汉语恭维答语的社会语言学研究
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摘要
本文旨在研究汉语语境下恭维答语的社会语言学特征。问题围绕汉语中恭维答语的实施是否受到三种社会变量，即社会地位，性别和年龄的影响而展开。如果答案是肯定的，那么又是如何影响的?
研究数据主要通过两种方法获得：问卷调查法和自然观察法，其中，问卷调查数据占很大的比例，自然观察数据与之形成互补，以使分析结果更为有效。684名女性和684名男性参与了问卷调查，而自然观察数据则来自于300名女性和282名男性。考虑到由于性别不同，职业不同，恭维语应答者所采取的策略可能差异很大，研究者分别为学生和已参加工作者设计了三组不同的问卷调查表。每组问卷调查表包括15种不同的情境。本研究所涉及的因变量为恭维语应答策略，自变量为恭维语应答者的社会地位，性别和年龄。
本文的理论框架为言语行为理论，礼貌理论和变异理论。
分析结果表明，尽管恭维语应答者在应答过程中存在相似之处，但是恭维语应答者的性别和年龄以及谈话双方的社会地位，的确对恭维语应答者在恭维答语策略选择上产生一些规律性的影响。总体而言，女性、年轻人以及社会地位较高者使用欣赏标记策略的频率较高；同时他们也比男性、老年人以及社会地位较低者在应答恭维语的过程中更多地采取疑问策略。双方社会地位平等时，有时会以开玩笑的方式采取升级策略，但当双方社会地位不平等时，恭维语应答者一般不会采取此策略。另外，社会地位较低者与社会地位较高者相比较，使用否定策略的频率较高；而与社会地位较高者以及年轻人相比，社会地位较低的中年人和老年人使用零应答的频率较高。
The major purpose of this thesis is to examine the sociolinguistic characteristics of compliment responses in Chinese contexts. The research questions are whether the execution of this speech event is affected by the social variables of social status, gender and age respectively, and if the answers are positive, and how?
The data quantified and analyzed in the research have been collected through two methods: DCT questionnaires and natural observation, among which, DCT questionnaires data hold the biggest share, and natural observation data are used as a supplement to DCT questionnaires data. DCT questionnaires data are collected from 684 females and 684 males, and natural observation data are from 300 females and 282 males. The researcher devises three different sets of DCT questionnaires for students and for people who have their own jobs. Every set of DCT questionnaires consists of fifteen situations (S1-S15) for compliment responses. In the research, the dependent variable is compliment response strategy, and the independent variables are gender and age of the respondents, and social status of the interlocutors.
The present research is conducted in the theoretical frameworks of speech act theory, variation theory and politeness theory respectively.
The results of the empirical analysis show that in spite of some similarities among the respondents, the three social variables of the respondents, namely, social status, gender and age, do trigger some systematic variations in the respondents' choice of response strategies. The response strategy of Appreciation Tokens is consistently preferred by females, the younger, persons of higher social status. The younger, females and persons of higher social status tend to ask more Questions than the older, males, and persons of lower social status do. The strategy of Upgrade is employed sometimes in a joking manner between status equals, not between
status nonequals. In addition, persons of higher social status negate the compliments they have received less frequently than persons of lower social status; and middle-aged and older respondents of lower social status give no acknowledgement more frequently than younger respondents and respondents of higher social status.
研究数据主要通过两种方法获得：问卷调查法和自然观察法，其中，问卷调查数据占很大的比例，自然观察数据与之形成互补，以使分析结果更为有效。684名女性和684名男性参与了问卷调查，而自然观察数据则来自于300名女性和282名男性。考虑到由于性别不同，职业不同，恭维语应答者所采取的策略可能差异很大，研究者分别为学生和已参加工作者设计了三组不同的问卷调查表。每组问卷调查表包括15种不同的情境。本研究所涉及的因变量为恭维语应答策略，自变量为恭维语应答者的社会地位，性别和年龄。
本文的理论框架为言语行为理论，礼貌理论和变异理论。
分析结果表明，尽管恭维语应答者在应答过程中存在相似之处，但是恭维语应答者的性别和年龄以及谈话双方的社会地位，的确对恭维语应答者在恭维答语策略选择上产生一些规律性的影响。总体而言，女性、年轻人以及社会地位较高者使用欣赏标记策略的频率较高；同时他们也比男性、老年人以及社会地位较低者在应答恭维语的过程中更多地采取疑问策略。双方社会地位平等时，有时会以开玩笑的方式采取升级策略，但当双方社会地位不平等时，恭维语应答者一般不会采取此策略。另外，社会地位较低者与社会地位较高者相比较，使用否定策略的频率较高；而与社会地位较高者以及年轻人相比，社会地位较低的中年人和老年人使用零应答的频率较高。
The major purpose of this thesis is to examine the sociolinguistic characteristics of compliment responses in Chinese contexts. The research questions are whether the execution of this speech event is affected by the social variables of social status, gender and age respectively, and if the answers are positive, and how?
The data quantified and analyzed in the research have been collected through two methods: DCT questionnaires and natural observation, among which, DCT questionnaires data hold the biggest share, and natural observation data are used as a supplement to DCT questionnaires data. DCT questionnaires data are collected from 684 females and 684 males, and natural observation data are from 300 females and 282 males. The researcher devises three different sets of DCT questionnaires for students and for people who have their own jobs. Every set of DCT questionnaires consists of fifteen situations (S1-S15) for compliment responses. In the research, the dependent variable is compliment response strategy, and the independent variables are gender and age of the respondents, and social status of the interlocutors.
The present research is conducted in the theoretical frameworks of speech act theory, variation theory and politeness theory respectively.
The results of the empirical analysis show that in spite of some similarities among the respondents, the three social variables of the respondents, namely, social status, gender and age, do trigger some systematic variations in the respondents' choice of response strategies. The response strategy of Appreciation Tokens is consistently preferred by females, the younger, persons of higher social status. The younger, females and persons of higher social status tend to ask more Questions than the older, males, and persons of lower social status do. The strategy of Upgrade is employed sometimes in a joking manner between status equals, not between
status nonequals. In addition, persons of higher social status negate the compliments they have received less frequently than persons of lower social status; and middle-aged and older respondents of lower social status give no acknowledgement more frequently than younger respondents and respondents of higher social status.
引文
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3. Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen, & Beverly S. Hartford. Refining the DCT: Comparing open questionnaires and dialogue completion tasks. In L. Bouton & Y. Kachru (eds.), Pragmatics and Language Learning. 1993, (4): 143-165.
4. Blom, Jan-Petter, & John Gumperz. Social meaning in linguistic structure: Code-switching in Norway. In J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics. New York: Holt, Kinehart, and Winston, 1972: 407-434.
5. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Juliane House, & Gabriele Kasper (eds.). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989.
6. Brown, P. & S. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
7. Brown, R. & A. Gilman. The pronouns of power and solidarity. In P. P. Giglioli (ed.), Language and social context. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972: 252-282.
8. Butler, S. Systemic Linguistics Theory, and Applications. London: Longrnan, 1985.
9. Chambers, John K., & Peter Truguill. Non-finite verb forms in English dialects. In P. Truguill & J. K. Chambers (eds.), Dialects of English: Studies in grammatical variation. London: Longrnan, 1991: 215-217.
10. Chambers, John K. Sociolinguistic theory: Linguistic variation and its social significance. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1995.
11. Chen, Rong. Responding to compliments: A contrastive study of politeness strategies between American English and Chinese speakers. Journal of Pragmatics. 1993, (20).
12. Coates, Jennifer. Women, men and language (Second edition). London: Longman, 1993.
13. Coulmas, F. The handbook of sociolinguistics. MA: Basil Blackwell Inc., 1980.
14. Daikuhara, M. A Study of Compliment from a Cross-cultural Perspective:
Japanese vs. American English. Penn Working Papers in Educational Linguistics. 1986, (2): 103-134.
15. Duranti, A. Linguistic Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
16. Eckert, Penelope. The whole woman: Sex and gender differences in variation. Language Variation and Change. 1989, (1): 245-267.
17. Ervin-Tripp, Susan, Kei Nakamura, & Jiansheng Guo. Shifting face from Asia to Europe. In M. Shibatani & S. Thompson (eds.), Essays in semantics and pragmatics. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1995: 43-71.
18. Fairclough, Joshua. Sociolinguistics: A Brief Introduction. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House, 1989.
19. Fasold, R. The Sociolinguistcs of Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990.
20. Goffman, E. Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. New York: Anchor Books, 1967.
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22. Herbert, R. Say "Thank you" - or something. American Speech. 1986, (61): 76-88.
23. Herbert, R. Sex-based differences in compliment behavior. Language in Society. 1987, (19): 201-224.
24. Herbert, R. The ethnography of English compliments and compliment responses: A contrastive sketch. In W. Oleksy (ed.), Contrastivepragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1988.
25. Herbert, R. The ethnography of English Compliments and Compliment Responses: a Contrastive Sketch. In Olesky Wieslaw (ed.), Contrastive Pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990.
26. Herbert, R., & S. Straight. Compliment-rejection versus compliment-avoidance: Listener-based versus speaker-based pragmatic strategies. Language and Communication. 1989, (9): 35-47.
27. Herbert, R. Sex-based differences in compliment behavior. Language in Society.
1990.
28. Holmes, J. Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English. Anthropological Linguistics. 1986, (28).
29. Holmes, J. & Brown, D. F. Teachers and students learning about compliments. TESOL Quarterly. 1987, (21): 532-546.
30. Holmes, J. Paying compliments: a sex-preferential positive politeness strategy. Journal of Pragmatics. 1988, (12): 445-465.
31. Holmes, J. Women, Men and Politeness. London: Longman, 1995.
32. Hudson, R.A. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
33. Hymes, D. Models of the interaction of language and social life. In J. gumperz & D. Hymes (eds.). 1972a: 35-71.
34. Hymes, D. On communication competence. In J. Pride & J. Holmes (eds.). 1972b: 263-293.
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37. Knapp, M. L., R. Hopper, & R. A. Bell. Compliments: a descriptive taxonomy. Journal of Communication. 1984, (34): 19-31.
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39. Labov, William. The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1966.
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41. Labov, William. Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972a.
42. Labov, William. On the mechanism of linguistic change. In J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (eds.). 1972b: 12-83.
43. Lee, Candis. Cute yaw haiya-nah! Hawai'I Creole English compliments and their responses: Implications for cross-cultural pragmatic failure. University of Hawai'l Working Paper in ESL. 1990, (9): 115-161.
44. Leech, G. N. Principles ofPragmatics, London: Longman, 1983.
45. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Barbara. Praising and complimenting. In W. Olesky
(ed.), Contrastive Pragmatics. 19.89: 73-100.
46. Lieberson, Stanley. Bilingualism in Montreal: A demographic analysis. In J. Fishman (ed.), Advances in the sociology of language. The Hague: Mouton, 1972: 231-254.
47. Manes, Joan & Nessa Wolfson. The Compliment formula. In Florian Coulmas (ed.) Conversational Routine. Hague: Mouton, 1981.
48. Manes, Joan. Compliments: A mirror of cultural values. In N. Wolfson & J. Manes (eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition. 1983: 96-102.
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72．邓炎昌，刘润清．《语言与文化》．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1989．
73．贡献．恭维答语．《解放军外语学院学报》．1997，(3)．
74．郭爱先．美国称赞语的应答模式．《外语与外语教学》．1998，(10)．
75．洪小良．《社会调查研究的原理与方法》．北京：华文出版社，2000．
76．贾玉新．《跨文化交际学》．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997．
77．李绍文．《语言研究的方法》．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1999．
78．李沛良．《社会研究的统计应用》．北京：社会科学文献出版社，2001．
79．宋林飞．《社会调查研究法》．上海：上海人民出版社，1990．
80．徐大明，陶红印，谢天蔚．《当代社会语言学》．北京：中国社会科出版社，1997．
81．许力生．话语风格上的性别差异研究．《外国语》．1997，(1)．
82．张朝直．论话语模式及策略上的差异．《解放军外语学院学报》．1996，(4)．
83．张亚玲．论女性语言的特点及其文化内涵．《外国语》．1995，(1)．
84．赵英玲．英语称赞语的应答模式．《外语与外语教学》．1998，(10)．
85．邹为诚．论英语称赞语的交际模式．《外国语》．1990，(1)．
86．祝畹瑾．《社会语言学概论》．湖南教育出版社，1992．
2. Austin, John L. How to do things with words. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962.
3. Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen, & Beverly S. Hartford. Refining the DCT: Comparing open questionnaires and dialogue completion tasks. In L. Bouton & Y. Kachru (eds.), Pragmatics and Language Learning. 1993, (4): 143-165.
4. Blom, Jan-Petter, & John Gumperz. Social meaning in linguistic structure: Code-switching in Norway. In J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics. New York: Holt, Kinehart, and Winston, 1972: 407-434.
5. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Juliane House, & Gabriele Kasper (eds.). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989.
6. Brown, P. & S. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
7. Brown, R. & A. Gilman. The pronouns of power and solidarity. In P. P. Giglioli (ed.), Language and social context. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972: 252-282.
8. Butler, S. Systemic Linguistics Theory, and Applications. London: Longrnan, 1985.
9. Chambers, John K., & Peter Truguill. Non-finite verb forms in English dialects. In P. Truguill & J. K. Chambers (eds.), Dialects of English: Studies in grammatical variation. London: Longrnan, 1991: 215-217.
10. Chambers, John K. Sociolinguistic theory: Linguistic variation and its social significance. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1995.
11. Chen, Rong. Responding to compliments: A contrastive study of politeness strategies between American English and Chinese speakers. Journal of Pragmatics. 1993, (20).
12. Coates, Jennifer. Women, men and language (Second edition). London: Longman, 1993.
13. Coulmas, F. The handbook of sociolinguistics. MA: Basil Blackwell Inc., 1980.
14. Daikuhara, M. A Study of Compliment from a Cross-cultural Perspective:
Japanese vs. American English. Penn Working Papers in Educational Linguistics. 1986, (2): 103-134.
15. Duranti, A. Linguistic Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
16. Eckert, Penelope. The whole woman: Sex and gender differences in variation. Language Variation and Change. 1989, (1): 245-267.
17. Ervin-Tripp, Susan, Kei Nakamura, & Jiansheng Guo. Shifting face from Asia to Europe. In M. Shibatani & S. Thompson (eds.), Essays in semantics and pragmatics. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1995: 43-71.
18. Fairclough, Joshua. Sociolinguistics: A Brief Introduction. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House, 1989.
19. Fasold, R. The Sociolinguistcs of Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990.
20. Goffman, E. Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. New York: Anchor Books, 1967.
21. Henderson, Anita. Compliments, compliment responses, and politeness in an African-American Community. In J. Arnold, R. Blake, B. Davidson, S. Schwenter, & J. Solomon (eds.), Sociolinguistic variation: Data, theory, and analysis. Selected papers from NWAV- 23 at Stanford. Stanford: CSLI Publicaitons, 1996: 195-208.
22. Herbert, R. Say "Thank you" - or something. American Speech. 1986, (61): 76-88.
23. Herbert, R. Sex-based differences in compliment behavior. Language in Society. 1987, (19): 201-224.
24. Herbert, R. The ethnography of English compliments and compliment responses: A contrastive sketch. In W. Oleksy (ed.), Contrastivepragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1988.
25. Herbert, R. The ethnography of English Compliments and Compliment Responses: a Contrastive Sketch. In Olesky Wieslaw (ed.), Contrastive Pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990.
26. Herbert, R., & S. Straight. Compliment-rejection versus compliment-avoidance: Listener-based versus speaker-based pragmatic strategies. Language and Communication. 1989, (9): 35-47.
27. Herbert, R. Sex-based differences in compliment behavior. Language in Society.
1990.
28. Holmes, J. Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English. Anthropological Linguistics. 1986, (28).
29. Holmes, J. & Brown, D. F. Teachers and students learning about compliments. TESOL Quarterly. 1987, (21): 532-546.
30. Holmes, J. Paying compliments: a sex-preferential positive politeness strategy. Journal of Pragmatics. 1988, (12): 445-465.
31. Holmes, J. Women, Men and Politeness. London: Longman, 1995.
32. Hudson, R.A. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
33. Hymes, D. Models of the interaction of language and social life. In J. gumperz & D. Hymes (eds.). 1972a: 35-71.
34. Hymes, D. On communication competence. In J. Pride & J. Holmes (eds.). 1972b: 263-293.
35. Johnson, Donna M., & Duane H. Roen. Compliments and involvement per-reviews: Gender variation. Language in Society. 1992, (21): 27-57.
36. Kidder, L. H. & C. M. Judd. Research Methods in Social Relations (Fifth edition). New York: CBS College, 1986.
37. Knapp, M. L., R. Hopper, & R. A. Bell. Compliments: a descriptive taxonomy. Journal of Communication. 1984, (34): 19-31.
38. Lakoff, Robin. Talking Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
39. Labov, William. The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1966.
40. Labov, William. Contraction, deletion and inherent variability of the English copula. Language. 1969, (45): 715-752.
41. Labov, William. Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972a.
42. Labov, William. On the mechanism of linguistic change. In J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (eds.). 1972b: 12-83.
43. Lee, Candis. Cute yaw haiya-nah! Hawai'I Creole English compliments and their responses: Implications for cross-cultural pragmatic failure. University of Hawai'l Working Paper in ESL. 1990, (9): 115-161.
44. Leech, G. N. Principles ofPragmatics, London: Longman, 1983.
45. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Barbara. Praising and complimenting. In W. Olesky
(ed.), Contrastive Pragmatics. 19.89: 73-100.
46. Lieberson, Stanley. Bilingualism in Montreal: A demographic analysis. In J. Fishman (ed.), Advances in the sociology of language. The Hague: Mouton, 1972: 231-254.
47. Manes, Joan & Nessa Wolfson. The Compliment formula. In Florian Coulmas (ed.) Conversational Routine. Hague: Mouton, 1981.
48. Manes, Joan. Compliments: A mirror of cultural values. In N. Wolfson & J. Manes (eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition. 1983: 96-102.
49. Montgomery, M. An Introduction to Language and Society. London: Routledge, 1995.
50. Nelson G., E. Al-Batal, & E. Echols. Arabic and English compliment responses: Potential for pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics. 1996, (17).
51. Norman, Faireclough. Language and Power. London: Longman, 1989.
52. O' Barr, W. & B. Atkins. "Women Language" or "Powerless Language"? In S. McConnell-Ginet, R. borker, & N. Furman (eds.), Women and Language in Literature and Society. New York: Praeger, 1980: 93-110.
53. Pomerantz, Antia. Compliment responses: Notes on the co-operation of multiple constraints. In Jim Schenkein (ed.), Studies in the organization of conversational interaction. New York: Academic Press, 1978: 79-112.
54. Rose, Kenneth R. Speech acts and questionnaires: The effect of hearer response. Journal of Pragmatics. 1992, (17): 49-62.
55. Rose, Kenneth R., & Reiko Ono. Eliciting speech act data in Japanese: The effect of questionnaire type. Language Learning. 1995, (45): 191-223.
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