,et a1.Soil CO2 release rate and its effect factors in Chinese fir plantation.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(2):l～7.
[17]彭万喜,吴义强,张仲凤,等.中国的杉木研究现状与发展途径[J].世界林业研究2006,19(5):54～57.
[18]李贻铨.施肥对闽北多耕土杉木幼林光合特性的影响[J].福建林学院学报.2002,22(1):1～3.
[19] Keeves.A Some evidence of loss of productivity with successive rotations of Pinus radiata in southeast of Australia[J].Australian Forestry,1966,(30):51～63.
[20] Boardman R. Productivity under successive rotations pine[J]. Australian Forestry,1978。41(3):177～179.
[21] Chu—Chou D S.Effects of root residues on growth on Pinus radiate seedlings and a mycorrhizal fungus[J].am.app1.Biol,1978,(90):407～416.
[22] McColl J.Symbotic nitrogen fixation by Daviesia mimoisedes under Eucalgputus[J]. IUFRO,Symposium on Forest Site and Continuous Productivity, USDA,Foe.Rep.PNW—163. 1983.122～129.
[23] Julian Evans.Long—term productivity of forest plantation—status in 1990[J].IUFRO,19 th Word Congress ,1990(1):165～180.
[24]中国林学会森林生态学会.人工林地力衰退研究[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1992.1～326.
[25]张鼎华.炼山后林地土壤某些物理性状的变化[J].林业科技通讯.1985,(5):20～22.
[26] Eron Z. Effects of fire on soil properties and growth of Pinus brutia seedlings on site burned in 1979 at Marmarix[J].Fox.Abs.1985,(12):843.
[27]俞新妥.中国杉木90年代的研究进展I:杉木研究的持点及有关基础研究的综述[J].福建林学院学报.2000,20(1):86～95.
[28]俞新妥,张其水.杉木连栽林地土壤生化特性及土壤肥力的研究[J].福建林学院学报.1989,9(3):263～271.
[29]方奇.湖南林区杉木连栽对土壤肥力及其林木生长的影响.见:盛炜彤.人工林地力衰退研究[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1992,74～86.
[30]杨玉盛,张任好,何宗明,等.不同栽杉代数29年生林分生产力变化[J].福建林学院学报.1998,18(3):202～206.
[31]俞新妥.我国近期杉木资源动态及经营意见[J].林业科技通讯.1996,(11):24～26
[32]杨承栋,焦如珍.不同代数人工林跟际非根际土壤微生物数量及种类的变化[J].林业科学研究.1999,12(1):13～18.
[33]方奇.杉木连栽对土壤肥力及其杉木生长的影响[J].林业科学.1987,23(4):389～396.
[34]罗云建,张小全.杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)连栽地力退化和杉阔混交林的土壤改良作用[J].生态学报. 2007,27(2):721～724.
[35]俞新妥.杉木连栽林地土壤生化特性及土壤肥力研究[J].福建林学院报.1989,9(3):24～27.
[36]洪元程.杉木连栽林地土壤肥力变化及对幼林生长的影响.福建林学院硕士论文集[M],1992.
[37]周学金,罗汝英.杉林连栽对土壤养分的影响及其反馈[J].南京林业大学学报.1991,(3):4～49.
[38]冯宗炜.杉木人工林生长发育与环境相互关系的定位研究.杉木人工林生态研究论文集[M].中国科学院林业土壤研究所.1980.1～27.
[39]张露,高璜.人工林地力衰退研究现状与进展[J].江西林业科技.2000,(6):28～33.
[40]马祥庆,黄宝龙.人工林地力衰退研究综述[J].南京林业大学学报.1997,(2):77～82.
[41]崔国发.人工林地力衰退机理及其防止对策[J].世界林业研究.1996,(5):61～68.
[42] Montagnini F,Sancho F.Aboveground biomass and nutrients in young plantations of four indigenous tree species:impleiation for site nutrient conservation [J].J.Sustainable For, 1994,(1):l15～139.
[43] Nykvist N.Total distribution of plant nutrients in a tropical rainforest ecosystem[J].Sabah,Malaysia,Ambio,1997,26(3): 152～157.
[44] Kimmins J P.Evaluation of Consequence for Future Tree Productivity of the Lost of Nutrients in Whole—tree Harvesting[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1997,(1):169～183.
[45] Keeves.Gillon D Rev For Fr 1990[J], 42(sp):295～302.
[46]杨玉盛,何宗民,马详庆.论炼山对杉木人工林生态系统的影响的利弊和对策[J].自然资源学报.1997,12(2):153～159.
[47]马祥庆,杨玉盛,林开敏,等.不同林地清理方式对杉木人工林生态系统的影响[J].生态学报.1997,17(2):176～183.
[48] Chander C et al. Forest Fire Behavior and Effect. John Wiley and Sons. New York, 1983.
[49] Woodard There lotion between fire,nutrient depletion and decline in productivity between rotations in south Australia,proceedings[J].Australia Forest nutrition work shop productivity in perpetuity,CSIRO,melboune,1981,366～370.
[50]张先仪.整地方式对水土保持及杉木生长影响[J].林业科学.1980,22(3):225～230.
[51]马样庆.杉木世行贷款造林水土流失及土壤肥力检测[J].福建林学院学报.1996,16(1):71～74.
[52]陈伟、薛立.人工林施肥研究进展综述[J].广东林业科技.2004,20(1):61～66.
[53] Bahuguna.V.K,Recent advances in plant nutrition research and potential application in the field of forest fertilization in Indian context-Areview[J].Indian Institute of Forest Management Bhopal,1991.521～530.
[54]关百钧.世界林业[M].北京:中国林业出版社.1989。437.
[55]李贻铨.国外林地施肥的效益和技术[J].林业文摘.1998(2):1～5.
[56] Ouimet,R.and Fortin,J.M.Growth and foliar nutrient status of sugar maple:incidence of forest decline and reaction to fertilization[J].Can.J.For.Res, 1992,(22):699～706.
[57] Huettl,R.F.and Zoettl,H.W,Forest fertliser:its potential to increase the CO2 storage capacity and to alleviate the decline of the global forests[J].Water Air Soil Pollut, 1992,64(12): 229～249.
[58]王力、侯庆春.林木施肥与水肥效益[J].西北林学院学报.2000,15(2):44～50.
[59]王力、侯庆春.林木施肥与水肥效益[J].西北林学院学报.2000,15(2):44～50.
[60]陈竣,李贻铨.中国林木施肥与营养诊断研究现状[J] .世界林业研究.1998(3):58～65.
[61]彭万喜,吴义强,张仲凤,等.中国的杉木研究现状与发展途径[J].世界林业研究.2006,19(5):54～57.
[62]叶仲节.浅谈杉木育苗造林中的施肥问题[J].浙江林学院学报.1985,(1):13～20.
[63]李贻铨.杉木幼林前五年施肥效应研究[J].土壤通报.1991,22(1):28～31.
[64]盛炜彤主编.人工林地力衰退研究[M].北京:中国科技出版社.1992,11,198～211.
[65]张建国.杉木幼林施肥的时效性研究[J].林业科学研究.1996,9(专刊):27～33.
[66]陈代喜.广西世界银行贷款国家造林项目进口化肥试验推广的初步研究[J].广西林业科学.1994,23(4):172～179.
[67]李贻铨.杉木幼林施肥肥效与增益持续性研究[J].林业科学研究.1996,9(Mem):18～25.
[68]陈道东.花岗岩立地上杉木幼林施肥生长效应研究[J].林业科学研究.1996,9(Mem):34～40.
[69]廖宗文,林东教,王建林.红壤的磷肥有效性差异及其土壤化学特点的初步研究[J].华南农业大学学报.1996,17(1):67～71.
[70]李贻铨,徐清彦,刘仲君,等.杉木幼林前5年施肥效应研究.土壤通报[J].1991,22(1):28～31.
[71]杉木施肥试验课题协作组.杉木幼林施肥效应研究.见:盛炜彤主编.人工林地力衰退研究[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1992.198～211.
[72]陈代喜.桂北杉木幼林施肥技术研究[J].林业科技开发.1999,(3):11～14.
[73]王建平,宋国良.杉木施肥造林试验报告[J].江西林业科技.1997,(5):16～20.
[74]周天相,叶加祥,鄢柳生等.杉木施肥效果分析[J].亚林科技.1984,(4):21～24.
[75]王欣,罗中康.杉木试验示范林营建技术研究.贵州林业科技[J].1997,25(2):1～8.
[76]汪祖辉.杉木幼中龄林速生丰产可行性的研究.南京林学院学报[J].1986,(3):6～8.
[77]李贻栓.杉木中龄林施肥效应探讨[J].林业科学研究.1993,4(6):390～396.
[78]胡曰利,吴晓芙.林木施肥研究Ⅰ.肥效理论与施肥模型[J].中南林学院学报.1994,(1):1～6.
[79]吴晓芙,胡曰利.林木施肥研究Ⅱ.施肥模型在杉木林中的应用[J].中南林学院学报.1995,(1):1～8.
[80]吴晓芙,胡曰利.林木施肥的有效立地指数区间与目标肥效[J].中南林学院学报.1997,(1):1～6.
[81]吴立潮,吴晓芙,胡日利,等.杉木中幼龄林计量施肥校验研究[J].中南林学院学报.1999,19(2):29～33.
[82]吴立潮,胡日利,吴晓芙等.杉木中龄林施肥效应与效益研究[J].中南林学院学报.1997,17(7):1～6.
[83]兰祥元,苏燕洪.杉木中龄林施肥效应的研究[J].福建林业科技.1994,21(增刊):161～163.
[84]杨桦,詹有生,李勇,等.杉木近熟林施肥试验研究.江西农业大学学报.2005,27(2):187～190.
[85]陈金林俞元春王光萍,等.杉木幼林施肥肥效分析.林业科学研究.1995,9(4):426～430.
[86]盛彤炜,范少辉等主编.杉木人工林长期生产力保持机制研究[M].科学出版社.2005,36.
[87]凌文昌,黎佐洲,陈礼地等.杉木中龄林施肥效应研究[J].广东林业科技.1998,14(4):14～18.
[88]主要起草人:张万儒,杨光滢,屠星南,张萍.森林土壤分析方法(中华人民共和国林业行业标准)[M].国家林业局发布.1999.
[89]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(3版)[M].中国农业出版社.2005.
[90] Bengtsoa G W .Comparative response of four southern pine species to fertilization:effects of P N P+and N P K Mg S applied ac planting[J].Forest Science,1976.22(4):487～494.
[91]胡炳堂,洪顺山,关志山等.马尾松造林施肥两年生长反应[J].林业科学研究. 1996,9(2):215～220.
[92]杨桦,詹有生,李勇等.杉木近熟林施肥试验研究[J] .江西农业大学学报.2005,27(2):187～190.
[93] Esilaba A O,et al .Soil test P availability as affected by time after P fertilization [J] .SSSAJ,1992,56(6):1967～1973.
[94]鲁如坤,时正元,钱承梁.磷在土壤中有效性的衰减[J].土壤学报.2000,37(3):323～328.
[95]梁宏温,黄承标,梁杏清等.不同施肥处理马尾松幼林生长及其营养元素含量的研究[J].广西农业大学学报.1996,15(4):309～314.